The concept of Translation and its complexity Types of Translation Techniques The need to distinguish between method, strategy and techniques

1. Unit 1_Task 3
Presented by:
• Adriana Muñoz P.
• Anais Sánchez
• Hiber Javier Paz
• Claudia Patricia Corredor
• William Jadyr Suárez
Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia – UNAD
Course: Translation Techniques
Date: July 16th, 2018
Group: 551037_8

2. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 1 Párrafo 1
The craft of perfumery has an ancient and global heritage. The
art flourished in Ancient Rome, where the emperors were said
to bathe in scent. After the fall of Rome, much of the knowledge
was lost, but survived in Islamic civilizations in the Middle Ages.
Arab and Persian pharmacists developed essential oils from the
aromatic plants of the Indian peninsula. They developed the
processes of distillation and suspension in alcohol, which
allowed for smaller amounts of raw materials to be used than in
the ancient process, by which flower petals were soaked in
warm oil. This knowledge was carried back to European
monasteries during the Crusades.
La artesanía de la perfumería tiene un patrimonio antiguo y
global. El arte floreció en la antigua Roma, donde se decía que
los emperadores se bañaban en fragancias. Después de la
caída de Roma, gran parte del conocimiento se perdió, pero
sobrevivió en las civilizaciones islámicas en la Edad Media. Los
farmacéuticos árabes y persas desarrollaron aceites esenciales
de las plantas aromáticas de la península india. Ellos
desarrollaron los procesos de destilación y suspensión en
alcohol, lo que permitió utilizar cantidades menores de materias
primas que en el proceso antiguo, mediante el cual los pétalos
de las flores se remojaban en aceite caliente. Este
conocimiento fue llevado de vuelta a los monasterios europeos
durante las Cruzadas.
Adriana Muñoz Polania.

3. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 2.1 Párrafo 2.1
At first, the use of fragrances was primarily associated
with healing. Aromatic alcoholic waters were ingested as
well as used externally. Fragrances were used to purify
the air, both for spiritual and health purposes. During
the Black Death, the bubonic plague was thought to
have resulted from a bad odour which could be
averted by inhaling pleasant fragrances such as
cinnamon. The Black Death led to an aversion to using
water for washing, and so perfume was commonly used
as a cleaning agent.
Al principio, el uso de fragancias se asoció
principalmente con la curación. Las aguas aromáticas
alcohólicas fueron ingeridas y utilizadas externamente.
Las fragancias se usaban para purificar el aire, tanto
para propósitos espirituales como de salud. Durante la
Peste Negra, se pensó que la peste bubónica era el
resultado de un mal olor que podía evitarse
inhalando fragancias agradables como la canela. La
Peste Negra provocó una aversión al uso de agua para
lavar, por lo que el perfume se usaba comúnmente
como agente de limpieza.
Anais Sánchez.

4. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 2.2 Párrafo 2.2
Later on, the craft of perfume re-entered Europe, and was
centred in Venice, chiefly because it was an important trade
route and a centre for glass-making. Having such materials at
hand was essential for the distillation process. In the late
seventeenth century, trade soared in France, when Louis XIV
brought in policies of protectionism and patronage which
stimulated the purchase of luxury goods. Here, perfumery was
the preserve of glove-makers. The link arose since the tanning
of leather required putrid substances. Consequently, the gloves
were scented before they were sold and worn. A glove and
perfume makers’ guild had existed here since 1190. Entering it
required 7 years of formal training under a master perfumer.
Más tarde, el arte del perfume volvió a entrar en Europa, y se
centró en Venecia, principalmente porque era una ruta comercial
importante y un centro para la fabricación de vidrio. Tener dichos
materiales a mano fue esencial para el proceso de destilación. A
finales del siglo XVII, el comercio se disparó en Francia, cuando
Luis XIV introdujo políticas de proteccionismo y mecenazgo que
estimularon la compra de artículos de lujo. Aquí, la perfumería
era exclusiva de los fabricantes de guantes. El vínculo surgió ya
que el curtido del cuero requería sustancias pútridas. En
consecuencia, los guantes fueron perfumados antes de ser
vendidos y usados. Un guante y un gremio de fabricantes de
perfumes habían existido aquí desde 1190. Entrar en él requería
7 años de entrenamiento formal bajo la dirección de un maestro
perfumista.
Anais Sánchez.

5. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 3.1 Párrafo 3.1
The trade in perfume flourished during the reign of Louis XV,
as the master glove-and-perfume makers, particularly those
trading in Paris, received patronage from the royal court,
where it is said that a different perfume was used each
week. The perfumers diversified into other cosmetics
including soaps, powders, white face paints and hair dyes.
They were not the sole sellers of beauty products. Mercers,
spicers, vinegar-makers and wig-makers were all cashing in
on the popularity of perfumed products. Even simple
shopkeepers were coming up with their own concoctions to
sell.
El comercio de perfumes floreció durante el reinado de Luis
XV, ya que los maestros fabricantes de guantes y perfumes,
particularmente los que comerciaban en París, recibían
patrocinio de la corte real, donde se dice que cada semana
se usaba un perfume diferente. Los perfumistas se
diversificaron en otros cosméticos, incluyendo jabones,
polvos, pinturas blancas usadas en la cara y tintes para el
cabello. Ellos no eran los únicos vendedores de productos
de belleza. Comerciantes textiles, vendedores de especias,
fabricantes de vinagre y fabricantes de pelucas estaban
aprovechando la popularidad de los productos perfumados.
Incluso los simples tenderos estaban inventando sus
propias mezclas para vender.
Claudia Patricia Corredor.

6. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 3.2 Párrafo 3.2
During the eighteenth century, more modern, capitalist
perfume industry began to emerge, particularly in Britain
where there was a flourishing consumer society. In
France, the revolution initially disrupted the perfume
trade due to its association with aristocracy, however, it
regained momentum later as a wider range of markets
were sought both in the domestic and overseas
markets. The guild system was abolished in 1791,
allowing new high-end perfumery shops to open in
Paris.
Durante el siglo XVIII, comenzó a surgir la industria del
perfume más moderna y capitalista, particularmente en
Gran Bretaña, donde existía una floreciente sociedad
de consumo. En Francia, la revolución interrumpió
inicialmente el comercio de perfumes debido a su
asociación con la aristocracia, sin embargo, recuperó su
impulso más tarde a medida que se buscaba un rango
más amplia de mercados tanto en el mercado nacional
como en el extranjero. El sistema de gremio fue abolido
en 1791, permitiendo abrir nuevas tiendas de
perfumería de alta gama en París.
Claudia Patricia Corredor.

7. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 4.1 Párrafo 4.1
Perfume became less associated with health in 1810 with a
Napoleonic ordinance which required perfumers to declare
the ingredients of all products for internal consumption.
Unwilling to divulge their secrets, traders concentrated on
products for external use. Napoleon affected the industry in
other ways too. With French ports blockaded by the British
during the Napoleonic wars, the London perfumers were
able to dominate the markets for some time.
El perfume se asoció menos con la salud en 1810 con una
ordenanza napoleónica que requería que los perfumistas
declararan los ingredientes de todos los productos para el
consumo interno. No dispuestos a divulgar sus secretos, los
comerciantes se concentraron en productos para uso
externo. Napoleón afectó a la industria de otras maneras
también. Con los puertos franceses bloqueados por los
británicos durante las guerras napoleónicas, los perfumistas
de Londres pudieron dominar los mercados durante un
tiempo.
Hiber Javier Paz.

8. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 4.2 Párrafo 4.2
One of the significant changes in the nineteenth century
was the idea of branding. Until then, trademarks had had
little significance in the perfumery where goods were
consumed locally, although they had a long history in other
industries. One of the pioneers in this field was Rimmel who
was nationalized as a British citizen in 1857. He took
advantage of the spread of railroads to reach customers in
wider markets. To do this, he built a brand which conveyed
prestige and quality, and were worth paying a premium for.
He recognised the role of design in enhancing the value of
his products, hiring a French lithographer to create the
labels for his perfume bottles.
Uno de los cambios significativos en el siglo XIX fue la idea
de marca. Hasta entonces, las marcas habían tenido poca
importancia en la perfumería donde los bienes se
consumían localmente, aunque tenían una larga historia en
otras industrias. Uno de los pioneros en este campo fue
Rimmel, quien fue nacionalizado como ciudadano británico
en 1857. Aprovechó la expansión de los ferrocarriles para
llegar a clientes en mercados más amplios. Para hacer
esto, construyó una marca que transmitía prestigio y
calidad, y valía la pena pagar una prima por ella. Reconoció
el papel del diseño en la mejora del valor de sus productos,
contrató a un litógrafo francés para crear las etiquetas de
sus botellas de perfume.
Hiber Javier Paz.

