The document discusses various topics related to the World Trade Organization (WTO). It begins with listing the names and employee codes of some individuals. It then provides several website URLs related to WTO and international trade. It lists some authors and publications on trade. The summary continues with details about the WTO such as its founding date, location, and details about the Uruguay Round negotiations. It outlines some of the key WTO agreements covering goods, services, intellectual property and investment measures. It discusses the role and structure of the WTO secretariat. Finally, it ends with several case studies related to disputes brought to the WTO.

2. KAUSTUBH GUPTA – E31,NEHA GOSAIN – ,KRANTI- E47 ,DEVENDRA- E 24, MANISH- E 51

3. WWW.WTO.ORG
WWW.SCRIBD.COM
WWW.WORLDTRADEREVIEW.COM
WWW.UN.ORG
BRITANICA ENCYCLOPEDIA
BENARD HOEKMAN,AADIYA MATOO,EDWARD PHILIPS
LIBRARY.FE.DE/PDF
THE GREAT AMERICAN TRUCKING SHOW
EJIL.OXFORDJOURNALS.ORG

4. MR PRASCAL LAMY
GENEVA
WHO : PASCAL LAMY
WHEN : 1st JANUARY 1995
WHERE : GENEVA,SWITZERLAND
HOW : URUGUAY ROUND OF NEGOTIATIONS FRANC
WITH : 159 MEMBER COUNTRIES, TAJAKISTAN INDUCTED IN MARCH 2013
MEANS : 200 MILLION SWISS FRANCS

5. P2
P1 P3
CONSULATATIONS & TALKS ON
ANALYSIS OF TRADE &
ECONOMIC POLICIES OF CONSESSIONS TO MARKET OFFICIAL
APPLICANT COUNTRY ENTRY TO THE MEMBER DOCUMENTATION
COUNTRIES

6. CENTRE WILLAM RAPPARD
AN INSIDE VIEW

7. INTEGRATION OF WORLD ECONOMIES

8. WORLS TRADE ORGANIZATION COORDINATES WITH ITS SECRETARIAT,WHICH
EMPLOYEES 500 + STAFF INCLUDING ECONOMISTS,STATISTICIANS,LAWYERS AND
OTHER EXPERTS IN RELATED AREA OF CONCERN
● WTO AGREEMENTS COVER GOODS,SERVICES,INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY.
● AGREEMENTS INCLUDE COMMITMENTS TO LOWER CUSTOMS DUTIES
AND OTHER TRADE BARRIERS COUPLED WITH OPENING OF MARKETS.
● IMPORTANTLY WTO SET PROCEDURES TO SETTLE DISPUTES
● TRADE NEGOTIATIONS AND CREATING LEVEL PLAYING FIELD FOR ALL.
● COOPERATION WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS.
● ASSISTING TECHNICALY & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.

10. Y THIS KOLAVERI ??

11. Frame work starts with basic principles
1. GENERAL AGREMENT ON TARRIFS & TRADE (GATT)
2. GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES (GATS)
3. TRADE RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (TRIPS)
4. TRADE RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES (TRIMS)
TRIPS TRIMS GATS
LITERAL WORK TO FACILITATE INVESTMENTS MOVEMENT OF PERSONS
ARTISTIC WORK TO LIBERALIZE WORLD TRADE AIR TRANSPORT
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY TO STRIKE OUT INVESTMENT FINANCIAL SERVICES
MEASURES WHICH CAN
CREATE HINDRANCE
TAKINF INTO ACCOUNT NEEDS SHIPPING
OF DEVELOPING AND LEAST
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

12. It is the GATT Uruguay Round Agreement on Trade Related Intellectual Property.
It deals with the protection & enforcement of “Trade-Related” intellectual property
“rights". It establishes minimum levels of protection that each government has to give to
the intellectual property of fellow WTO members
DEALS IN :
How basic principles of the trading system and other international intellectual property
agreements should be applied
●How to give adequate protection to intellectual property rights
●How countries should enforce those rights adequately in their own territories
●How to settle disputes on intellectual property between members of the WTO
●Special transitional arrangements during the period when the new system is being
introduced.

