Modes of reproduction, asexual reproduction, vegetative reproduction and apomixis

1. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING
TOPIC :
MODES OF REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
APOMIXIS

2. MODES OF REPRODUCTION:
 It determines the genetic constitution of crop plants i.e whether the plants
are normally homozygous or heterozygous.
 This in turn determines the goal of a breeding programme.
Various modes of reproduction:
 Broadly grouped into following categories :
 Asexual reproduction :It does not involve the fusion of male and female
gametes.
 Sexual reproduction :It does involve the fusion of male and female
gametes.

3. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
 New plants may be developed either from vegetative parts of the plant called vegetative reproduction.
 New plants i.e development of embryos without fertilisation is called apomixis.
 Vegetative reproduction can be carried out through
 NATURAL :-
 Underground stem
 Sub-aerial stem
 Bulbils
 Corms
 Rhizome
 Leaves

6.  Underground stem:-modification of stem generally serves as storsge organ and contain many buds.
 Example: tuber –potato
bulb -onion and garlic
rhizome-ginger and turmeric
corm -colocasia
 Sub –aerial stem :-this modification includes runner,sucker,stolon.
Used for propagation of propagation of mint species .
 Bulbils :these are modified flowers that develops into plants directly without forming seeds.
 Leaves :Bryophyllum through margin of leaves .

7. Artificial vegetative reproduction:- A man
made way to reproduce plants with certain
preferred characteristics .
Includes :
Cuttings - most common stem
cutting
Marcotting
Layering- most common air
layering
Budding and grafting

16.  Submitted by :-
Usharani Sahoo
 Admission no .-
04 Ho/16
Submitted to:-
Dr. kaushik kumar Panigrahi sir