PHYSIOLOGY OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

1. Smooth muscle contraction

2. Diameter:1-5um Length:20-500um

3. The smooth muscle of each organ is distinctive
from that of most other organs in several ways:
(1) physical dimensions
(2) organization into bundles or sheets
(3) response to different types of stimuli
(4) characteristics of innervation
(5) function

4. TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
FIBERS
 Smooth muscle fibers are of two types:
1. Single-unit smooth muscle or unitary smooth
muscle or visceral smooth muscle or syncytial
smooth muscle
2. Multiunit smooth muscle fibers.

6. Single-unit smooth muscle
fibers
 Muscle fibers are arranged in sheets or bundles
 Mainly non-nervous stimuli (hormonal stimuli)
 Cell membrane of adjacent fibers fuses at many
points to form gap junctions.
 a functional syncytium is developed.
 The syncytium contracts as a single unit.
 In this way, the visceral smooth muscle resembles
cardiac muscle
 Show spontaneous contractions.

8. It is also called visceral smooth muscle because it is found in the walls of
most viscera of the body, including
 gastrointestinal tract
 bile ducts
 ureters
 uterus
 blood vessels.

9. Multiunit smooth muscle
1. . Muscle fibers are individual fibers
2. Each muscle fiber is innervated by a single nerve
ending
3. Each muscle fiber are covered by a thin layer of
basement membrane-a mixture of fine collagen and
glycoprotein that helps insulate the separate fibers
from one another
4. Each fiber contract independently
5. Control of these muscle fibers is mainly by nerve
signals
6. These smooth muscle fibers donot have
interconnecting gap junctions
7. These smooth muscle fibers resemble the skeletal
muscle fibers in many ways.
8. Does not show spontaneous contraction

11. Distribution of Multiunit Smooth Muscle Fibers :
Multiunit muscle fibers are in
 ciliary muscles of the eye
 iris of the eye
 Piloerector muscles that cause erection of the hairs

13. Structure of Smooth Muscle
 Lacks visible cross-striations
 Actin and myosin-II are present but not arranged in regular arrays
 Actin 5-10 times more than Myosin
 Dense bodies instead of Z lines
 Actin filaments attach to dense bodies
 Contains tropomyosin, but troponin absent
 Regulatory protein is calmodulin instead of troponin

14.  Sarcoplasmic reticulum not well developed
 Few mitochondria
 Mononucleate cells
 Far smaller fibers
 Calveoli is present
 Involuntary

15.  Smooth muscle contraction is prolonged tonic contraction,
sometimes lasting hours or even days.
 Slow cycling of the myosin cross bridge
 Low energy utilization
 Less ATPase activity
 One molecule of ATP is required for each cycle
 Total contraction time is 1 to 3 sec
 Slow onset of contraction but prolonged contraction
 Maximum force of contraction is greater than skeletal muscle

17. Myosin filaments have “sidepolar” cross- bridges
 Arranged so that bridges on one side hinge in one direction
and those on other side hinge in opposite direction
 Allows myosin to pull an actin filament in one direction on
one side while simultaneously pulling another actin
filament in the opposite direction on the other side
 Allows smooth muscle cells to contract as much as
80% of their length instead of 30% (skeletal muscle)

21. LATCH MECHANISM
Latch mechanism is that it can maintain prolonged tonic
contraction in smooth muscle for hours with little use of
energy.
Little continued excitatory signal is required from nerve
fibers or hormonal sources.

24. 1. Calcium concentration in the cytosolic fluid of the smooth muscle
increases as a result of the influx of calcium from the
extracellular fluid through calcium channels and/or release of
calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
2. The calcium ions bind reversibly with calmodulin.
3. The calcium-calmodulin complex then joins with and activates
myosin light chain kinase.
4. One of the light chains of each myosin head, called the regulatory
chain, becomes phosphorylated in response to this myosin kinase.
When this chain is not phosphorylated, the attachment-detachment
cycling of the myosin head with the actin filament does not occur.

28. When the calcium ion concentration falls below a critical level, the
aforementioned processes automatically reverse, except for the
phosphorylation of the myosin head. Reversal of this situation requires
another enzyme, myosin phosphatase, located in the cytosol of the
smooth muscle cell, which splits the phosphate from the regulatory
light chain. Then the cycling stops, and contraction ceases.

30. Source of Calcium Ions That Cause Contraction
the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid is
greater than 10−3 molar, in comparison with less than 10−7
molar inside the smooth muscle cell; this causes rapid diffusion
of the calcium ions into the cell from the extracellular fluid when
the calcium channels open

32. • the vesicles of the autonomic nerve fiber endings contain
acetylcholine and Norepinephrine.
• the type of receptor determines whether the smooth
muscle is inhibited or excited and also determines which
of the two transmitters, acetylcholine or norepinephrine,
is effective in causing the excitation or inhibition.
• For example, norepinephrine inhibits contraction of
smooth muscle in the intestine but stimulates
contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels.

36. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND ACTION
POTENTIALS IN SMOOTH MUSCLE
Membrane Potentials in Smooth Muscle.
In the normal resting state, the intracellular potential is
usually about −50 to −60 millivolts, which is about 30
millivolts less negative than in skeletal muscle.

38. Calcium Channels Are Important in Generating the
Smooth Muscle Action Potential.
• The smooth muscle cell membrane has far more voltage-gated calcium
channels than skeletal muscle but few voltage-gated sodium channels.
• Ca++ channels open more slowly and also remain open much longer
for plateau
• Another important feature of calcium ion entry into the cells during the
action potential is that the calcium ions act directly on the smooth
muscle contractile mechanism to cause contraction. Thus, the calcium
performs two tasks at once

39.  Threshold potential for smooth muscle is -30 to-
35 mv

40. EFFECT OF LOCAL TISSUE FACTORS ANDHORMONES TO CAUSE
SMOOTH MUSCLECONTRACTION WITHOUT ACTION
Two types of non-nervous and nonaction potential
stimulating factors often involved are
(1) local tissue chemical factors
(2) various hormones

41. Smooth Muscle Contraction in Response to Local
Tissue Chemical Factors
 Lack of O2
 ExcessCO2
 Increased H+
 Adenosine, lactic acid
 increased K+
 diminished Ca2+
 increased body temperature can all cause local vasodilatation.

42. Effects of Hormones on Smooth Muscle Contraction.
 Norepinephrine
 epinephrine
 acetylcholine
 Angiotensin
 Endothelin
 Vasopressin
 Oxytocin
 Serotonin
 histamine