2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 Abstract ................................................................................................................................4
2 introduction..........................................................................................................................4
1. Project Proposal...............................................................................................................7
1.1. Project Description......................................................................................................................7
1.1 Project Aim.......................................................................................................................................8
1.1.1. Project Objectives....................................................................................................................8
1.1.2. Project Deliverables.................................................................................................................8
3 Methodology..........................................................................................................................8
3.1 Stage 1: Research Methodology..................................................................................................8
3.2 Stage 2: Literature Review...........................................................................................................9
3.3 Stage 3: Final Report documentation..........................................................................................9
4 Gantt Chart........................................................................................................................10
5 Resources............................................................................................................................11
5.1 Hardware...................................................................................................................................11
5.2 Software ....................................................................................................................................11
5.3 Books Required .........................................................................................................................12
6 Literature Review..............................................................................................................13
7 Brief History of Wireless Communication.....................................................................14
8 Evolution of Wireless Communications .........................................................................16
8.1 1G Technology (Dial up) ............................................................................................................17
8.2 3.0.2 2G Technology..................................................................................................................18
8.3 3G Technology...........................................................................................................................20
8.3.1 3.5 G HSDPA (High- Speed Downlink Packet Access)..........................................................22
8.3.2 3.75 G HSUPA (High- Speed Uplink Packet Access) ............................................................22
8.4 4G Technology...........................................................................................................................23
9 The Need for a new architecture .....................................................................................25
10 5G Future Technology...................................................................................................25
10.1 5G Architectural Requirement...............................................................................................26
11 Challenges of future wireless network technology.....................................................27
12 Overview .........................................................................................................................29
13 PROBLEM STATEMENT...........................................................................................30
13.1 Spectrum crunch....................................................................................................................30
14 Collection & analysis of data........................................................................................32
14.1 5G Vision................................................................................................................................32
15 5G communication Technologies .................................................................................34
15.1.1 Device-Centric Architecture................................................................................................35

3
15.1.2 MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATION (mmWave)...........................................................36
15.1.3 Massive Mimo ....................................................................................................................39
16 Heterogenous Networks (Hetnets)..................................................................................41
16.1.1 Small cells...........................................................................................................................41
16.1.2 Multiple Radio access network...........................................................................................41
16.1.3 Device to Device communications (D2D)............................................................................42
16.1.4 SoftwARE DEFINED NETWORKING (SDN) ...........................................................................43
17 5G Used cases..................................................................................................................44
17.1 broadband access in dense areas ..........................................................................................45
17.1.1 Pervasive Video ..................................................................................................................45
17.1.2 smart offices.......................................................................................................................46
17.1.3 Cloud Services.....................................................................................................................46
18 Conclusion & Recommendation with critical reflection...........................................47
19 Bibliography......................................................................................................................48

4
1 ABSTRACT
The increasing amount of wireless broadband users has more than doubled in the past
decade thus this has increased the network traffic and exerted more pressure on the already
existing wireless network communication. Although the Long Term Evolution Architecture
has just been introduced in some part of the world, it is said to already be outdated as the
demand for more wireless data and communication and smartphone users has increased. In the
future there is said to be more advanced technology which would make use of large broadband
wireless frequency and not forgetting the most anticipated internet of things (IoT), which would
mean all objects would be connected over the internet. This has led to an early research and
awareness of the introduction of the fifth Generation Mobile Wireless Technology (5G) which
will accommodate the enormous data traffic in the world today with its wide range of
technological advances and new used cases for the 2020 and beyond Era. Therefore, 5G is said
to be the internet of the future. This paper discusses the fifth generation wireless mobile
communication technology, starting from a brief introduction of wireless communication and
moved on to the evolution of wireless communication from 1G (Dial up) to 4G (LTE & LTE-
A) and finally 5G wireless Technologies and Used cases. Some of the Technologies discussed
include Massive MIMO, Software Defined Networking (SDN) Radio Access Technology and
the Millimeter wave Communication.
2 INTRODUCTION
The future of cellular mobile communication would be very distinct to what we are
used to today, as the request for mobile broadband network continues to rise, mostly motivated
by high definition video and better screens, we are already witnessing the growing effect of
human possibilities of technology as the objects around us become ever more connected.
Objects such as Vehicles, machines, home appliances, wrist watches and other apparel will
organize themselves to successfully carry out our needs by automatically changing to our mode
of behavior, environment and business processes (Nokia Corporation, 2015). Networks would
transform to become more personalized thereby being able to meet the different needs of each
user, be it human being or an Object. Future networks will be programmable platforms

5
providing not only voice and data, but also would support different uses, services and
applications (Mishra, 2013). To successfully satisfy the assumption and difficulties of the
future, wireless networks we have today would evolve in different forms, components like the
“High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and Long Term Evolution (LTE)” will be introduced as
part of an improvement of the already existing technology (GUPTA, 2015). Some examples of
these emerging technology constituents includes various forms of gaining access range and
significantly higher frequency ranges, instigation of big antenna configurations, direct device
to device communication, and ultra-dense deployments (GUPTA, 2015). The present day
telecommunication architecture will be transformed from being vertically composed separate
network components to a cognitive optimized cloud operation (Nokia Corporation, 2015). With
the transition to a cloud based software defined network this implies that manufacturers of IT
equipment would take advantage of open source technologies like the services provided by
google. The next generation networks will not be purely server based rather it will depend on
the data content requirements of each user (Nokia Corporation, 2015).
Furthermore, wireless communication has made some significant improvements in the
past decade both in the areas of mobile wireless technology and internet subscribers (Manasa
H R, 2015). The exceptional progress of wireless mobile communication is reflected by a
fast stride of technological improvement. There has been a significant move from stationary
telephone systems (Dial up) to mobile cellular systems, more especially since the 21st
century
(Wan, 2013). However, the 2G mobile architecture which was introduced 1991 to the 3G
architecture which debuted in the first quarter of 2001, the wireless mobile network has evolved
from being mainly telephone system to a system that can transfer good quality media
components (Rodriguez, 2014). The 4G wireless network architecture was implemented to
meet the needs of “International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-A) using IP for
all services” (Hang Zhang, 2015). In 4G systems an advanced radio system is used with
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), multiple input multiple output (MIMO),
and link adaptation technologies (Simon Fletcher, 2014). The fourth generation networks
architecture can support data of up 1 Gb/s for a low mobility such as a local wireless access
and 100 Mb/s for a high mobility such as a mobile access (GUPTA, 2015).
There has been a drastic increase in mobile cellular subscriptions than there are with
fixed telephone systems. Mobile network service providers and vendors have felt the need of
efficient networks capabilities with equally efficient network designs/architecture (Bhaumick,
2015). This amounted to network planning and optimized services. However, there has been

6
technological advances and the co-existence of the 2G, 2.5G and 3G wireless networks
architectures, the impact of services on network strength has become even more troubling
(Youssef, 2008). Many network architectural designs have been developed not only for 2G
networks but also with the evolution of 2G – 2.5G and even with the 3G networks together
with this changes the interoperability of the different networks has to be put into consideration
(Mishra, 2004). 1G is centered on the analog cellular technologies, it was made available to
the public in the 1980’s (Kumar1, et al., 2010). 2G indicates digitals applications, including
services such as low speed data and short messaging systems (SMS). Different technologies
like the GSM, 1xRTT and the CDMA2000 are the main 2G mobile wireless technologies
though the 1xRTT and CDMA2000 are sometimes classified as 3G technologies this is because
they both meet the 144 kilo bits per second (Kbps) mobile throughput criteria (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). However, the EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) technology also meets the
criteria to be classified as a 3G technology. The 2G architecture was made available in the mid
1990’s network requirements were listed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
as a part of the International Mobile telephone project 2000 (IMT 2000) which required digital
mobile networks to provide 144 kbps of throughput at mobile speeds, it also required 384 kbps
network speed for pedestrians and a 2 Mbps for indoors (Mishra, 2004). The 3G network
architecture was introduced in the last decade. 4G network architecture was officially defined
by the ITU which issued some basic requirements for the 4G technology which was known as
the IMT-Advanced (Kumar1, et al., 2010). These criteria include a bandwidth reaching 40
MHz radio frequency and also an extreme high spectral efficiency (Kumar1, et al., 2010). A
recommended operation of 100 MHz radio frequency and a peak spectral efficiency of up to
15bps/Hz is advised by the ITU which results in a conceptual throughput of 1.5 Gbps (Wan,
2013). This paper is aimed at discussing 5G and the future of Wireless Communication, by
briefly discussing the different technologies that has led to the Proposed implementation of 5G
wireless technology, then moving on to talk about about the challenges faced by the 4G, some
features of 5G wireless network architecture and finally the future of communication which
will be centered mainly on the implementation of 5G in the 2020.