9. TASK 1. TRANSLATION
Paragraph 5 Párrafo 5
Luxury fragrances were strongly associated with the affluent
and prestigious cities of London and Paris. Perfumers
elsewhere tended to supply cheaper products and knock-
offs of the London and Paris brands. The United States
perfume industry, which developed around the docks in
New York where French oils were being imported, began in
this way. Many American firms were founded by immigrants,
such as William Colgate, who arrived in 1806. At this time,
Colgate was chiefly known as a perfumery. Its Cashmere
Bouquet brand had 625 perfume varieties in the early 20th
century.
Las fragancias de lujo estaban asociadas fuertemente con
las afluentes y prestigiosas ciudades de Londres y Paris.
Los perfumistas en otras partes tendían a proporcionar
productos mas baratos e imitaciones de las marcas de
Londres y parís. La industria de perfume de los Estados
Unidos se desarrollo en los muelles de Nueva York donde
estaban siendo importados aceites franceses comenzó de
esta manera. Muchas compañías Americanas fueron
fundadas por inmigrantes como William Colgate, que llego
en 1806.Para este tiempo Colgate era conocida como una
perfumería. Su marca Cashmere Bouquet tenía 625
variedades de perfume a principios del siglo XX.
William Jadyr Suárez.

10. TASK 2. REFLECTION
I had several problems with certain words in the text that I did not know, besides the
textual or basic translation was quite confusing. So when there are cases like this, what I
usually use is “Cambridge dictionary", I can find the meaning of any word in English and
based on this I interpret, I deduce and think of a term that resembles or is the same in
our language. For example: "scent" - According to the dictionary, to a pleasant natural
smell, to a pleasant-smelling liquid that people put on their skin, then what word could
be similar in the Spanish language?, fragrance or perfume, and finally I see the context in
which the word is placed, in the end choose one of these two.
On the other hand, it is difficult to translate certain phrases that seem to be completely
upside down or in another sense, in these cases the only thing I do is interpret, seeing the
phrase as a whole and rearranging to make sense and sound as natural as possible in the
language maternal.
- Adriana Muñoz P.

11. Continuing ...
Therefore, some parts of the paragraph were translated with the Literal Translation
Technique, word for word, since it could have the same structure in both languages. On
the other hand, also in the translation of other sentences I should have used techniques
such as; Transposition and Compensation. Keep in mind that a paragraph is composed of
several phrases (sentences) and these in turn by different words, so at the time of
translation it is necessary to make use of several translation techniques to achieve a
complete, adequate, correct and as natural as possible translation.
- Adriana Muñoz P.

12. TASK 2. REFLECTION
The text tube at the level of complexity, which can be translated into
close words, with a past where you can make a relationship between an
important step, it is not easy, and more so when there are such broad
words of meaning, whether you use the technique of literal translation
only, the fact that it was possible to carry out a logical problem that has
been chosen, that has been delivered and the problem has been solved,
when I make a complete translation of the text with the help of a
translator, understanding that the meaning is not very long, but there
are words that are not necessarily those that deserve to go in the
paragraph.
- Anais Sánchez.

13. TASK 2. REFLECTION
I translated the paragraph three, mostly using the direct technique of literal translation
[The trade in perfume flourished during the reign of Louis XV becomes El comercio de
perfumes floreció durante el reinado de Luis XV in Spanish]; and also, the oblique
translation technique of transposition, when parts of speech changed their sequence
when they were translated, and when it was necessary to replace a word category in the
target language without altering the meaning of the source text […master glove-and-
perfume makers… (adjective + adjective + noun) is translated into Spanish as …los
maestros fabricantes de guantes y perfumes… (definite article + noun + adjective +
preposition + noun + conjunction + noun)]; the translation was made without any
difficulty for the most part. Besides, the oblique translation technique of reformulation
or equivalence was used when translating phrasal verbs.
(Continued on next slide)- Claudia Patricia Corredor.

