2. Rationale
Scientific development happens through use of
scientific method that has the centrality of things
Observations
Measurements ( Precision & Accuracy important,
expressed in SI units)
Collection of data / evidences
Analysis of data
Finding results and developing or refining theories
3. Flow chart of scientific method
Reject, accept or modify theory
Test or verify theory
Analyse and develop theory
Make and record measured or quantified observations
5. Base quantities and their SI units
Base or fundamental
quantity
Base or SI unit Symbol
MASS kilogram kg
LENGTH metre m
TIME second s
ELECTRIC CURRENT ampere / amp A
TEMPERATURE kelvin K
AMOUNT OF
SUBSTANCE
mol mol
LUMINOUS INTENSITY candela cd
6. Multiples (larger) and sub-multiples (smaller) or
multiplying factors of base units -1
Expressed with prefixes to the base unit for scientific
communication
Larger units
Tera-T- 10 raised power 12
Giga-G- 10 raised power 9
Mega-M- 10 raised power 6
Kilo-k- 10 raised power 3
7. Smaller multiples or multiplying
factors - 2
Prefixes
Deci-d- 10 raised power -1
Centi-c- 10 raised power -2
Milli-m- 10 raised power -3
Micro – mu - 10 raised power -6
Nano – n- 10 raised power -9
Pico – p - 10 raised power -12
8. Significant figure
The single digit with a multiplier prefix is ‘one significant
figure’
Some values with one significant figure
Radius of the Earth = 2 X 10 raised power 11 metre
Wavelength of light = 5 X 10 raised power -7 metre
Diameter of an atom = 3 X 10 raised power -10 metre
Diameter of an atom = 6 X 10 raised power -15 metre
Mass of the Sun = 2 X 10 raised power 30 kg
Mass of hydrogen atom = 2 X 10 raised power -27 kg
Mass of an electron = 9 X 10 raised power -31 kg
Revolution time of the Earth = 3 X 10 raised power 7 s
Time for light to travel 1 m = 3 X 10 raised power -9 s
Time between heartbeats = 1 X 10 raised power 0 or 1 s
9. Order of magnitude
Power of ten to which a number or quantity is raised for
approximation or for comparison
Order of magnitude gives an estimation or approximation
of the value of a physical quantity
For example
Value of g is 9.81 metre per second square
Approximate or rounded up value of g is 10 metre per second
square or 10 raised power 1
Order of magnitude of 9 is one
Another example
The ratio of mass of whale to mouse is about is 10 raised
power 4 or it is ‘4 orders of magnitude’