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Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions
This document provides an overview of animal agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gas emissions in the United States. It discusses the US EPA inventory of greenhouse gases and how carbon footprints are calculated through life cycle assessments considering inputs, outputs, and environmental impacts over the full life cycle. The document notes that carbon footprints can vary depending on boundaries, assumptions, and units of measurement used. It also describes how carbon footprints are used to analyze supply chains, conduct geographical and historical comparisons, compare products and management practices, and evaluate tools to estimate emissions.
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Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- 1. Animal Agriculture’s Contribution toGreenhouse Gas Emissions
- 2. Outline • U.S. inventoryof greenhouse gases • Carbon Footprint - Life Cycle Assessment • How they are calculated • Why they vary • How they are used
- 3. US Greenhouse GasEmissions EPA 2013
- 4. Agriculture Sources Energy use 15% Enteric fermentation 28% Manure management 14% Ricecultivation 1% Burning of residue 0% Cropland soils 30% Grassland soils 12% Adapted from Archibeque, S. et al., 2012.
- 5. Animal Agriculture GHGEmissions USDA 2011
- 6. HOW DO WEFIND A CARBON FOOTPRINT? Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
- 7. What is acarbon footprint? • Total GHG emissions for a given person, place, event, or product • Created using a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) "Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle“ (ISO 2006) • Extraction and treatment of raw materials • Product manufacturing • Transport and distribution • Product use • End of life
- 8. ISO 2006 How acarbon footprint is created: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
- 9. Not all analysiscome up with the same “answer”… 0.7 1.0 1.35 2.05
- 10. WHY DO FOOTPRINTSVARY?
- 11. Boundaries • Boundary definition •Cradle – to – grave • EPA: only manure management • Cradle – to – farm gate Manure GHGs Inputs GHGs GHGs GHGs GHGs Use & Disposal GHGs
- 12. Thoma et al.2012 Assumptions “Generic” Dairy Carbon Footprint
- 13. Units Capper 2009 Per cowPer gallon of milk • Per cow • Per gallon (kg) of milk • Per gallon (kg) of energy corrected milk (ECM) • Fat and protein
- 14. HOW ARE FOOTPRINTSUSED?
- 15. Pork Carbon FootprintThoma et al. 2011 Supply Chain Analysis
- 16. Innovation Center for U.S.Dairy 2010 Supply Chain Analysis
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- 20. Benbrook et al.2010 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Intensive + rBST Conventional Intensive, Organic Grass-based, Jersey Manure Enteric kgCO2eq/kgECM Systems comparisons Dairy Type
- 21. Management comparisons 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 slurry openstorage enclosed storage anaerobic digester kgCO2eq/kgECM Rotz 2010 no-till solids separation, tillage incorporation Dairy Manure Management options
- 22. Available Carbon FootprintTools • DairyGEM – Gas Emissions Model • Basic tool to evaluate feed and manure management options • http://www.ars.usda.gov/Main/docs.htm?docid=213 45 • Shades of Green (SOG) Dairy Calculator • More advanced tool looks at feed, manure, fertility, health, and economic return, multiple environmental factors, currently only methane • http://www.organic-center.org/sog.download.html
- 23. More Carbon FootprintTools • Live Swine Carbon Footprint Calculator • http://www.pork.org/Resources/1220/CarbonFootprintCalculatorHome page.aspx#.UHg2K66s971 • Poultry Carbon Footprint Estimation Toolkit • https://www.uspoultry.org/uspforms/cdrom/CarbonFootprint/start.cfm • Cool Farm Tool • All species • Includes emissions from fields, inputs, livestock, land use and land use change and primary processing • http://www.unilever.com/aboutus/supplier/sustainablesourcing/tools
- 24. Outline • U.S. inventoryof greenhouse gases • Carbon Footprint - Life Cycle Assessment • How they are calculated • Why they vary • How they are used
- 25. For a fulllist of references cited in this presentation, please visit: www.animalagclimatechange.org This project was supported by Agricultural and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant No. 2011-67003-30206 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
- 26. Graphic Sources U.S. EPA.2013. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2011.” Archibeque et al., 2012. “Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Opportunities for Livestock Management in the United States.” USDA. 2011. U.S. Agriculture and Forestry Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 1990-2008. ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework
- 27. Graphic Sources U.S. EPA.2010. “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2008” UN-FAO 2010. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Dairy Sector: A Life Cycle Assessment” Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman (2009) “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167 Thoma et al. 2010. ”Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fluid Milk in the U.S.” Thoma et al. 2012. International Dairy Journal (2012) 1-12 “Greenhouse gas emissions from milk production and consumption in the United States: A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment circa 2008” Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman (2009) “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167 Thoma et al. 2011. “National Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Study for Production of US Swine.”