7
CHAPTER 1
1. PROJECT PROPOSAL
1.1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
In years to come the human need for technology will expand in different ways not yet imagined,
by 2025, there will be an increased need for network connectivity (10-100 times more) between
different devices than humans (Nokia Corporation, 2015). Many applications will require
reliable communication connections with a reduced latency and very high data flow. Public
safety and business critical systems will operate on a cellular mobile network, which will
require strict and reliable service levels of capacity, data flow and latency (Hang Zhang, 2015).
Large amount of real-time systems will need end to end network latency of single digit
milliseconds which will prevent perceivable delays while browsing or streaming videos and
also to control drones and robots (Smith, 2004). Connectivity in the 5G era will achieve 1
millisecond network, which is way better than the 15 to 20 millisecond that is achievable by
today’s best LTE networks (MUHAMMAD USMAN, 2015). In order to tackle the above
mentioned challenges of the 4G network architecture and to the meet the future network system
requirement (5G) there is a need for the change of design in the cellular architecture present
today, most wireless users stay indoors 80 percent of the time and only stay outdoors 20 percent
of the time (Rodriguez, 2014). The present widely used cellular architecture usually uses an
outdoor base station (BS) in the middle of a cell communication with other mobile users no
matter if they stay indoors or outdoors. For indoor users communicating with the outdoor base
station (BS) means the signal has to go through walls of buildings and this amounts to very
high loss of penetration which drastically destroys the data rate and spectral efficiency, and the
energy efficiency of wireless transmissions (IEEE Network, 2015). One of the main reasons
for designing the 5G cellular architecture is to differentiate outdoor from indoor scenarios so
as to avoid penetration loss through building walls, this will be supported by distributed
antenna systems(DAS) and Massive MIMO (Massive Input Massive Output) technology (F.
Rusek et al., 2013) where geographically distributed antenna arrays with hundreds of antenna
elements are used. From the view of network resources, 5G wireless network models should
smartly include a variety of network resources from multiple resource owners, which would
include mobile network and wired network structures, data points and spectral resources, so as
to utilize maximum resources and meet network traffic requirements (Hang Zhang, 2015).

8
1.1 PROJECT AIM
This research aims at discussing in depth 5G network Architecture and how its going
to be implemented in line with the future devices/applications that are going to be in
use some years from now and also how its going to connect everything around the world
which is also known as the internet of things ranging from human to human connection,
human to object connection and object to object connection.
1.1.1. PROJECT OBJECTIVES
• To study existing academic literature relating to 5G network architecture
• To research on 5G and future communications application
• To document and discuss knowledge gained from the research process
• To identify and suggest possible improvements
• And also a speech presentation of research findings.
1.1.2. PROJECT DELIVERABLES
• Project Proposal
• Intermediate deliverable (literature review)
• Final Report
• Viva Voce (Speech Presentation)
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 STAGE 1: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This is the first stage it involves conducting quantitative research on the project title 5G
and future communications technology this will include conducting studies and
thorough analysis of various academic literature journals relevant to the project topic
and also documenting findings obtained from the qualitative research.

9
3.2 STAGE 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
This stage will identify and analyze the evolution of wireless network architectures
from 1G to 4G and the future of network communications and applications (5G), this
phase will also contain insights on other published articles/journals in line with the
chosen topic. Furthermore, the challenges of the 4G network will be covered in this
section and finally the need for a new architecture being 5G mobile wireless network
architecture.
3.3 STAGE 3: FINAL REPORT DOCUMENTATION
This Stage entails a more detailed discussion on the chosen project topic (5G network
architecture and future communications applications) form the evolution of wireless
network communication to the future communication technology, this phase will
consist of insights from various published articles, journals and e-books relating to the
topic in discussion.

10
4 GANTT CHART
(Fig 1.0 Shows the Task Schedule of Project)

11
(Fig 2.0 Shows Gantt Chart for the Project)
5 RESOURCES
5.1 HARDWARE
Computer: MacBook Air (13-inch)
Processor: 1.6 GHz Intel Core i5
Memory: 4GB 1600 MHz DDR3
5.2 SOFTWARE
Apple OS X El Capitan Version 10.11.5
Microsoft Word Office 2016
Version 15.19.1 (160212)
Microsoft Excel 2016
Version 15.20
00/01/1900 03/10/1954 06/07/2009 08/04/2064 11/01/2119 14/10/2173
Literature review
Research On The EvolutionOf Wireless Communication
Introduction
Discussion on Wireless Communication
Discussion on the evolution of wireless communication
Research on problems of 4G Architecture
Research on 5G network architecture
Discussion on the problems of 4G
Discussion on the need to Implement 5G
Research on Future communications
Conclusion of Literature Review
Final Project Report
ITX 3999 Project
Start Date End Date

12
5.3 BOOKS REQUIRED
• “Dawson CW – Projects in Computing and Information Systems, Addison-Wesley, 2005”
• “Mikael Berndtsson, Jorgen Hansson, B. Olsson, and B., Lundell., Planning and Implementing
your Final Year Project - with Success: A Guide for Students in Computer Science and
Information Systems. (Paperback - April 2006)”
• “Philip Weaver, Success in Your Project: A Guide to Student System Development Projects.
(Paperback - Dec 2003)”
• “Rodriguez, J. Fundamentals of 5G mobile networks”
• “A Survey of 5G Network: Architecture and Emerging Technologies Akhil Gupta (Senior Member IEEE)
2015”
• “Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks: 1G to 4G Amit Kumar. Yunfei”

13
CHAPTER 2
6 LITERATURE REVIEW
Wireless communication has made some significant improvements in the past decade
both in the areas of mobile wireless technology and internet subscribers (Manasa H R, 2015).
There has been a significant move from stationary telephone systems (Dial up) to mobile
cellular systems, more especially since the 21st
century (Wan, 2013). There has been a drastic
increase in mobile cellular subscriptions than there are with fixed telephone systems. Mobile
network service providers and vendors have felt the need of efficient networks capabilities with
equally efficient network designs/architecture (Bhaumick, 2015). This amounted to network
planning and optimized services. However, there has been technological advances and the co-
existence of the 2G, 2.5G and 3G wireless networks architectures, the impact of services on
network strength has become even more troubling (Youssef, 2008). Many network
architectural designs have been developed not only for 2G networks but also with the evolution
of 2G – 2.5G and even with the 3G networks together with this changes the interoperability of
the different networks has to be put into consideration (Mishra, 2004). 1G is centered on the
analog cellular technologies, it was made available to the public in the 1980’s (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). 2G indicates digitals applications, including services such as low speed data and short
messaging systems (SMS). Different technologies like the GSM, 1xRTT and the CDMA2000
are the main 2G mobile wireless technologies though the 1xRTT and CDMA2000 are
sometimes classified as 3G technologies this is because they both meet the 144 kilo bits per
second (Kbps) mobile throughput criteria (Kumar1, et al., 2010). However, the EDGE
(Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) technology also meets the criteria to be classified as a
3G technology. The 2G architecture was made available in the mid 1990’s network
requirements were listed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as a part of the
International Mobile telephone project 2000 (IMT 2000) which required digital mobile
networks to provide 144 kbps of throughput at mobile speeds, it also required 384 kbps network
speed for pedestrians and a 2 Mbps for indoors (Mishra, 2004). The 3G network architecture
was introduced in the last decade. 4G network architecture was officially defined by the ITU
which issued some basic requirements for the 4G technology which was known as the IMT-
Advanced (Kumar1, et al., 2010). These criteria include a bandwidth reaching 40 MHz radio
frequency and also an extreme high spectral efficiency (Kumar1, et al., 2010). A recommended
operation of 100 MHz radio frequency and a peak spectral efficiency of up to 15bps/Hz is
advised by the ITU which results in a conceptual throughput of 1.5 Gbps (Wan, 2013). This

14
Essay is aimed at discussing 5G and the future of Wireless Communication, by briefly
discussing the different technologies that has led to the Proposed implementation of 5G
wireless technology.
7 BRIEF HISTORY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Wireless networks were first invented before the industrial age. Information was
transmitted through line of sight distances with the aid of smoke signals, semaphore flags,
flashing mirrors, torch signaling (Goldsmith, 2005). These early communications system was
replaced by the telegraph network which was invented by Samuel Morse in the year 1838 then
the telephone was invented and introduced in 1895. A couple decades later after the invention
of telephones by Graham Alexander Bell on March 3 1834 in Edinburgh Scotland, Guglielmo
Marconi conducted an experiment of the very first radio transmission which was from the Isle
of Wight to a tugboat which was about 18 miles away, there and then radio communication
was created (IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine., 2012). A more effective set of signal
was invented to help transmit more complicated messages with these basic signals. Observation
stations were built on top of hills and by roadsides to relay messages over a wider range
(Goldsmith, 2005) .Since then there has been steady advancement in radio technology over
wider area with an improved quality, smaller/ cheaper devices, less power consumption which
permits private and public wireless networks, television and radio frequency communication
(Tseng, 2015). The early radio’s transmitted analog signals, Presently radio machines transmit
digital signals which are made up of binary bits, whereby the bits originate from a data signal
or by converting an analog signal to a digital signal (Mishra, 2004). Digital radio systems can
transmit repeated bit or the bits can be made into packets. The latter mentioned kind of radio
signal is called a packet radio signal which is classified by heavy transmissions (Goldsmith,
2005). The very first network system which was mainly centered on the packet radio system
was known as ALOHANET or ALOHA systems which stands for Additive links on-line for
Hawaii-Area and it was developed at the University of Hawaii in the year 1971 (Goldsmith,
2005) (Kumar1, et al., 2010). In the middle of the 20th
century, right after the two-way radio
communications was developed just at the beginning of the 21st
century, the stepping stone of
wireless mobile technology was developed in the Bell Laboratories (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). The
idea behind the invention was to recycle the same low radio frequency in a group of cells placed
in a cellular pattern to supply a large amount of users wireless networks (IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Magazine., 2012). In addition, phone calls are simultaneously transferred from a
cell to another in order to support vehicle movement form one cell to another. Thus we can say