13. Intellectual Property comprises 2 distinct forms:
* Literary & Artistic Works
* Industrial Property
LITERARY & ARTISTIC WORKS INCLUDE books, paintings, musical compositions,
plays, operas, movies, radio/ tv programs, performances, & other artistic works.
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY envelops patented objects, trade secrets, geographical
indications.

14. Trade related Investment Measures does not provide any new language , but It
concentrates on 2 major articles. Article III & Article IX which talks about National
Treatment and Trade Restrictions respectively.
DEALS IN :
ARTICLE XI
ARTICLE III
●National treatment of imported ●Prohibition of quantitative
product, unless specified in other restrictions on imports and
agreements. exports.
●Subjects the purchase or use by ●Part of the general trend in
an enterprise of imported products to less textiles and agriculture to phase
favorable conditions than the purchase or out the use of quantitative
use of domestic products. restrictions.

15. PROVISIONS:
Local content requirements (LCRs). Impose the use of a certain amount of
local inputs in production.
Trade-balancing requirements. Oblige imports to be equivalent to a certain
proportion of exports.
Foreign exchange balancing requirements. Stipulate that the foreign exchange
made available for imports should be a certain proportion of the value of
foreign exchange brought in by the firm from exports and other sources.
Exchange restrictions. Restrict access to foreign exchange and hence restrict
imports.
Licensing requirements. Oblige the investor to license technologies similar or
unrelated to those it uses in the home country to host country firms.
Remittance restrictions. Restrict the right of a foreign investor to repatriate
returns from an investment.

16. Local equity requirements. Specify that a certain percentage of a firm’s equity should
be held by local investors.
Domestic sales requirements. Require a company to sell a certain proportion of its
output locally, which amounts to a restriction on exportation.
Manufacturing requirements. Require certain products to be manufactured locally.
Export performance requirements (EPRs). Stipulate that a certain proportion of
production should be exported.
Product mandating requirements. Oblige an investor to supply certain markets with a
designated product or products manufactured from a specified facility or operation.
Manufacturing limitations. Prevent companies from manufacturing certain products or
product lines in the host country.
Technology transfer requirements. Require specified technologies to be transferred on
non-commercial terms and/or specific levels and types of research and development
(R & D) to be conducted locally.

17. Local equity requirements. Specify that a certain percentage of a firm’s
equity should be held by local investors.
Domestic sales requirements. Require a company to sell a certain proportion
of its output locally, which amounts to a restriction on exportation.
Manufacturing requirements. Require certain products to be manufactured
locally.

18. General Agreement on Trade in Services, is the first and the only comprehensive
multilateral discipline covering international trade in Services. It was negotiated during
Uruguay Round and came into force along with other WTO agreements in January
1995.
A simple definition of services is that services are the tradables, which are intangible,
invisible, and incapable of storage and, therefore, requiring simultaneous production
and consumption. This description does have its limitations as technical advancements
have made it possible for the services to be visible and capable of storage (for example,
a foreign consultant prepares a documentary film for a local company and sends it to
that company in the form of a video cassette)
As per WTO services are divided into 12 areas and sub divided into 164 areas
Business Services, Communication Services, Construction and
Engineering Services ,Distribution Services, Education Services,Environmental
Services, Financial Services, Health Services, Tourism and travel Services,
Recreation, cultural and sporting Services, Transport Services, Other Services
not included elsewhere.

19. MODES OF SUPPLY OF SERVICES
Mode 1: (Cross - Border Supply) - This refers to the delivery of service from the territory
of one country to the territory of the other country by crossing international border.
examples : financial trading, maritime transport and telecommunication services.
Mode 2: (Consumption Abroad) - In this method, consumer moves to a foreign country
to get services, such as tourism, education, medical treatment etc. examples :such as
repair and maintenance of aircrafts.
Mode 3: (Commercial Presence) - In this method, foreign service-providing companies
establish their local subsidiary offices (affiliates) to supply services in the domestic
market. Establishment of local branches of foreign banks or insurance companies is
example of services provided through this mode.
Mode 4: (Movement of Natural persons) - In this mode, the service supplying foreign
person moves to the host territory on temporary basis.
examples : business consultants, engineers and I.T. experts traveling to some country for
a short period of time.

