This is the historical of linguistics and the history of english

1. HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS
AND HISTORY OF ENGLISH
CreatedBy :
Juwita Yulianto (20160600011)
Widya Kartika Margo (201600016)

3. Historical Of Linguistic
• Historical Linguistic (also called diachronic linguistics) is the
study of language change.
• Diachronic : The study of linguistic change through history
constrated to Synchronic.
• Linguistic : The study of the phonological, morphological, and
syntactic features of a language at a stated time.

4. Change Of
Language
• Language can change because of our physical,
psychological or sociological nature and language can
unavoidably change too.
• Where there is variation, there is likely to be change
(Suzanne Romaine)

5. • Languages that evolve from a common source
are genetically related. These languages were
once dialects of the same language.
• Earlier forms of Germanic languages, such as
German, English, and Swedish were dialects of
Proto-Germanic, while earlier forms of Romance
languages, such as Spanish, French, and Italian
were dialects of Latin.
• Furthermore, earlier forms of Proto-Germanic
and Latin were once dialects of Indo-European.

6. Cognates in Indo-European
English
• THREE
• MONTH
German
• DREI
• MONAT
Dutch
• DRIE
• MAAND
Sanskrit
• PITAR
• BHRATHAR
English
• FATHER
• BROTHER
German
• VATER
• BRUDER
Cognates West- Germanic Sub-Branch

7. Change Of Phonological
• 1400 and 1600 CE, the Great Vowel Shift took place. The seven
long vowels of Middle English underwent changes.
• The high vowels [i] and [u] became the diphthongs [aj] and [aw].
The long vowels increased tongue height and shifted upward, and
[a] was fronted.
• Many of the spelling inconsistencies of English are because of the
Great Vowel Shift. Our spelling system still reflects the way words
were pronounced before the shift took place.

8. Change Of Morphological
• Many Indo-European languages had extensive case endings that
governed word order, but these are no longer found in Romance
languages or English.
• Although pronouns still show a trace of the case system (he vs.
him), English uses prepositions to show the case. Instead of the
dative case (indirect objects), English usually the words to or for.
• Instead of the genitive case, English uses the word of or ‘s after a
noun to show possession. Other cases include the nominative
(subject pronouns), accusative (direct objects), and vocative.

9. Because of the lack of the case
system, word order has become
more rigid and strict in Modern
English. Now it is strictly Subject –
Verb – Object order.

10. Change Of Lexical
• Old English borrowed place names from Celtic, army,
religious and educational words from Latin, and
everyday words from Scandinavian. Angle and Saxon
(German dialects) form the basis of Old English
phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon.
• Middle English borrowed many words from French in
the areas of government, law, religion, literature and
education because of the Norman Conquest in 1066
CE. Modern English borrowed words from Latin and
Greek because of the influence of the classics, with
much scientific terminology.

11. THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH
The history of the English language really
started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes
who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.
Those tribes are the Angles, the Saxons and the
Jutes, that crossed to the North Sea (Denmark
and northern Germany).

12. A. Old English (450-1100 AD)
 The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in
Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English
did not sound or look like English today.
 About half of the most commonly used words in Modern English
have Old English roots. The words be, strong and water, for
example, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until
around 1100.

13. B. Middle English (1100-1500)
In 1066 William the
Conqueror, the Duke of
Normandy (part of
modern France),
invaded and conquered
England.
The new conquerors
(called the Normans)
brought with them a
kind of French, which
became the language
of the Royal Court, and
the ruling and business
classes.
For a period there was
a kind of linguistic class
division, where the
lower classes spoke
English and the upper
classes spoke French.

14. C. Modern English
1) Early Modern English (1500-1800)
 Pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started with
vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter
 The Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that
many new words and phrases entered the
language. The invention of printing also meant that
there was now a common language in print.
 In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.

15. The main difference between Early Modern English and Late
Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more
words.
Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two
principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology
created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its
height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English
language adopted foreign words from many countries.
2) Late Modern English (1800-Present)

16. C. Varieties Of English
 From around 1600, the English colonization of North America
resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English.
 In some ways, American English is more like the English of
Shakespeare than modern British English is.
 Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the
USA's dominance of cinema, television, popular music, trade and
technology (including the Internet). But there are many other
varieties of English around the world, including for example
Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South
African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.