15
that these simple ideas have changed the mobile wireless technology (Gayathri, 2016). Early
cellular wireless technology was analog and it was based on the Frequency Division Multiplex
(FDM) technology (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Because of the technologies that existed at that time
most telephones were pretty large, that they had to be placed in a briefcase and this in turn was
permanently fixed in a vehicle/car (Manasa H R, 2015). Judging from the statistics of the
number of vehicles that may need a to have a phone and also the amount of people who have
the money to get it, it was forecasted by most people at the time that the wireless cellular
industry will experience very little or no growth (Youssef, 2008). Although the growth of the
industry subscribers was very low before the 1980s (Mishra, 2004). However, at the end of the
1980’s, technological improvements in semiconductors gave rise to a very important increase
to the wireless mobile industry (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). With the help of the Application Specific
Integrated Circuits (ASICs), the size of the telephone reduced to a small mobile phone. This
technological evolution gave rise to an important turn around in the wireless mobile industry
for two major reasons (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). The first reason was for the focus of the wireless
mobile industry to shift from the amount of telephones installed in a vehicle to the amount of
people who make use of these new and improved mobile phones which was a much larger
customer/subscriber base (Muniyal, 2012). Furthermore, the feature of the phone was improved
further from being able to call from the vehicle to being able to call from anywhere at anytime,
this boosted the demand to mobile phones and also drastically increased the signal penetration
rate (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). The next milestone for the wireless cellular industry was gotten from
the development of the second generation digital technology wireless network architecture
(2G). Which also involved the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) which was
previously referred to as Groupe Speciale Mobile (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). There were also
technologies like the Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code division multiple access
(CDMA) and the Personal digital cellular (PDC) (Olusanya, 2014). The digital technology has
greatly enhanced the quality of voice conversations and network services as the case may be,
most importantly the cost of mobile phones has reduced this has in turn led to the continuous
growth of the wireless mobile industry. Furthermore, in the 21st
century the rapid increase of
the growth of the industry is most expected, while the 3rd
generation wireless technology has
obviously enhanced the spectrum strength and also the system cost, a more significant addition
is seen in the improvement of the data/multimedia capabilities of the second generation
wireless mobile technology (Mishra, 2004). This feature would also improve the quality and
level of communication which would not only entail human to human communication but
would also include human to machine/ robots as the case may be and machine to machine

16
communication (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). Just like the improvement from vehicles to humans in the
2G architecture, this is likely to lead to a big addition to the user base because the amount of
machines available can be in a degree/level of importance which will be greater than the
amount of people (Kumar1, et al., 2010).
Fig:1 shows the evolution of cellular communication (Source: Hill Notes)
8 EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Wireless telecommunication begun with the zero generation communication systems which
is also called the 0G, it was made available shortly after the second world war (Mir & Dr. Sumit
, 2015). Back then the mobile service operators initiated the calls and there were a limited
number of radio channels. However, these did not allow for a handover that is being able to
switch radio frequency channels (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). In the zero generation era of 1970’s
radio telephones were a luxury thus only Celebrities, Construction workers, Politicians
amongst others had the privilege to own one of these radio telephone devices. The technologies
that were used in the 0G era were the Advanced Mobile telephone system (AMTS), Push to
talk (PTT), Mobile telephone system (MTS) and the Offentlig Landmobil Telefoni (OLT)
which was Norwegian for Public land Mobile Telephony (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). Since then
wireless communication has grown from being a conceptual experiment to being a science that
accounts for a greater part of our everyday life (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). From the bulky telephone

17
systems that was being installed in vehicles to the portable mobile smartphones we have today
these devices connect on cellular networks (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Over the past years’ cellular
networks developed in various ways with each technology trying to make up for the short
comings of the previous form the 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G and then the all anticipated 5G wireless
network technology (Condoluci, et al., 2016).
Fig. 2: shows the evolution of mobile wireless technologies (Source: 4Gindia Wiki)
8.1 1G TECHNOLOGY (DIAL UP)
The mobile cellular age kicked off in the 1980’s ever since mobile communication has
evolved and there has been very big growth in the telecommunication industry. The diagram
above (Fig. 2) shows the evolution of mobile cellular technology. The first generation (1G)
mobile technology made use of analog broadcast for voice communication. The first cellular
communication system was first introduced in 1979 in Japan by the Nippon Telephone and
Telegraph Company (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). Some years later the cellular communications
trend got to Europe and the two familiar analog technologies were the Total access
communication system (TACS) and the Nordic Mobile telephones (NMT) (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). Apart from these two above mentioned technologies other analog systems were being
implemented across Europe (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). These technologies made room for roaming

18
abilities and handover but unfortunately they were not able to connect between two or more
countries or continents as the case may be. This turned out to be one of the main disadvantage
with the 1st
generation (1G) wireless network systems. The AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) was introduced in 1982 which was given a frequency range of 800 – 900 Megahertz
(MHz) (Peng & Xu, 2010). An extra 10 MHz bandwidth which was known as the Expanded
Spectrum was assigned to the AMPS, this system was first released in Chicago in 1988 by the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC) which included a service range of 2100 sq. mi
(Mohebbi Nia & Rahman, , 2012). The AMPS had 823 radio Channels, and data frequency of
about 10 kbps. It was discovered that there would be a better cell re-allocation if directional
antennas were being used instead of the Omni antennas which was being used for the earlier
implementation of the AMPS (Mishra, 2004). Furthermore, the least factor that was considered
in order to meet the 18db signal interference frequency when making use of the 120-degree
directional signal antennas was 7 thus a 7 cell re-allocation standard was being implemented
for the AMPS (Zhu, 2013). Broadcast from the Base station to wireless mobile devices was
done through the forward channels with frequency ranges of 869 MHz to 894MHz, Mobile to
base station broadcasts was done through the reverse radio channel with a frequency range of
824MHz to 849MHz (Zhu, 2013). Frequency Modulation technique was used by the TACS
and AMPS for wireless radio broadcasts. Radio signal traffic is multiplexed with an FDMA
(Frequency division multiple access) network (Mohebbi Nia & Rahman, , 2012).
8.2 3.0.2 2G TECHNOLOGY
The Second generation (2G) mobile architecture was presented to the general public
towards the end of the 1980s (Kumar1, et al., 2010), as reduced bitrate services were upheld
too as the conventional voice service (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Contrasted to that of the first
generation framework, the 2G architecture applied a digital multiple access technology like the
TDMA which was discussed earlier and also the CDMA (Buehrer, et al., 2004). However,
when compared to the first generation architecture, higher spectrum quality, improved data
services, and better roaming was offered by the 2G architecture (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication) was released in Europe in order to give a
particular agreed network standard. This gave rise to unlimited services all around Europe with
the aid of international roaming (Tseng, 2015). GSM utilizes TDMA Network Technology to
facilitate so many clients in its over 20 years’ advancement, GSM innovation has persistently

19
made efforts to offer better network communication between two or more users in the industry
(Kumar1, et al., 2010). Technologies has been produced taking into account the first GSM
network architecture, driving to some more technologically advanced framework which was
known as the 2.5 G architecture (Buehrer, et al., 2004). There were three lines of improvement
in the 2G digital cellular architecture. Presented in 1991 the first computerized system was the
IS-54 which was also called the North American TDMA digital cellular network, which
enabled extra services like the IS-136 model which was deployed in 1996 (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). Moreover, IS-95 (CDMA 1) was launched in 1993 (Kumar1, et al., 2010). The FCC
sold a new spectrum block in the 1990 MHz bandwidth range permitting the GSM 1900 into
the cellular market. In 1990 the personal digital cellular was deployed it was originally called
the Japanese Digital Cellular or (JDC) (Chen, 2003). Since the first networks was introduced
towards the start of 1991 GSM slowly advanced to meet the needs of information transmission
which also included numerous more features than the first systems (Gayathri, 2016). The
principle components of this framework are the Base Station Subsystem in which there are
Base Transceiver Station and Base Station controllers and the Network switching subsystem
which includes the Mobile switching centre (Kumar1, et al., 2010). This system is fit for giving
all the fundamental solutions of about 9.6kbps (Mishra, 2004). 2G systems had a new model
which was presented to the mobile switching centre (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). However, the use of
base station regulators reduces the pressure on the Mobile network switching centre which was
used in the 1G architecture thus it makes the platform between the Mobile Switching Centre
(MSC) and Base Station Controller (BSC) to be consistent. In order to help promote the MSC
design a mobile aided relay device was deployed (Zhu, 2013). By receiving transmissions from
a near by base station, a mobile phone device can initiate a handshake by carrying out direct
communication with the network (Goldsmith, 2005). GSM technology further developed
giving rise to two very significant technologies we know today in the field of communication
these were the Voice Mail Service (VMS) and the Short Message Service also know as SMS
(Tseng, 2015). Since then the SMS service has proven to be very much successful to the point
that the SMS service amount to a greater part of the overall amount of traffic in a network
(Wan, 2013). Mobile network operators where given the opportunity to produce their own
services with the aid of the value added services/Intelligent services, the Intelligent services
was introduced to aid the reduction of fraud through the fraud management system (Kumar1,
et al., 2010). Additional services like the SGSN and the GGSN were introduced to the GSM
technology these additional features made it possible to transmit data/information easily
wirelessly the section of the network that handles the packet data is referred to as the “Packet