14. I encountered difficulties with the translation of some nouns written in Middle English, which was the
English language spoken between the years 1150 and 1500, that were used in the text. These terms are
hardly found in a general dictionary or in online dictionaries. Names of occupations of what people used
to do in the Middle Ages, some of which were also English surnames that derive from Middle English
terms for occupations, such as mercers, spicers, and vinegar-makers, were used in the text. In today’s
world, the term vinegar-maker can apply to
a small appliance used for making vinegar. Also, the term “white face paints” refers to an old custom of
men and women who wanted to whiten their faces for fashionable purposes,
even though it meant to experience poison exposure when they used to wear white lead
make-up and powder. For the translation of these terms, I used the oblique translation technique of
compensation. Had I directly translated “white face paints”, it would have
looked like “pinturas de cara blanca”, resulting in what Bosco (s.f.) refers to as “An
unsuccessful calque can be extremely unnatural, and can cause unwanted humor,
often interpreted as indicating the lack of expertise of the translator in the target
language”. Using the compensation technique, I translated it into “pinturas
blancas usadas en la cara”, instead.
- Claudia Patricia Corredor.

15. TASK 2. REFLECTION
The problem that I commonly encounter is the order of the words taking into account
grammatical structures, which differs from the Spanish in the order of some sentences for
what I consider many times is the part where I find a bit of difficulty, as far as words are
concerned unknown, these words were searched through the translator, having its
meaning in Spanish. Mainly what I do is look up the meaning of the unknown words and
then unite them with the known ones and in this way build the grammatical structures
correctly and in turn have the translation clear and without distortions.
- Hiber Javier Paz.

16. TASK 2. REFLECTION
One of the doubts that came up when I did the translation was whether the name of the
firm should translate it, I know in some books the names have equivalent in Spanish and
the translators use them, and I realized whether I translated the name of the firm maybe
it would be better to understand the role that it fulfills within the writing, but on the
other hand it seems somewhat daring and in the references I did not find a direct quote
on how this should be handled.
However, in the references I found some things that were very useful, for example things
that from my point of view are practical.
an example of this is a quote attributed to Newmark (1988b) where he explains that
faithful translation attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original
within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures.
I interpreted it as that it is necessary to accept that the writing has a meaning and sounds
natural in the language in which it will be translated, that is, to choose the words,
synonymous, taking into account the context.
- William Jadyr Suárez.

17. TASK 3. CHART
Word Differences Example
Method
The way in which the translator faces the whole of the original text and develops the process according to certain
principles. It involves the translation process in a certain way, which is regulated by some principles according to
the translator's objective; the method has, therefore, a supra-individual and conscious character, at the same time
it responds to a global option that runs through the entire text.
Word-for-word
translation,
Communicative
translation.
Strategy
They are procedures to solve problems or reach an objective. It is possible to consider that strategies are
procedures that make it possible to correct deficiencies and make more effective use of the skills and resources
available when performing a specific task, constituting a general ability of the individual. Individual procedures,
conscious and non-conscious, verbal and non-verbal, internal (cognitive) and external to solve specific problems.
They are in direct relation with the resolution of problems, interacting with the general knowledge of the translator.
Use of a standard
translation.
Technique
It is the concrete application visible in the result, which affects smaller areas of the text. It is individual and
procedural, and consists of the mechanisms used by the translator to solve the problems encountered.
Modulation,
compensation.
Adriana Muñoz P.

18. TASK 3. CHART
Word Differences Example
Method
A method It is a logical process that allows to acquire
knowledge supported in steps that help the final result
Implemented the logic, to make a general analysis of the
text, taking into account the knowledge of words and
looking for the unknown even finding the logic to join them
Strategy
The strategy is flexible, that takes form according to the
parameters that are in goal, that is, objectives are achieved
because it is created as a planning system that exerts action
to obtain results anticipated thought.
I searched for a dictionary and took my knowledge back
and started to extract the meaning of each letter and after
each sentence
Technique
The technique is a set of rules such as specific activities
that are carried out as guides of actions to follow, that can
lead to the purpose of a process or be part of it.
The techniques in my opinion were used in all the obliques:
Modulation, Reformulation or equivalence, Adaptation,
Compensation and Transposition.
Anais Sánchez.

