1. Introduction to physiology

1. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 What is physiology?
 A review of organ systems
 Evolution and integration from cell to human
 The concept of homeostasis is introduced
 Themes in Physiology
 The science of Physiology
◦ Experimental design
◦ Data
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2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Physiology defined:
◦ Function explains why it needs to be done
◦ Mechanism explains how it does that job
 Organization of life
◦ The cell is the unit of life
◦ Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems &
organisms
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Figure 1-1: Levels of organization and the related fields of study

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Circulatory
 Digestive
 Endocrine
 Immune
 Integumentary
 Musculoskeletal
 Nervous
 Reproductive
 Urinary
For more Visit www.dentaltutor.inFigure 1-2: The integration between systems of the body

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Structure and function
 Integration across
◦ Cells
◦ Tissues
◦ Organs
 Flow charts
◦ Follow process
◦ In sequence
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5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings For more Visit www.dentaltutor.in
Figure 1-3: Maps for physiology

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Cell
 Intracellular fluid
 Extracellular fluid
 Organism
◦ Protective cells
◦ Exchange cells
 External environment
 Homeostasis Defined
 Emergent properties
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Figure 1-4: The internal and external environments

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 External or internal change
 Loss of homeostasis
 Physiological attempt to correct
◦ Sensors, integrating center
◦ Response of cells & organs
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8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Successful
compensation
◦ Homeostasis reestablished
 Failure to compensate
◦ Pathophysiology
 Illness
 Death
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9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Homeostasis
 Structure/function
relationships
 Integration of systems
 Communication
 Membranes & exchange
 Energy
 Mass balance
 Mass flow & resistance
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Figure 1-7: Mass balance in the body

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Observation & experimentation
◦ Hypothesis
◦ Variables
 Independent
 Dependant
◦ Controls
◦ Data
◦ Replication
◦ Theory
 Models
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11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Genetic variables
 Placebo effect
 Nocebo effect
 Ethics
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12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Crossover study
 Blind studies
 Double-blind studies
 Double-blind crossover studies
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13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Longitudinal studies
 Prospective studies
 Cross sectional studies
 Retrospective studies
 Meta-analysis
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14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 X- axis
 Y- axis
 Line graph
 Bar graph
 Histogram
 Scatter plot
 Interpolation
 "Best Fit" line
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Figure 1-9

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsCopyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Organ systems
 Structures & functions
 The cell, the organism, the outside environment
 Homeostatic balancing
 Review of themes: communication, energy,
membranes, body compartments, flow and balance
 Scientific inquiry- good science
 Experimental designs
 Representing the data
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