20
Core Network” (PCN) (Olusanya, 2014). Furthermore, the GGSN and the SGSN have IP
routers, Domain name servers and firewall servers which provides wireless connection to the
internet at a bitrate of about 150kbps at the very best of conditions (Bhaumick, 2015). The
transition to the 2.5G scene kick started the GPRS service which is also known as the General
Packet Radio Service (Goldsmith, 2005). This is a radio system mainly for the GSM networks
which gives ISP’s access to services like packet switch protocols, faster ISP link set up and
also the ability of the ISP’s to charge its users based on the amount of data that was sent instead
of being charged by the period of time the users stay connected to the internet (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). GPRS allows a more dynamic information transfer frequencies and at the same time it
allows steady connection to the network (Youssef, 2008). Thus it has been regarded as the most
important move to the 3G wireless architecture/Technology with the EDGE and the GSM
transmitting at the same time over the networks a need to increase the data frequency/rate arose
(Bhaumick, 2015). The data transmission frequency was increased to 384kbps and this was
accomplished by employing more complicated coding processes on the internet (Manasa H R,
2015). The implementation of the EDGE technology was easy because it required very minimal
changes to the hardware and software of the the network because it operates on the TDMA
framework/ logical channel as the GSM Technology we have today it also operated on the 200
KHz carrier bandwidth (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Presently 2G digital cellular networks are still
dominant in the mobile wireless industry today (Kumar1, et al., 2010).
8.3 3G TECHNOLOGY
With the deployment of the EDGE cellular mobile architecture there were possibilities
of increased volume of data transfer. However, the packet data transmission on the air interface
acts similar to a circuit switch call (Mishra, 2004). As a result of this some part of the packet
data connection strength diminishes in the switch circuit environment (Qi Bi, et al., 2001). In
different parts of the world the standards for developing the network technology varies,
therefore a decision was reached to develop a network which provides features that are not
dependent on the framework of the technology and network that has the same global design
standards (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Behold 3G was conceived (Kumar1, et al., 2010) (Mishra,
2004). The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) stated the requirements for the 3G
mobile networks architecture which was the IMT-2000 networks standard (IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Magazine., 2012). A model was developed which meets the requirements of the

21
IMT-2000 mobile wireless networks standards and this was made possible by the 3rd
Generation partnership project (3GPP) (Akinniranye & Oyetunji, 2013). This model was
known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Service (UMTS) in Europe, which is run
by the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ESTI) (Eissa, et al., 2015). IMT2000
is the name that is given by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) for the 3G
network technology and the American 3G alternative is known as the CDMA 2000 (IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Magazine., 2012). The Access modes technology for the UTMS is
know as the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) (Kumar1, et al., 2010). The
major elements of the 3G networks technology are the Base station , Radio Network regulator
other than the (wideband CDMA mobile switching Centre) and the SGSN/GGSN (Bhaumick,
2015). 3G allows ISP’s to give its clients a diversity of services coupled with a larger network
size with the help of an advanced spectrum coherence (Baiocchi & Cuomo, 2013). Broadband
wireless data, wireless voice transmission of video call and broadband wireless data are
attributes the 3G wireless network architecture has (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Additionally, the
3G wireless architecture provides the High Speed Data Packet Access (HSPA) data
transmission abilities reaching a speed of 14.4 Mbps on the downlink and 5.8 Mbps on the
uplink. However, based on the WCDMA network technology, the first 3G commercial wireless
network was introduced in Japan, 2001 (Kumar1, et al., 2010). There are different type of 3G
wireless network technology which are the WCDMA, CDMA 2000, UTMS and EDGE which
are going to be discussed in the next paper/report (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). 3G puts together
high-speed mobile connection with the IP based services, this implies that there is going to be
an improved connection speed to the world wide web (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). 3G cellular
technology is centred on the International Telecommunication Union stipulated frequency
band rate of 2000 MHz range, which is aimed at supporting one Universal wireless
communication standard worldwide. 3G’s growth gave rise to CDMA 2000 (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). Few variations of CDMA 2000 depend on IS-95 and IS-95B standards (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). The 3G development for GSM is the IS-136 and the PDC process which lead to a
wideband CDMA which is also known as the UMTS. 3G systems offers a more advanced
feature like high quality video streaming, double data speed, Video conferencing, IPTV
(Internet TV) and a higher internet surfing speed (Mishra, 2004). Below (fig 3) is a diagram of
the evolution of mobile wireless network from 1G to 3G and their various network
technologies.

22
fig 3: Transition from 1G to 3G technology (source: www.3G.co.uk)
8.3.1 3.5 G HSDPA (HIGH- SPEED DOWNLINK PACKET ACCESS)
HSDPA is also referred to as 3.5G it makes create an easy flowing path for the UTMS
centred 3G giving room for a much increased data transmission speed (Condoluci, et al., 2016).
HSDPA is has a transmission of 8-10 Mbps across a 5MHz bandwidth in WCDMA downlink
it also includes a 20 Mbps transmission for MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) systems
(Condoluci, et al., 2016). It also involves an Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), MIMO,
Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ), quick cell search, advanced transmitter design
(Condoluci, et al., 2016).
8.3.2 3.75 G HSUPA (HIGH- SPEED UPLINK PACKET ACCESS)
The 3.75G is about the technological advancements beyond the very much characterized 3G
network technology HSUPA is an UTMS/WCDMA uplink advancement innovation (Mir &
Dr. Sumit , 2015). The HSUPA mobile telecommunication network technology is closely
related to HSPDA and the both of them make up for flaws each other in terms of mobile
network communication (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). HSUPA will promote an improved
individual to Individual data applications with increased and consistent data rates, such as email
and continuous individual to individual gaming. Conventional business applications alongside
a variety of consumer applications will be at advantage (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015).

23
8.4 4G TECHNOLOGY
4G stands for the fourth generation mobile wireless communication system which was made
commercially available in 2010 (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). 4G is an Internet protocol based
technological system which gives permission through a series of radio frequency platforms.
4G has the ability to deliver a speed of up to 100Mbps to 1 Gbps and has a very high Quality
of service (QoS) and also a very strong security level (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). 4G provides
different kinds of services at any point in time and anywhere. The main features of the 4G
wireless technology includes better Video conferencing, GPRS services, tele-medicine (the use
of telecommunication and information technology to provide medical services from a distance)
(Pankaj Sharma, 2013) , increased level of security, speed and reduced cost of usage. 4G is
also referred to as MAGIC which stands for:
M: Mobile Multimedia
A: Any time Any where
G: Global Mobility support
I: Integrated wireless solutions
C: Customized Personal Service (Cihangir, et al., 2014).
The first successful test for 4G was done in Japan 23rd
June 2005 (Pankaj Sharma, 2013).
NTT Do Co Mo attained 1Gbps real time packet transmission in the downlink at a potential
speed of 20km/hr. (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). To make use of 4G features, multiple clients’
terminals are supposed to be able to choose the most suitable wireless technologies. Presently
GSM based technologies frequently transmits signal messages/ packets for services relating to
mobile subscription (Cihangir, et al., 2014). Although this procedure is more complex in the
4G wireless communication technology architecture because of the variations in the wireless
technologies and Protocols (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Terminal Mobility is needed in order for
the 4G network technology to successfully deliver wireless services anywhere and at anytime.
Terminal mobility is a feature that permits users to roam across different geographical end
point of wireless signals (Zhu, 2013) (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). Location management and
handoff management are the two main problems associated with Terminal mobility, when it
comes to location management the network finds and spots a mobile device for a potential
connection. Whereas hand off management retains the current voice communication when the

24
mobile device roams (Olusanya, 2014). Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is a systematic mainly IP mobile
protocol for IPv6 wireless technology devices in which every device has an IPv6 home address
so that whenever the devices move out of its home network, the home IP address becomes
dormant thus allowing the device to get a new IPv6 address which is referred to as a care of
address in the host network (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). The envisioned goals for high spectrum
quality for the Long Term Evolution was placed at 30bps/Hz in the downlink and 15 Bps/Hz
in the uplink transmission (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015) (Pankaj Sharma, 2013).
The Introduction of recent technologies in the mobile communication industry also including
the constantly peaking growth of mobile network user needs have prompted organisations and
scientist alike to show up with a complete exhibition of the 4th
generation mobile
communication process (Pankaj Sharma, 2013) (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). The 4G architecture
when compared to the 3G architecture seeks to create a new set of user satisfaction and a variety
of service range through the incorporation of other mobile wireless technologies such as the
Bluetooth Wireless Wi-Fi Fidelity, IMT-2000, GSM and the GPRS) (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015).
The key factor which prompted the move to have an All Internet protocol (AIP) network system
is in order to create a wireless environment for all wireless network Architectures to be able to
blend with the user requirements of the difference/Variety of services offered by these different
mobile wireless cellular network technologies (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). The main dissimilarity
between the 2nd
Generation architecture, 3rd
generation and the 4th
generation which can also
be call the All IP is that of the distribution of the Radio Network Controller (RNC) (Mir & Dr.
Sumit , 2015). Which is responsible for regulating the Node Base Stations that are connected
to it and the Base Station controller (BSC) is distributed to the Base Station transceivers (BTS)
and also a group of servers and routers (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). This implies that the price of
the network system will be inexpensive and there will be faster information and data
transmission. The 4th
generation network architecture ensures that users are at liberty to select
any form of service they want with a very fair and much better Service quality and also at a
very user friendly fee wherever and whenever they want. The 4th
generation wireless
technology comprises of already existing and soon to be implemented technologies such as the
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), Large Areas Synchronized Code
Division Multiple Access (LAS-CDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) so as to
enhance roaming capabilities from one technology to another (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). 4G
also uses the LTE and the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-MAX)
technologies (Kumar1, et al., 2010). Some of the problems of the 4G technology includes the