19. TASK 3. CHART
Word Differences Example
Method
Translation Method refers to the process followed by a translator
depending on his or her objective or the different solutions
adopted by the translator that have an impact over the general
meaning of the text.
Newmark (1988) mentions that translation methods relate to whole
texts. This author goes on to refer to the following methods of
translation:
•Word-for-word translation
•Literal translation
•Faithful translation
•Semantic translation
•Adaptation
•Free translation
•Idiomatic translation
•Communicative translation
Example of word-for-word translation:
- Love at first sight. / Amor a primera vista.
Examples of adaptation:
- Dear Sir. / Muy señor mío.
- Yours faithfully. / Le saluda atentamente.
Examples of free translation:
- Like father, like son. / De tal palo, tal astilla.
- The early bird catches the worm. / Al que madruga Dios lo ayuda.
- What goes around comes around. / De lo que siembras
cosechas.
Examples of idiomatic translation:
- Está cayendo un palo de agua. / It´s raining cats and dogs.
- You´re pulling my leg. / Me estás tomando el pelo.
- It’s nothing to write home about. / No es nada fantástico.
- Let’s cut to the chase. / Vayamos al punto.
Claudia Patricia Corredor.
(Continued on next slide)

20. TASK 3. CHART
Word Differences Example
Strategy
Translation strategies are the steps, principles, rules or
processes that are carried out in a conscious way to solve
problems of translation in a text.
Translators distinguish between global translation
strategies and local translation strategies:
• Global Translation Strategy (translation method):
The overall strategy you apply to a text as a whole – the
primary choice you have to make here is how close to the
source text you want your target text to be.
• Local Translation Strategy (translation procedure):
Strategies you apply in the translation of individual
expressions in the source text, such as words,
grammatical constructions, idioms etc.)
Cultural equivalent: translating a culturally rooted word in
the source text/language with a roughly equivalent
culturally rooted word of the target language/text.
Example:
SL: Next week, the Attorney General Jeff Sessions, will
visit Colombia.
TL: La próxima semana, el Fiscal General de la Nación
Jeff Sessions, visitará Colombia.
Claudia Patricia Corredor.
(Continued on next slide)

21. TASK 3. CHART
Word Differences Example
Technique
Translation Techniques are the procedures used to
analyze and classify how translation equivalence works.
They allow and contribute to the application of methods.
Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural
and conceptual elements of the source language can be
transposed into the target language. Direct Translation
Techniques include: Borrowing, calque, and literal
translation.
Oblique Translation Techniques are used when the
structural or conceptual elements of the source language
cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or
upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the
target language. Oblique Translation Techniques include:
Transposition, modulation, reformulation or equivalence,
adaptation, and compensation.
Example of literal translation:
The trade in perfume flourished during the reign of Louis
XV. / El comercio de perfumes floreció durante el reinado
de Luis XV.
Example of transposition:
…master glove-and-perfume makers… (adjective +
adjective + noun) / …los maestros fabricantes de guantes
y perfumes… (definite article + noun + adjective +
preposition + noun + conjunction + noun).
Example of reformulation or equivalence:
Spanish idiom: No importar un pepino / un rábano / un
pimiento.
Meaning: To be irrelevant.
English equivalence: To not give a monkey about it.
Claudia Patricia Corredor.

22. TASK 3. CHART
Word Differences Example
Method
A method is known as a set of strategies and tools that are used to reach a
precise goal, the method usually represents an instrumental means by which the
works that are made daily are made.
For example, use the online translator to speed up
and only correct sentences.
Strategy
A strategy is known as a plan that specifies a series of steps or core concepts
that aim to achieve a certain objective.
For example, look up the meaning of unknown words
and then translate the text.
Technique
A technique is a procedure that is performed to execute a certain task. As a technique, we can mention the different
grammatical structures that the language presents
and use them to translate the text correctly.
Hiber Javier Paz.

23. TASK 3. CHART
Word Differences Example
Method
A manner or mode of procedure the translation maybe the order or system.
Could be: Word-for-word translation, Literal translation, Faithful translation, Semantic translation, Adaptation,
Free translation, Idiomatic translation and Communicative translation.
Word for word
translation:
Cuarto eléctrico
Fourth electric.
Strategy
Moreover, Loescher (1991:8) defines translation strategy as "a potentially conscious procedure for solving a
problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it." As it is stated in this definition, the notion of
consciousness is significant in distinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or translators. In this
regard, Cohen (1998:4) asserts that "the element of consciousness is what distinguishes strategies from these
processes that are not strategic."
Cultural equivalent:
Querer es poder
Where there`s a
will, there`s a way
Technique
The technique is a particular method of doing an translation, usually a method that involves practical skills like:
Direct translation techniques, Oblique translation techniques, transposition, modulation, reformulation o
equivalence, adaptation, compensation,
Direct translation
techniques.
Borrowing:
Software, funk, café
William Jadyr Suárez
.

