History of physiology,Level of Organization,what is cell made up of? ,organ system. nervous system, center and perephiral, circulatory system, blood vessels, digestive system, unriay system , respiratory system, interaction of radiation with cells

1. BASIC HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY

2. Physiology is the study of normal body functions
working to maintain life and its constant internal
environment.
In contrast, Pathology is the study of how
physiological processes of human body are altered
in disease or injury.

3. HISTORY OF PHYSIOLOGISTS
• Aristotle first speculated on body function
• Erasistratus is considered the Father of Physiology.
• Concept of blood flow given by Hazrat Imam Jafar Sadiq.
• Description of the movement of blood through the
pulmonary transit by the Syrian physician Ibn al-Nafis.
• Diagram of the Eyes and Related Nerves
Ibn al-Haytham
• Walter cannon coined the term Homeostasis

4. HOMEOSTASIS
It is the maintenance of constant internal environment of human
body.(e.g. body temperature ,blood glucose level)
Main components are
• Stimulus(trigger e.g increased temp)
• Receptor(skin temperature receptors)
• Centre(nervous system)
• Effector(skin arteries)

6. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
1. Organism
2. Organ systems(circulatory system, urinary system)
3. Individual organs(Liver, Stomach, Pancreas)
4. Tissues(epithelial tissue, connective tissue)
5. Cellular level(skin cells, red blood cells, neurons)
6. Chemical or molecular level

7. • Important to note:
I. Cells make up tissues
II. Tissues combine to form Organs
III. Several organs make up a System e.g. Digestive system
IV. Systems combine to form an Organism.

8. Organism

9. Cells

10. WHAT IS CELL MADE UP OF?

12. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF HUMAN BODY

13. BODY FLUID COMPARTMENTS

14. ORGAN SYSTEMS

15. ORGAN SYSTEMS
1. Nervous system
2. Circulatory(cardiovascular) system
3. Digestive system
4. Urinary system
5. Respiratory system
6. Skeletal system
7. Muscular system

16. NERVOUS SYSTEM

17. CENTRAL VS PERIPHERAL

18. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• Our body contains about 5
litres of blood.
• Three types of blood cells:
Red blood cells, White
blood cells and platelets.
• Red cells transport oxygen
from lungs to tissues.
• White blood cells are part
of body’s defense
mechanism.
• Platelets play vital role in
the formation of clots at
the site of injury.

19. BLOOD VESSELS

21. Digestive
system

22. URINARY SYSTEM

23. • Kidneys:
Nephron is the basic structural and excretory unit of a kidney.
Each kidney contains 1-2.5 million nephrons.

24. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

25. MUSCULAR SYSTEM
There are 640
muscles in our body

26. Skeletal, smooth and cardiac
muscle cells

27. SKELETAL
SYSTEM
• There are 206 bones in
adult human being.
Bones articulate with
other bones at joints
through ligaments.
• A muscle is attached to a
bone by a Tendon.
• There are normally 306
joints in human body

28. Knee joint showing ligaments
between two bones(femur and
tibia)

29. Muscle

30. INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH
CELLS
• The basic difference between nuclear radiation and more commonly
encountered radiation such as heat and light is that the former have
sufficient energy to cause ionization.
• Radiation can cause Ionization of water in cells. Formation of chemical
species of this type are damaging to chromosomal material.

31. 1. Initial physical stage: energy is deposited in the cell and causes ionization.
2. Physiochemical stage: Ions interact with other water molecules resulting in a
number of new products.
3. Chemical stage: Lasting a few seconds in which the reaction products interact
with the important organic molecules of the cell.
4. The biological state: Death of a cell or prevention or delay of cell division or
permanent modification which is passed onto daughter cells.