25
high battery power usage in 4G enabled devices, and difficulty in the implementation of
hardware components (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015).
9 THE NEED FOR A NEW ARCHITECTURE
In some years from now humans need for technology will be increased in numerous ways
that haven’t been imagined. Super high definition video streaming will reduce the latency of
existing network and these technological advancements are most likely to further develop with
the next generation 8k video streaming (Nokia, 2015). However, the objective of 5G wireless
communication technology hints to provide a constant satisfaction for end users. According to
Nokia it projected that “by 2025, there will be 10 to 100 times more connected devices than
there would be human.” (Nokia, 2015) and as such so many devices will need an excellent and
trustworthy communication connections “with low latency and high throughput (Nokia, 2015)”
General and business security critical software’s will operate on the cellular network, needing
stiff and stable service levels for storage, network latency and throughput (Nokia, 2015). A
huge amount of real-time software’s will need end to end network speed of a single millisecond
to prevent noticeable delays in streaming of videos, surfing the internet even better still in the
control of drones and robot’s devices (Nokia, 2015). The 5th
generation networks will attain a
mobile network latency of about 1ms which is way faster when compared to the 15 to 20
millisecond network latency that LTE networks achieve (Nokia, 2015). Furthermore, with the
advancements in wireless network architectures and the gradual introduction of new
technologies like the internet of things, Visible light communication and white space
broadband amongst others. There is a need for a new network architecture, this is because soon
enough every object on the surface of the earth would require an Internet protocol version 6
(IPv6) address to be able to communicate with other devices and humans as well (Nokia, 2015).
10 5G FUTURE TECHNOLOGY
The fifth generation mobile wireless communication technology 5G is said to be a full
packaged wireless communication technology/architecture that does not have any short
comings it is said to provide a perfect World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW) (Pankaj Sharma,
2013). 5G represents the next big thing of mobile communications technology standards which
is beyond the 4G/IMT- Advanced Standards (Smith, 2004). 5G is still a terminology or
technology that is not yet defined as such its not yet been made public by telecommunication
standardization organization such as the WiMAX Forum, ITU-R and the 3GPP (Mir & Dr.
Sumit , 2015). Every recent development will further improve the efficiency and abilities with

26
new application scenarios. Most of the added software’s are smart homes environment,
security, smart transportation and enhanced security (Peng & Xu, 2010). The 5G mobile
network architecture would be an all IP-based technology which can also be referred to as
(AIPN) (Manasa H R, 2015). AIPN would be able to carry out the ever growing needs of the
cellular mobile communication industry. It is a popular scene for radio access systems. The
AIPN applies packet switching and its constant growth gives room to higher efficiency and
low cost (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). The 5G network technology involves a user terminal and this
is a very important feature in the emerging architecture and a good amount of Radio Access
Technologies (RAT) (Manasa H R, 2015). In the 5th
generation mobile network architecture
all mobile portable systems that are IP (Internet Protocol) based including Portable mobile
devices, personal computers, mobile banking, amongst others are allocated Cloud Computing
Resources (CCR) (Eissa, et al., 2015). Cloud computing is a system for a mobile on demand
computing resources, that is to say users can access computer and personal resources from
anywhere in the world without having to be with your personal computer all you need is just
an internet connection. CCR connects the Reconfigurable Multi Technology Core (RMTC)
with a remote configuration data gotten from an RRD connected to a Reconfigurable Data
Models (RDM) (Pankaj Sharma, 2013) (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015). RMTC is to deal with the
growing RAT. The core is a collection of nanotechnology, radio and cloud computing, and all
of these is centred on an all IP framework. The RMTC is linked to different RAT which
involves but not limited to 2G/GERAN, 3G/UTRAN and the 4G/EUTRAN and also the
802.11x WLAN /802.16x WMAN technologies (Mir & Dr. Sumit , 2015).
10.1 5G ARCHITECTURAL REQUIREMENT
Recent network technology will be key to reach the mobile network needs after the year
2020. In order to successfully organise complicated multiple layer and multiple networks and
also to attain in built flexibility (Nokia, 2015). The next generation 5G networks will be a
programmable and software centred and will be managed independently from the other (Nokia,
2015). The 5G technology will be focused on user experience thus will be built around potential
users. The potential importance of the network will rest on the user’s experience in making use
of it. The future networks will be smart and independently improve its efficiency, smart
networks will run on big data analytics and artificial intelligence to tackle complicated
productivity tasks in real-time and in an obvious way (Nokia, 2015). Every aspect of the 5G
networks technology will be cloud based in order to fully utilize already existing resources in

27
the most appropriate manner. With an increased level of knowledge which is ever more closer
to the network user and the capability to analyse large number of information network levels
can be monitored and improved (Nokia, 2015). This network technology will involve the
complete use of free software technologies industry accordance and a high level of agreement
between IT professionals. However, organisations like the 3GPP and the ESTI will further
assist to develop the best standards for the 5G network architecture and also assist to make sure
that the 5G air interface and the associated applications are interoperable (Nokia, 2015).
Fig 4: Proposed 5G architecture in contrast to the Present Day Network architecture
(Source: Nokia solutions and Networks 2015)
11 CHALLENGES OF FUTURE WIRELESS NETWORK TECHNOLOGY
The difficulty with the development of the network points is linked to the organisation of the
exchange between the malleability of how to make use of the allocated spectrum and the
required space and power of a platform (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). New procedures gave design
measurements which permits the system to adjust to the circumstances and needs of the
terminals in a way that increases the spectral productivity and also increase the strength of the
device’s battery (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). Furthermore, due to the ever increasing high of
acceptance of the wireless network architecture (5G) in various areas, the difficulties and the
kind of wireless systems that are related to them are also evolving. “In the heterogeneous
wireless networks the idea is that its “always best connected” i.e. always connected to the best

28
quality” targeted at the user’s end and is proposed in various research’s (Pankaj Sharma, 2013).
5G wireless technology poses very important challenges like high network traffic, difference
in needs such as network latency, reliability and reduced energy and cost. These multiple
requirements are expanding the length of the current network technologies. Super core is
centered on the IP framework (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). The GSM, CDMA, Wi-Max, Wire line
could be linked to a Super core with huge capacity. The idea of super core is going to remove
all linked demands and complications that mobile network service providers face presently
(Pankaj Sharma, 2013). Furthermore, the amount of network operations involved with the end
to end connection, this will lead to a reduced latency (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). 5G network
technology would not only be about speed it will also ensure that more data is transmitted over
the network (Pankaj Sharma, 2013). 5G network architecture has been forecasted to be
available in the year 2020. The issue of spectrum crunch with the 3G network and 4G would
be tackled not forgetting the issue of licensing. 5G may also include technologies like software
defined radios which also makes available so many channels without users having to stream
(Pankaj Sharma, 2013).

29
CHAPTER 3
12 OVERVIEW
There has been agreed upon rule that a new generation of wireless mobile technology
must be introduced every decade in order to further enhance the transmission rate and give
room for the use of more applications over a wireless network (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015).
Long Term Evolution (LTE) and Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) which is also
referred to as 4G has been recently deployed in most part of the World and soon to be a
global phenomenon (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015). Although, it is still being introduced it is
already Phased out as there has been a drastic increase in the amount of broadband users
annually across the globe which has led to the rapid growth in mobile data traffic (Cisco
White Paper., 2014). These above mentioned issues are causing more pressure on the mobile
service providers who are faced with the issue of the steady rise in demand for higher spectral
efficiency, higher rates of data, increased network capacity, and ubiquitous network mobility
with the introduction of new applications (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015). Alternately, 4G
networks have gotten to the limit of data rate and thus is insufficient to carry the load of the
present day wireless network demand. Thus a new age of mobile wireless communication,
which is know as the fifth generation (5G) network becomes more and more likely to emerge
(A. Osseiran, 2014). The main vision of 5G wireless network is to attain up to 100 times
more device connection, lower end-to-end latency of about 5ms, while improving the spectral
and energy efficiency and also to aid the vision of the future Internet. Recent research in 5G
have proved that the combination of different wireless technologies can achieve the above
stated goals (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015).
In 2013, the European commission supported some research in projects like the
Mobile and Wireless Communications Enablers for 2020 information society to enable the
research and development of the 5G network architecture (International Telecommunications
Union, 2015). While the institutionalization of 5G features in organisations like the Third
Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and the formal confirmation of 5G standards by the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) are still quite a long while away. It is said that
5G mobile wireless network is expected to be implemented commercially in 2020
(Ramnarayan, et al., 2013). 5G network will be a combination of various levels of sizes,
transmission strength, backhaul connection, and different radio access technologies (RAT)

30
which will be accessed by a new set of smart and heterogeneous wireless devices (E.
Hossain, 2014).
13 PROBLEM STATEMENT
As time goes by more people seek faster internet connections, contemporary mobile
devices and generally real-time communication with other devices and access to information.
Highly sophisticated smartphones and personal computers are becoming popular in recent
times thus demanding advanced multimedia capabilities, this has amounted in an escalation of
wireless mobile devices and services. According to the Wireless World Research Forum
(WWRF) 7 trillion wireless devices will serve 7 billion people by 2017; which means the
amount of networked wireless devices will be 1000 times the world’s population (Mishra,
2013). It has been reported that compared to the 4G network architecture, the 5G network
would attain 1000 times the capacity, 10 times the spectral quality, energy efficiency and data
rate which is a data peak rate of up to a 10Gb/s for low mobility and 1Gb/s for high mobility
and 25 times the average cell through (IEEE Network, 2015). Furthermore, the
telecommunication industry has witnessed an increased in the amount of unlicensed spectrum
being used by mobile wireless devices (Time Warner Cable, 2013). The space between the
“looming spectrum crunch” for mobile network service providers and the fact that wireless
users depend solely on a very small amount of unlicensed spectrum to meet their constantly
increasing demand for new technologies (Time Warner Cable, 2013). Technologies like high
speed 4K videos streaming, Constant Online Gaming, smart watches, smart homes sensors
health monitors internet TV and cloud computing just to mention a few (NGMN, 2015). This
has resulted in the consumer’s need for applications which takes up so much bandwidth of the
mobile carrier spectrum and equipment (Time Warner Cable, 2013). The rapid increase of
smart devices, introduction of new applications, together with an exponential growth in
wireless communication data, the demand and use of wireless network is creating a notable
stress on the already existing cellular wireless network(4G). The idea of the 5G network is to
connect the entire world and attain seamless communication between anybody, anything,
anywhere anytime and anyhow this means that 5G network would be able to aid
communications for special areas unsupported by 4G (Mishra, 2013).
13.1 SPECTRUM CRUNCH
Recently, mobile network traffic has exceeded the require limit for so many mobile
operators. Though investments are being made to that regard towards research and building of