24. TASK 5. FEEDBACK
 Adriana Muñoz P.
Hello Anais.
Although I think you did a good job in translating the paragraph you chose, I must tell you that there are certain parts that
are a bit confusing and that you could improve for a perfect understanding that is easy for the reader and let's say it does
not sound weird.
For example:
-el uso de fragancias se asoció principalmente con la curación.
-Las aguas aromáticas alcohólicas
-un mal olor que podía evitarse
-un centro para la fabricación
-Tener dichos materiales a mano fue esencial para el proceso de destilación.
-En consecuencia, los guantes fueron perfumados antes de ser vendidos y usados.
Good afternoon Hiber.
I think you did a good job in the translation, no effort should be made to understand the paragraph and the meaning of
the text is clearly understood. I could only give you a small correction or suggestion, which would be in this part of the
text:
-fue la idea de marcar (branding). Sometimes the ending in ing- is used to indicate that there exists a verb in infinitive
form but in a more informal way.

25. Good morningWilliam.
Although the text is well translated, I think you needed some essential things to improve the understanding of the text,
these are the commas and accents. A text that does not have nor commas and accents, will be a little confusing when
reading, since there will be no intonation and adequate fluency. For example:
-La industria de los perfumes de los Estados Unidos, que se desarrolló en los muelles de NuevaYork, donde se
importaban aceites franceses, comenzó de esta manera.
-En esta época, Colgate era principalmente conocida...
Hi Claudia.
After observing your translation in detail, I think you did a very good job, I do not have any suggestions, since the text has
all the necessary and required.
 Hiber Javier Paz.
Classmate ADRIANA P MUÑOZ.
Complying with the activity of feedback of contributions with respect to the development of the first traduction of the
selected paragraph, it is possible to demonstrate a correct translation, I consider that grammatical structures have been
taken into account to express them in the Spanish language. I believe that the text was translated correctly.
Classmate ANAIS SANCHEZ
Complying with the input feedback activity with regard to the development of step number 1 I believe that this is
translated correctly, I believe that time good clarity of the English language which allows you to translate texts in a
satisfactory manner in the same way I remain attentive so that let's make the last point collaboratively.

26.  Anais Sánchez.
Mate Adriana in many ways I appreciate her intervention in the correction of my translation, I hope in the following text,
she connected correctly with the suggestions, being able to interpret the appropriate idea of the text accordingly.
Evidence classmates that we have some feedback chords of the work that we are currently performing, the mistakes are
in form, but not in the background, since there are words that are complicated by having multiple meanings, or the
importance of knowing how to conjugate them in past, and the termination in gerund, otherwise has been clear
translations and has allowed the sequence of the full text as such.
 Claudia Patricia Corredor Villalba.
Dear Adriana,
I have read your translation and I do not have any suggestions for improvement. I think you did a good job.
Congratulations!
Dear Hiber Javier,
I have read your translation and I think you did a good job! there is only a small suggestions that I would like to make for
improvement.
The sentence “He recognised the role of design in enhancing the value of his products, hiring a French lithographer to
create the labels for his perfume bottles” is better translated “Reconoció el papel del diseño en la mejora del valor de sus
productos, contratando a un litógrafo francés para crear las etiquetas de sus botellas de perfume”. We often use the past
continuous and the past simple tense together.When this happens, the past continuous describes a longer, ‘background’
action or situation and the past simple describes the action or events.

27. Dear Anais,
After reading your translation, I think you did a good job overall. I have some suggestions for improvement, though.
First of all, I agree with Adriana on the suggestions that she made concerning your translation, and I would add a couple
of things:
In your first submission of the translation I noticed that the Black Death was rendered as la Muerte Negra in Spanish. My
first thought was that this phrase had to be translated into its cultural equivalent la Peste Negra.Then, I observed that
you corrected it in your second uploading of the translation. I completely agree!
The sentence “A glove and perfume makers’ guild had existed here since 1190” is translated as “Un gremio de fabricantes
de guantes y perfumes había existido aquí desde 1190” into Spanish. It is better to use the oblique translation technique
of transposition to translate the previous sentence.
DearWilliam,
I think you did a good translation overall. I agree with Adriana’s suggestions on your work, about the use of punctuation,
though.You need to make a better use of punctuation and the word immigrants is spelled inmigrantes into Spanish.
Thank you for your attention.