This document discusses modes of plant reproduction, including asexual and sexual reproduction. It focuses on asexual reproduction through vegetative reproduction and apomixis. Vegetative reproduction occurs naturally through underground stems, sub-aerial stems, bulbils, corms, rhizomes, and leaves. It can also be done artificially through cuttings, marcotting, layering, budding and grafting. Apomixis involves the development of embryos without fertilization. The mode of reproduction determines if crop plants are normally homozygous or heterozygous, which then determines the goal of breeding programs.

1. PRINCIPLES OF PLANT BREEDING
TOPIC :
MODES OF REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
APOMIXIS

2. MODES OF REPRODUCTION:
 It determines the genetic constitution of crop plants i.e whether the plants
are normally homozygous or heterozygous.
 This in turn determines the goal of a breeding programme.
Various modes of reproduction:
 Broadly grouped into following categories :
 Asexual reproduction :It does not involve the fusion of male and female
gametes.
 Sexual reproduction :It does involve the fusion of male and female
gametes.

3. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
 New plants may be developed either from vegetative parts of the plant called vegetative reproduction.
 New plants i.e development of embryos without fertilisation is called apomixis.
 Vegetative reproduction can be carried out through
 NATURAL :-
 Underground stem
 Sub-aerial stem
 Bulbils
 Corms
 Rhizome
 Leaves

6.  Underground stem:-modification of stem generally serves as storsge organ and contain many buds.
 Example: tuber –potato
bulb -onion and garlic
rhizome-ginger and turmeric
corm -colocasia
 Sub –aerial stem :-this modification includes runner,sucker,stolon.
Used for propagation of propagation of mint species .
 Bulbils :these are modified flowers that develops into plants directly without forming seeds.
 Leaves :Bryophyllum through margin of leaves .

7. Artificial vegetative reproduction:- A man
made way to reproduce plants with certain
preferred characteristics .
Includes :
Cuttings - most common stem
cutting
Marcotting
Layering- most common air
layering
Budding and grafting

16.  Submitted by :-
Usharani Sahoo
 Admission no .-
04 Ho/16
Submitted to:-
Dr. kaushik kumar Panigrahi sir