31
new infrastructures by Telecommunication companies, however their inability to successfully
meet customer need is opposed by the limited amount of wireless spectrum (Dan Hays, et al.,
2014). In order to successfully utilize the limited spectrum, mobile operators would need to
create and deploy techniques that encourage a more recognized approach of reduce, reuse and
recycle (Dan Hays, et al., 2014). The rapid increase in wireless broadband usage has been a
cause for concern in the telecommunication industry. For decades, wireless spectrum was
considered an abundant resource, it was shared amongst private and public wireless users, it
was licensed and was made available at no cost. It was distributed by the telecommunication
regulatory bodies and also by governments ( CTIA. , 2013). Studies conducted by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) show that wireless broadband is used by more than
320million smart devices and smartphone users for almost everyday to day activity from
watching movies to playing online video games, staying up to date with the latest news and
trends, and sending messages across various messaging platforms ( CTIA. , 2013). However
new technology is constantly emerging thus new used cases. A study conduction by Deloitte
suggests that applications like mobile health care (mHealth) and automotive telematics are set
to emerge. By 2020, roughly 90 percent of vehicles will be connected to the internet (Deloitte,
2012). Furthermore, it is believed that a continued exploration in the wireless technology solely
relies on having enough spectrum and making use of that spectrum very efficiently. Economists
believe that a market system is the best way to make sure that resources are distributed to their
best possible usage, radio frequency spectrum is no exception to that believe (Lenard &
Lawrence , 2013).
In spite of the success towards a more market based approach to spectrum allocation in the past
two decade, most of the valuable spectrum is either not available or is barred in the inefficient
usage act of the FCC’s license terms and conditions ( CTIA. , 2013). This is seen in the result
of a research conducted by Wallsten, this shows that the spectrum license prices have rapidly
increased in the past five years, suggesting that the need for wireless network services has
developed further than the high rate in which spectrum is used. It also shows that license
flexibility improves spectrum values (Lenard & Lawrence , 2013). In 2010 the FCC established
a broadband plan of creating 500 MHz of radio spectrum available for cellular mobile
broadband connectivity by 2020, whereby about 300 MHz of bandwidth was made available
in 2015 (Lenard & Lawrence , 2013) (Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 2010).
However, the most available radio frequency spectrum which is also the only significant block
of spectrum which is already licensed but has not yet been deployed is the Mobile Satellite

32
Service Spectrum (MSSS) which most of it is licensed to light squared and dish and it also has
similar strength than other licensed spectrum (Lenard & Lawrence , 2013). As stated by the
International telecommunications Union, wireless spectrum spans from 8.3KHz to 3000 GHz
(International Telecommunications Union, 2015). The list of electromagnetic spectrum
includes high frequency Gamma rays, X-rays, Ultraviolent light, Visible light, Microwaves,
and low frequency radio waves. The main purpose of the wireless spectrum is for
communication although it is also used by microwave ovens for cooking (Lenard & Lawrence
, 2013). Furthermore, wireless spectrum is broken down into various minor sections which are
known as bands. The International Telecommunication Union broke down the various
spectrum into bands each of them with a specialized use. Some of the different bands include:
Very Low Frequency (VLF), Low Frequency (LF), Medium Frequency (MF), High frequency
(HF), Very High Frequency (VHF), Ultra High Frequency (UHF), Super High Frequency
(SHF), Extremely High Frequency (EHF) and Tremendously High Frequency (THF)
(International Telecommunications Union, 2015).
14 COLLECTION & ANALYSIS OF DATA
The fifth generation (5G) mobile communication technology is still an emerging trend
and thus the data collected for this research was mainly from previous research articles.
These articles were studied and fully understood before embarking on the project. Below are
analysis and some detailed information on the future communication trends for 2020 and
beyond.
14.1 5G VISION
The 5G wireless network architecture is characterized by changes in customer, operator
contexts, technological development and socio economic transformations these factors have
triggered the development and research on 5G network architecture (NGMN, 2015). With the
introduction of 5G it is expected that information will be a click away and every object will be
connected thus the internet of things (IoT) (Nokia, 2015). Recent technological breakthroughs
are represented by the arrival of smartphones and tablets. While cell phones are required to
stay as the fundamental individual gadget and further improve in the aspect of performance
and ability, the quantity of individual gadgets will increase driven by such gadgets as
wearable’s or sensors (Nokia Corporation, 2015).
Bolstered by cloud innovation, individual gadgets will extend their capacities to

33
different applications, like High video content creation and sharing, online payments, mobile
internet television, cloud gaming, and generally supporting a smart living. They will have
critical part in wellbeing, security, security, and social life applications, and additionally
controlling home appliances, vehicles and different machines. “5G is an end to end ecosystem
to enable a fully mobile and connected society. It empowers value creation towards customers
and partners, through existing and emerging use cases, delivered with consistent experience,
and enabled by sustainable business models.” (NGMN, 2015)
A number of the trends in the consumer sector apply to future endeavors also. The limits
amongst individual and organisational use of gadgets will obscure. Oganisations will search
for answers for location security and protection challenges connected with this hybrid kind of
usage (NGMN, 2015). For enterprises, mobility will be one of the primary drivers for expanded
efficiency. In the following decades, enterprises will progressively make their particular
applications accessible on cell phones. The multiplication of cloud-based administrations will
empower application versatility over numerous devices and areas and will offer more
opportunities for enterprises. In the meantime, this forces difficulties to enterprises that must
be accurately managed (e.g., security, privacy, efficiency) (NGMN, 2015).
The next phase of mobile communication is to prepare and computerize commercial ventures
and industry functions. This is broadly known as machine-type correspondence (MTC) and the
IoT (Internet of Things) (Lazaropoulos, 2016). Several billions of smart gadgets will make use
of their installed communication capacities and coordinated sensors to follow up on their local
surroundings and use remote triggers based on intelligent logic. These devices are different in
terms of requirements with regards to their abilities, power usage and cost (NGMN, 2015). The
internet of things will likewise have an extensive variety of necessities on networking, for
example, reliability, security, performance, latency, throughput, amongst others. The
development of new services for vertical commercial enterprises (e.g. health, car, home,
energy) won't be restricted to connectivity yet can require enablers from cloud computing, big
data management, security, logistics and other network-empowered capacities (NGMN, 2015).
In numerous business sectors today, network operators have started to establish partnerships in
organizations with the purported over-the-top (OTT) players to convey bundled
administrations to end users or clients. OTT players will move to convey increasingly
applications that require higher quality, lower latency, and other a range of other network
improving abilities (e.g., proximity, Location, Quality of Service, and authentication) on

34
demand and in a profoundly adaptable and programmable way. Breakthrough innovation
advancements in recent times such as SDN, NFV, enormous information, All-IP will change
the way networks are being built and maintained (Lenard & Lawrence , 2013). These
progressions will empower the improvement of an exceedingly adaptable infrastructure that
permits cost-effective advancement of networks and related services and additionally expanded
pace of development (Lazaropoulos, 2016). Administrators will keep building up their own
services, and also grow their business reach through partnerships for both the infrastructure
and also the application development phase ( CTIA. , 2013). A worldwide plan of action for
the development of mobile administrators' services will incorporate the advancement of current
services and also the rise of new ones (Dan Hays, et al., 2014). Presently the most widely
recognized services offered by mobile administrators are point-to-point individual
correspondence and best effort data services, for example, Web services (Kumar1, et al., 2010).
These services will be improved both in quality and in capability. Personal communication will
entail very high quality of IP multimedia and sound together with a better group
communication for a start. On the other hand, Data services will be empowered by numerous
coordinated access technologies which will be common and will be portrayed by performance
consistency (Zhu, 2013). Videos and social media activities will dominate majority of data
traffic. New services will develop for developing and new market portions, for example,
mechanized commercial enterprises and smart user environment. Public safety and mission
intensive services. Numerous different administrations will be produced by utilizing capacities,
for example, big data, nearness, geo-community services and numerous others (Zhu, 2013).
15 5G COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
5G is meant to be an end-to-end framework that is intended to convey value and
improve the productivity of businesses and organisations, profitability, maintainability and
prosperity for a completely connected society of 2020 and beyond (IEEE Network, 2015). 5G
will empower another scope of used cases, through extension of the network capacity envelope,
such as achievable data rates, latency, and connection density. However, not all used cases
need the same performance and functions, 5G ought to move away from a solid configuration
taking into account the most stringent requirement, as this will be excessively costly (Nokia,
2015). In this manner, 5G ought to incorporate by design built-in flexibility and scalability of
its capabilities, to give room to a wide range of used cases and to enhance innovation through
different business models (IEEE Network, 2015). Holding on to the possibility of a virtualized
and programmable network ability, 5G should be developed in a modular pattern in order for

35
it to be deployed instantly on demand ( CTIA. , 2013). For that reason, 5G would be a
polymorphic network enabled by a wide range of new and improved radio access technologies,
end to end control and a more flexibly deployed network functionality (IEEE Antennas and
Propagation Magazine., 2012). Furthermore, these are the proposed technological
improvements which are to be feature in the 5G wireless network for the 2020 and beyond in
terms of wireless architecture.
15.1.1 DEVICE-CENTRIC ARCHITECTURE
It is believed that the base station architecture of cellular network may evolve in 5G,
thus it may be time to look back on the idea of uplink and downlink functionality alongside
control and data tunnels, in order to better transmit information for different priorities and
purposes to various set of nodes in the network (NGMN, 2015). Cellular designs always depend
on unquestionable role of cells as an important unit in the radio access network (Mishra, 2013).
Under such a design proposed, a device gets services by building up a downlink and an uplink
network connection, conveying both control and data traffic, with the base station controlling
the cell where the device is found (NGMN, 2015). In the course of the most recent couple of
years, distinctive patterns have been indicating an interruption of this cell-driven structure
(NGMN, 2015).
The base station density is expanding quickly, driven by the ascent of heterogeneous systems.
While heterogeneous systems were standardized in 4G, the architecture was certainly not
intended to support them (W. H. Chin, et al., 2014). Network densification could require some
real changes in 5G. The setting up of base stations with immensely diverse transmission
abilities and areas of coverage, for example, requires a decoupling of downlink also, uplink in
a way that permits the relating data to flow through various arrangements of nodes (IEEE
Network, 2015).
The need for additional spectrum range will unavoidably prompt the concurrence of frequency
bands with profoundly distinctive propagation attributes in the same framework. In this
context, proposes the idea of a phantom cell where the data and control planes are isolated: the
control data is sent by high-power hubs at microwave frequencies, though the payload
information is passed on by low-control hubs at mmWave frequencies (Time Warner Cable,
2013).