- 28. Graphic Sources Capper, J.L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman. 2009. “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160- 2167 Capper, J.L. 2011. “The environmental impact of beef production in the United States: 1977 compared with 2007.” J. An Sci. 2011.89:4249-4261 Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy. 2010. “Greenhouse Gas LCA for Fluid Milk” Thoma et al. 2012. “Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from USA dairy farms: A cradle to farm-gate assessment of the American dairy industry circa 2008”
- 29. Graphic Sources Environmental WorkingGroup. 2011. “Meat Eater’s Guide to Climate Change + Health” Benbrook et al. 2010. “A Dairy Farm’s Footprint: Evaluating the Impacts of Conventional and Organic Farming Systems” Rotz, C.A., Montes, F., Chianese, D.S. 2010. The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment. Journal of Dairy Science. 93(3):1266-1282.
Editor's Notes
- #4 EPA. 2013. INVENTORY OF U.S. GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND SINKS: 1990-2011. Accessed Aug 15, 2013. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryreport.html
- #5 Archibeque, S. et al., 2012. Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Opportunities for Livestock Management in the United States. Brief NI B 12-01, July 2012. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. Duke University. Accessed 12/4/12. http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/ecosystem/land/greenhouse-gas-mitigation-opportunities-for-livestock-management-in-the-united-states
- #6 USDA. 2011. U.S. Agriculture and Forestry Greenhouse Gas Inventory: 1990-2008. Accessed Dec 17, 2012. http://www.usda.gov/oce/climate_change/AFGGInventory1990_2008.htm
- #9 ISO 14040:2006. Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework
- #10 Sources: U.S. EPA (2010) “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2008” UN-FAO (2010) “Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the Dairy Sector: A Life Cycle Assessment” Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman (2009) “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167 Thoma et al. 2010. ”Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fluid Milk in the U.S.” Accessed Dec 17, 2012. http://www.usdairy.com/Sustainability/Science/GreenhouseGas/Pages/FluidMilk.aspx
- #13 G. Thoma et al. / International Dairy Journal (2012) 1-12 Greenhouse gas emissions from milk production and consumption in the United States: A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment circa 2008 Greg Thoma, Jennie Popp, Darin Nutter, David Shonnard, Richard Ulrich, Marty Matlock, Dae Soo Kim, Zara Neiderman, Nathan Kemper, Cashion East, Felix Adomd Available online 26 October 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.09.010
- #14 Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman (2009) “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167
- #16 Greg Thoma, Darin Nutter, Richard Ulrich, Charles Maxwell, Jason Frank, Cashion East. 2011. “National Life Cycle Carbon Footprint Study for Production of US Swine.” Accessed Dec 17, 2012. http://www.pork.org/filelibrary/NPB%20Scan%20Final%20-%20May%202011.pdf
- #17 Graphic: Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy. 2010. “Greenhouse Gas LCA for Fluid Milk” Accessed Dec 17, 2012. http://www.usdairy.com/Sustainability/Science/GreenhouseGas/Pages/FluidMilk.aspx Adapted from: Thoma et al. 2010. “Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Fluid Milk in the U.S.”
- #18 Greg Thoma, Jennie Popp, David Shonnard, Darin Nutter, Marty Matlock, Richard Ulrich, Wayne Kellogg, Dae Soo Kim, Zara Neiderman, Nathan Kemper, Felix Adom, Cashion East. 2012. “Regional analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from USA dairy farms: A cradle to farm-gate assessment of the American dairy industry circa 2008” International Dairy Journal, Available online 26 October 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.09.010
- #19 Adapted from: Capper, J. L., R. A. Cady and D. E. Bauman. 2009. “The Environmental Impact of Dairy Production, 1944 vs 2007.” J. An Sci. 2009.87:2160-2167 Capper, J.L. 2011. “The environmental impact of beef production in the United States: 1977 compared with 2007.” J. An Sci. 2011.89:4249-4261
- #20 Environmental Working Group. 2011. “Meat Eater’s Guide to Climate Change + Health” Accessed Dec. 17, 2012. http://www.ewg.org/meateatersguide/
- #21 Adapted from: Charles Benbrook, Cory Carman, E. Ann Clark, Cindy Daley, Wendy Fulwider, Michael Hansen, Carlo Leifert, Klaas Martens, Laura Paine, Lisa Petkewitz, Guy Jodarski, Francis Thicke, Juan Velez and Gary Wegner. 2010. “A Dairy Farm’s Footprint: Evaluating the Impacts of Conventional and Organic Farming Systems” Accessed Dec 17, 2012. http://www.organic-center.org/sog.html
- #22 Rotz, C.A., Montes, F., Chianese, D.S. 2010. The carbon footprint of dairy production systems through partial life cycle assessment. Journal of Dairy Science. 93(3):1266-1282.