20. The important principles falling in this category are Most Favoured Nation principle (MFN),
Domestic Regulations and Transparency.
MFN is the first principle and key instrument to prevent discrimination amongst the trading
partners and it is included in all the agreements of the WTO.
First principle "Most Favoured Nation" may be confusing but the principle itself is quite
simple.
It means that if a country grants a favour (tariff concession, favourable rules,
formalities etc.) to any other country, the same favour shall have to be granted
to all the member countries of the WTO (there are few exceptions also to this
rule).
Second important principle to be followed is that of “transparency” which means
that the information relevant to Trade in Services regarding domestic policies,
procedures, laws and regulations should be notified to the WTO Secretariat to be
circulated amongst all other member countries.
Third principle is related to the right of each member to “regulate on the supply
of services within her territory”.

21. PAKISTAN BESTOWED MFN STATUS TO INDIA

22. CASE STUDY : TRIPS
EUROPEAN UNION & A MEMBER STATE : SEIZURE OF GENRIC DRUGS IN TRANSIT
CASE STUDY : TRIMS
TEXTILE QUOTAS & BANGLADESH
CHINA MEASURES AFFECTING ENTERTANMENT PRODUCTS
INDIA MEASURES AFFECTING AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
CASE STUDY : GATS
TOURISM IN EGYPT

23. European Union and a Member State — Seizure of
Generic Drugs in Transit
Short title:
Complainant: India
Respondent: European Union; Netherlands
Third Parties:
Agreements cited: GATT 1994: Art. V:2, V:4, V:5, V:7, X, V:3
(as cited in request for consultations) Intellectual Property (TRIPS): Art. 2, 7, 8,
28, 31, 41, 42
Request for Consultations received: 11 May 2010

24. On 11 May 2010, India requested consultations with the European Union and the
Netherlands regarding the repeated seizures on patent infringement grounds of
generic drugs originating in India but transiting through ports and airports in the
Netherlands to third country destinations.
India alleges that the measures at issue are, in several respects, inconsistent as such
and as applied, with the obligations of the European Union and the Netherlands
under Articles V and X of GATT 1994 and under various provisions of the TRIPs
Agreement, namely, Article 28 read together with Article 2, Articles 41 and 42, and
Article 31 read together with the provisions of the August 2003 Decision on TRIPs and
Public Health.
On 28 May 2010, Brazil, Canada and Ecuador requested to join the consultations. On
31 May 2010, China, Japan and Turkey requested to join the consultations.
Subsequently, the European Union informed the DSB that it had accepted the
requests of Canada, China, Ecuador, India, Japan and Turkey to join the consultations.

25. END OF TEXTILE QUOTAS : AN IMPACT ON BANGLADESH
 OBJECTIVES-to secure the eventual integration of textiles and clothing sector
 This Arrangement was not negative for all developing countries. For example the
European Union (EU) imposed no restrictions or duties on imports from the very
poorest countries, such as Bangladesh, leading to a massive expansion of the industry
there.

26. The End of Textiles Quotas:
A Case Study of the Impact on Bangladesh
Under the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC), all textile and clothing
(T&C) quotas maintained by industrial countries under the now defunct Multifiber
Arrangement (MFA) would be removed over the period 1995-2005.
During the 10-year transition period, the remaining quotas would also be enlarged .
Because these quotas are bilateral and the extent of their restrictiveness varies from
country to country, their removal will alter competitiveness of individual exporting
countries
Countries that have been facing more restrictive quotas will see their competitive
position improve after the quotas are removed, while those that have been less
restricted by quotas may find it difficult to maintain their current market share

27. 1.CHINA – MEASURES AFFECTING TRADING RIGHTS AND DISTRIBUTION
SERVICES FOR CERTAIN PUBLICATIONS AND AUDIOVISUAL
ENTERTAINMENT PRODUCTS.
2. INDIA – MEASURES AFFECTING THE AUTOMOTIVE

28. WHAT ROLE CAN TOURISM PLAY
• EMLOYMENT
• INFLOW OF FOREIGN CURRENCY
• IMPROVED ECONOMIC CONDITION
• EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF OPENESS EGYPT HAS FOR TOURISM
• WHAT ALL IS REQUIRED FOR A COUNTRY TO PROMOTE TOURISM
• IMPACTS OF GATS ON TOURISM DEPARTMENT