36
Another idea called centralized baseband identified with the idea of cloud radio access
networks is developing, where virtualization prompts a decoupling between a node and the
equipment dispensed to handle the processing connected with the node. Hardware assets in a
pool, for example, could be progressively allotted to various hubs relying upon measurements
laid out by the network administrator (Muniyal, 2012).
The use of more and more smart devices could affect the radio access networks. Specifically,
both Device to Device and smart catching calls could lead to an architectural redefinition.
where the focal point of gravity moves from the network center to the peripheral devices and
local wireless proxy (NGMN, 2015) (Nokia Corporation, 2015). In view of these patterns, the
5G vision is that the cell-driven engineering ought to develop into a device driven one. A given
device either human or machine ought to have the capacity to communicate by trading
numerous data flow through several sets of heterogeneous nodes (Mohebbi Nia & Rahman, ,
2012). This is to say that, the set of network nodes giving connectivity to a particular device
and the functions of these nodes in a specific communication session should be customized to
that particular device and session (W. H. Chin, et al., 2014). In view of this, the ideas of
uplink/downlink and control/data channel ought to be re-evaluated (Simon Fletcher, 2014).
While the requirement for a disruptive change in the architectural design seems clear, major
research endeavors are still expected to change the resulting vision into a reasonable and
coherent suggestion. Since the historical backdrop of developments demonstrates that
structural changes are regularly the drivers of major technological discontinuities, it is believed
that the technologies discussed might have a noteworthy impact on the improvement and
deployment of 5G (Manasa H R, 2015).
15.1.2 MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATION (mmWave)
A good number of mobile wireless communication networks today make use of sub 3 GHz
spectrum. As the mobile wireless traffic users need grow significantly, makes the 3 GHz
spectrum band more populated with network traffic. While a good amount of which are in the
3-300 GHz range still are under used, in order to improve the throughput there should be a
bandwidth expansion (W. H. Chin, et al., 2014).
Furthermore, there are already Millimeter-wave (mmWave) systems that can attain multiple
gigabit data speed at a distance of about a few Kilometers. Although components used in the
mmWave System such as Antennas, Power Amplifiers, and low noise amplifiers are large and
thus consumes a lot of energy for them to be used in mobile wireless communication

37
(BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015). The availability of the 60 GHz spectrum band is an unlicensed
spectrum and has increased interests in the multiple gig bit short range wireless communication
for Wireless personal area Network (WPAN) and wireless Local Areas Networks (WLAN).
(W. H. Chin, et al., 2014). After critical analysis of network propagation attributes, a
conclusion was reached that the Millimeter wave innovation have the capacity to produce the
much needed bandwidth for the mobile broadband applications that would be used by wireless
network users in the 2020 and beyond Era (Z. Pi & F. Khan,, 2011). According to T. S.
Rappaport, mmWave frequencies of 28 GHz and 38 GHz are critically researched upon to get
an understanding of their propagation attributes in various scenarios, thus setting the path for
their use in the 5G network Architecture (T. S. Rappaport, 2013). Large number of bandwidth,
very minute wavelengths which gives rise to a significant number of receivers in a given
location are some of the main characteristics of mmWave technology (BOJKOVIC, et al.,
2015). In contrary, the main problems that will be faced by the mmWave technology are signal
absorption and obstruction by objects in the environment, large loss of path associated with
non-line-of-sight propagation) and low power of transmission by current receivers. Signal
strength can be tackled by making use of big receivers operated by smart beams (W. H. Chin,
et al., 2014). To make sure that good network signal coverage, mmWave Base stations should
be designed with high density rather than macro-cellular Base Station (T. S. Rappaport, 2013).
Generally, about the same site-to-site distance as microcell or pico-cell implementation in a
urban area is recommended for mmWave technology. Transmission is dependent upon narrow
beams, which reduces the interference of nearby mmWave Base Stations and broaden the
connection range. This permits significant cover of scope among neighboring Base Stations
(Z. Pi & F. Khan,, 2011).

38
Fig 5: Cellular Mobile architecture with implemented mmWave base stations.
(Image Source: Advances in Circuits, Systems, Signal Processing and Telecommunications)
Unlike cell frameworks that segment the geographic territory into cells with every cell served
by one or a Base Station, the mmWave Base Station's structure a framework with an expansive
number of nodes to which a User's Equipment can connect (T. S. Rappaport, 2013). For
instance, with a site-to-site distance of 500 m and a scope of 1 km for a mmWave signal, a
User Equipment station can access up to 14 mmWave base stations on the matrix (BOJKOVIC,
et al., 2015). The mmWave network gets rid of the issue of poor connection quality at the cell
edge that is present in cell framework and empowers high caliber level with equal level of
service irrespective of the location of the User's Equipment (C-X. Wang, 2014). With the high
density of mmWave Base Stations, the expense to link each Base Station through a wired
framework can be very high (F. Rusek et al., 2013). One answer for alleviate the expense (and
assist the deployment) is to permit some mmWave Base stations to connect with the backhaul
through other mmWave Base Stations (Lazaropoulos, 2016). Because of huge beamforming
benefits, the mmWave inter- Base Station backhaul connection can be sent in the same
frequency as the mmWave access link (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015).

39
15.1.3 MASSIVE MIMO
Massive multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) is a type of multiuser MIMO in which
the quantity of antennas at the base station is much bigger than the quantity of devices per
signaling resource (Federico Boccardi, et al., 2014). Having numerous base station antennas
than devices renders the channels to various devices semi-orthogonal and basic spatial
multiplexing/de-multiplexing techniques seemingly optimal (Federico Boccardi, et al., 2014).
The ideal activity of the law of large numbers smoothens out frequency dependency in the
channel and, together, enormous increases in spectral efficiency can be accomplished
(Goldsmith, 2005). With regards to the Henderson-Clark structure, Massive MIMO has a
groundbreaking potential for 5G. At a hub level, it is a scalable innovation. This is not the same
with 4G, which, in various regards, is not scalable (GUPTA, 2015). Further break down of
sectors is not possible due to the fact that there is restricted space for massive directive
antennas, there is an unavoidable angle spread of the propagation; thus, single-client MIMO is
compelled by the set number of antennas that can fit in certain cell phones (E. Larsson, 2014).
Conversely, there is no restriction on the number of base station antennas in Massive MIMO
provided that time-division duplexing is utilized to empower channel estimation through uplink
pilots (A. Osseiran, 2014). It empowers new deployments and architectures, while one can
imagine direct substitution of macro base stations with varieties of low-increase resounding
receivers. Furthermore, other deployments are possible, for example, conformal arrays on the
veneers of high-rises or arrays on water tanks in provincial areas (Federico Boccardi, et al.,
2014). Also, the same huge MIMO standards that guides the use of arrays of receivers also is
applicable to distributed deployment in which a school grounds or a whole city could be
covered with a large number of distributed receivers/antennas that serves numerous clients (in
this system, the incorporated baseband idea exhibited before is an imperative architectural
empowering agent) (Federico Boccardi, et al., 2014). While extremely encouraging, Massive
MIMO still presents various exploration challenges. Channel estimation is basic and right now
is the fundamental challenge for further research. Client movement forces a limited intelligence
interim amid which channel learning must be gained and used (Goldsmith, 2005). Furthermore,
subsequently there is a limited number of orthogonal pilot successions that can be assigned to
mobile gadgets. Reuse of pilot groupings causes pilot contamination and coherent interference,
which develops with the number of receivers as quick as the needed signals (Kumar1, et al.,
2010). Experiments so far support that from an implementation point of view, Massive MIMO
can actually be implemented with modular low-cost low-power with every antenna working

40
semi-autonomously (Lazaropoulos, 2016). Yet, an extensive advancement effort is still needed
to exhibit the cost effectiveness of this solution. However, it is good to take into consideration
that the microwave frequencies considered is the expense and energy usage of ADCs/DACs
are sensibly lower than at mmWave frequencies (Lazaropoulos, 2016). In conclusion, the
implementation of Massive MIMO for 5G could mean a groundbreaking technological
innovation with regards to today's top class in framework and component design. To further
support these major changes, Massive MIMO developers ought to further work on fixing the
challenges discussed above and indicating practical execution and changes by means of
theoretical research, and test-bed experiments (Zhu, 2013).
Furthermore, the normal cellular mobile network architecture usually makes use of an
outdoor base station (BS) in between a cell communication with mobile users, regardless of
them being inside a building or outside (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015). For indoor users to
communicate effectively with the outdoor base station, the signal strength encounters high loss
of penetration, which can drastically reduce the data rate and spectral & energy efficiency for
wireless transmission (Cisco White Paper., 2014). The main idea of developing the 5G
technology is to distinguish between outdoor and indoor usage so as to reduce the los of
network propagation (C-X. Wang, 2014). However, for this to take place there has to be some
distributed assisted antennas (DAS) and massive multiple-input multiple output (MIMO)
innovation (Federico Boccardi, et al., 2014). Massive MIMO would mean a great deal of
improvement in spectral and energy efficiency with the help of a simple linear processing from
antennas to base station (Federico Boccardi, et al., 2014).
• Massive MIMO has the potential of extending the capacity more than 10 times
and significantly improve the energy efficiency with a huge amount of antennas
can be focused with increased accuracy to small areas.
• Massive MIMO can be designed with low power parts as opposed to expensive
super linear amplifiers, a great number of low cost Milli-Watt amplifiers can be
used.
• Massive MIMO would reduce radio interface latency through beamforming so
as to avoid diminishing dips (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015).
However, there are still some challenges involved with the adoption of massive MIMO in the
5G cellular wireless architecture (E. Larsson, 2014). Massive MIMO may not be practical for
frequency division duplexing (FDD), but could be utilized in time division duplexing (TDD)

41
systems because of its channel reciprocity. In addition, Massive MIMO might encounter pilot
interference from other nearby cells if the transmission strength is very high thus may cause
thermal noise. Massive MIMO has the potential to be actualized in the 5G network architecture
if these above stated problems are tackled successfully (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015).
16 HETEROGENOUS NETWORKS (HETNETS)
16.1.1 SMALL CELLS
As the need for higher data rates increases, network operators should reduce the size of cells,
in course of reducing the cell sizes, spectral efficiency will be increased by higher reuse of
frequency, and transmission power should also be reduced so that the amount of power being
lost through propagation will be a lot lower (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014). Network scope
can be enhanced by building smaller cells indoors where network signal is not so strong. This
can only be made possible in the future with smaller and lighter hardware and also a
reduction in cost (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014). Furthermore, alterations in the functional
architecture of the network enables higher data rates and signal control to be channeled
through the internet, thus enabling tiny cells to be distributed anywhere through internet
connectivity (3rd Generation Partnership Project, , 2012). Small cells can be of different
types from low powered femtocells usually used in residential and organizational settings, to
the higher powered picocells which is usually for a wider outdoor use or complementing for
macro cell loopholes (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015) (Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), 2010).
The simultaneous functioning of various classes of base stations, macro-, femto-, and pico-
base stations is referred to as heterogeneous networks or (HetNets). It is used for a flexible
coverage area and an improved spectral efficiency. Covering various base stations can also
improve the growing data traffic especially when the movement of data is improved so as to
take of the features of heterogeneous networks (3rd Generation Partnership Project, , 2012).
16.1.2 MULTIPLE RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
Heterogeneous networks in 5G will be a combination of various Radio access
technologies. Wireless Local Area networks will be used because they offer smooth
handovers to and fro the cellular wireless infrastructure, and allows device to device

42
communications (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014). This will reduce the stress on cellular
networks and divert the load from the all important scarce licensed spectrum wireless radio
frequency bands. And also it can provide a much higher throughput to wireless network users
(3rd Generation Partnership Project, , 2012). Although in conditions where there is high user
terminal concentration, dumping of data to Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) may
cause poor throughput or processing, since WLANs are not built to deal with such large
amount of data traffic (IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine., 2012). This is a
recognized problem as stated by the IEEE 802.11 work group which kick started a research
on high Efficiency WLANs (HEW) In order to address the situation of high density of access
points and high density of wireless user terminals (IEEE Network, 2015).
16.1.3 DEVICE TO DEVICE COMMUNICATIONS (D2D)
To solve the high dense network population problem, there needs to be device to device
communication, where every terminal would be able to connect directly with other
neighboring terminal either to share their various radio access link, or to interchange data and
information (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014). Together with power control, device to device
communication can decrease the interference mostly in unlicensed spectrum bands. (Woon
Hau Chin, et al., 2014) (3rd Generation Partnership Project, , 2012)
With the fourth generation LTE-A (4G) communications technology, there was no
provision for device to device communication directly with other nearby devices,
communications where routed through the base stations, and switches (gateways). This is
very unsuitable more especially when the devices are very close. In situations like machine to
machine (M2M) communications, whereby the amount of devices can be relatively large, it
would make more sense if devices could directly communicate with nearby device when it is
needed (3rd Generation Partnership Project., 2013).
In non-licensed spectrum, devices can communicate using mobile wireless technologies such
as Bluetooth or WLAN in ad hoc mode. Furthermore, these connections are prone to
interference from other devices (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014). Contrastingly, making use of
licensed spectrum will ensure a particular degree of quality of service (QoS) if the connection
is adequately handled. Device to Device communications will need the base station to enhance
connections in order to prevent intra-cell obstruction (3rd Generation Partnership Project, ,
2012). Fig 6 shows a multiple Multiple-level network architecture made up of different cell
classes, relays and D2D connections

43
Fig: 6 Multiple-level network architecture made up of different cell classes, relays and D2D connections
(Source: (BOJKOVIC, et al., 2015)
16.1.4 SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORKING (SDN)
Software Defined Networking (SDN) has gotten some recognition in the networking industry
in the last couple of years. The idea if Software defined Networking started from Stanford
University’s Open Flow System (N. McKeown et al., 2008), which allows the concept of low
level networking functions into virtual applications. In this regard, the network control plane
can be detached from the data plane of the network, this greatly makes the management of
network simple and makes the introduction of new services or changes in network
configuration easy (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014). There is yet to be a clear definition of
Software defined networking, although according to the Open Networking Foundation (ONF)
which is the standardization body of SDN, the SDN architecture has the following features
(Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014).
• Directly Programmable: The data plane is separated from the network control plane
which is logically centralized. Software based SDN controllers maintain global
network view and it also accommodates the network Intelligence.
• SDN makes network design and operation simple through Open standards-based and
vendor-neutral Application Program Interface (API).
• Network service providers/ administrators can optimize, configure and manage
network resources and re-adjust network flow dynamically to meet user requirements
through automated and dynamic SDN software (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014).
There has also been debates to incorporate SDN to mobile networks. The idea is so that SDN
will assist cellular service providers simplify their network data traffic management and make

44
new services that will support the increasing growth of traffic which is predicted for 5G
networks (Youssef, 2008). The Authors of Blueprint for Introducing Innovation into Wireless
Mobile Networks, argues that with the use of open API’s and virtualization, SDN can
differentiate from the network service and hidden physical structure thus advancing towards a
much improved open wireless system and enabling the use of new technologies (Yap, et al.,
2013). Therefore, software defined Networking is a welcomed innovation and its definitely the
future of wireless telecommunication and the 5th
generation of network technologies.
Furthermore, there are some challenges associated with the introduction of Software defined
networking and these problems has to be addressed for a successful use of SDN in the future
wireless networking. The most important challenge of SDN is the fact that the International
standardization is still in progress and an agreed upon programmable platform for the
deployment of SDN components is still to be developed. Lastly there is the issue of security
in Software defined Networking (SDN) (Woon Hau Chin, et al., 2014).
17 5G USED CASES
Notwithstanding supporting the advancement of the built up important mobile broadband use
cases, 5G will bolster innumerable developing use cases with a high range of applications and
variability of their performance characteristics (NGMN, 2015). From delay-sensitive video
applications to super-low latency, from fast entertainment applications in vehicles to portability
on interest for connected objects, and from best effort applications to solid and ultra-
dependable ones, for example, health and security (Nokia Corporation, 2015). Besides, used
cases will be conveyed over an extensive variety of gadgets (e.g., cell phone, wearable, MTC)
and over a completely diverse environment (Kumar1, et al., 2010) (Nokia Corporation, 2015).
Over twenty-five used cases of 5G have been created by Next Generation Mobile Network
(NGMN), as delegate cases, that are assembled into eight use case families (Nokia, 2015). The
used cases and used case families serve as a contribution for stipulating necessities and
characterizing the foundation of the 5G design (NGMN, 2015). The used cases are not intended
to be comprehensive, but instead as a device to guarantee that the level of adaptability required
in 5G is very much caught. The accompanying outline demonstrates the eight use case families
with one illustration use case given for every family, and the portrayal of these families and
the used case examples are given beneath (A. Osseiran, 2014).

45
Figure 6: 5G Used Cases (source: NGMN)
17.1 BROADBAND ACCESS IN DENSE AREAS
This family highlights the expansive scope of developing and new use cases of a completely
connected World. The center is service accessibility in densely- populated zones (e.g., multi-
storey building blocks, thick urban downtown areas or occasions), where a huge number of
individuals per square kilometer (km2) live and/or work. Communication is required to be
pervasive and a huge part of everyday living (GUPTA, 2015). Augmented reality, multi-user
interaction, three-dimensional (3D) capabilities will be part of the services which assume an
undeniably huge part in the 2020 and beyond Era (MUHAMMAD USMAN, 2015). Setting
acknowledgment will be a fundamental perspective, at the system edge (i.e. closer to the user),
guaranteeing conveyance of reliable and customized services to the clients (Mir & Dr. Sumit ,
2015).
17.1.1 PERVASIVE VIDEO
The 2020 and beyond, individual-to-individual or individual-to-group video communication
with very high video quality and resolution will have a much more extensive usage with
substantially more advanced and amazing abilities. Clients will use video comprehensively in

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