Management

MANAGEMENT
BY:- IMRAN Khan (PGT)

Chapter -1 Nature and Significance
of Management
• The word Management come from word manage
• The Hindi meaning of Management is ¼izca/ku½ and Hindi
meaning of manage is (izca/k]tqxkM+ djuk)
MANAGEMENT
MANAGE

Meaning of Management
• Management is a collection of Five function that is POSDC.
• P-Planning
• O-Organizing
• S-Staffing
• D-Directing
• C-Controlling

According To Me
• A work which be done by the group of People in a systematic
manner to achieve its objective is called Management.
• ,slk dke tks O;fDr;ksa ds lewg ls Øec/k rjhds ls ,d mnns’; dh izkfIr ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS
mls izc/aku dgk tkrk gSA
• Objective-something that you are trying to achieve; an aim

Efficiency
• Efficiency –{kerk
• Work Complete in a cost effective way. In efficiency we focus
on cost in other words we can min. input max. output.
• Efficiency improve by practice we can better understand by
this.
• djr djr vH;kl ds tMefr gksr lqtku vkSj jljh vkor tkr ds fry ij iM+r fu’kku

Effectiveness
• Effectiveness–izHkkoh
• Work complete on time on matter what ever the cost. Its main
focus on time.
• For a good manager Efficiency and effectiveness both are
equally important.

Features/Characteristics of
Management
It is a goal
oriented process
Intangible
force
Continuous
process
All pervasive
Dynamic
function
Group activity
Features and
characteristics
of management
Multidimensi
onal process

Management is a goal oriented
process
• Management is goal oriented process because without goal you can
not do any thing in an effective and efficient way. Every organization
as well as human being have a goal. Life is nothing without goal.
• The success of any management activity is assessed by its
achievement of the predetermined goals or objective. Management
is a purposeful activity. It is a tool which helps use of human &
physical resources to fulfill the pre-determined goals.
• For example:- The goal of a school can be to give a high quality
education, and company may be to earn a higher profit.

Management is all Pervasive
• To understand this features firstly we have understand this
formula.
• Anything-Management =zero
• For example:- A mall needs to be managed as much as school
or hospital.
Anything
Business
activity
Non
business
Activity

Management is a group activity
• A single person cannot perform all the function of
management that’s why he need a group to perform our work
in an efficient and effective way.

Management is a continuous
process
• Management is not a process which can be performed once
for all
• Function of Management like planning organising staffing
directing controlling continuously need to be done.
• These function are performed by all the manager at all the
time.

Management is a dynamic
function
• Management has to make changes in goal, objectives and
other activities according to changes taking place in the
environment. The external environment such as social,
economical, technical and political environment has great
influence over the management.
• For example: MC D. change in its menu to be able to survive
in the Indian market.
• To overcome the change successfully management has to
effect changes in its goal and policy.

Management is a
multidimensional process
Work
Operation
People

Management is a intangible
force
• 'Intangible' means things that cannot be seen or touch it can
only be felt example Goodwill.
• Management is such a force that cannot be seen only its
presence can be felt.

Objective of Management
Objective of
Management
Organizational
objective
Social
objective
Personal
objective

Organizational objective
• Organizational objectives are short- and medium-term goals that an
organization seeks to accomplish so it might reach its overall
strategic goals. Objectives will usually play a part in the setting of an
organization's policies and allocation of resources.
• Survival: Every business to survive for long.So management by
taking positive decision with regard to different business activities
should ensure that business survives for long.
• Profit: It is play an important role for successful running of business
activities.
• Growth : Every business wants to grow. Growth can be measured by
sales, number of employees, products, capital investment etc.

Social objective
• An organization is established in a society. It runs through the
resources made available by the society. That is why it becomes the
responsibility of every organization to account for social benefits.
• Social objective are defined as the fulfillment of responsibility of an
organisation towards society.
• Providing employment:-
• Protect our environment
• Good quality goods at fair price/Improving living standards.

Personal objective
• Personal objectives refer to the job-specific goals of each individual
employee. They are important because they communicate to
employees what is important and what is expected of them. ... The
goal is to achieve quantity and quality of effort between individuals
and the team.
• Financial need:-These people expect a competitive salary and
other perks from the organisation.
• Social Need: These people wants to get recognition from their
peers.
• Higher level Need:- These people wants to get sufficient
opportunities for personal development.

Importance of Management
Importance of
Management
It integrates
group efforts
Helps to
achieve
personal
objective
Increase
efficiency
Helps to
achieve social
objective
Creates
dynamic
organization

Management helps in achieving
group goals
• It arranges the factors of production, assembles and organizes
the resources, integrates the resources in effective manner to
achieve goals.
• It directs group efforts towards achievement of pre-determined
goals.
• By defining objective of organization clearly there would be no
wastage of time, money and effort. Management converts
disorganized resources of men, machines, money etc. into
useful enterprise.

Increase efficiency
• Management utilizes all the physical & human resources
productively.
• A manager increase the efficiency through the optimum
utilization of all the resources such as man money material
machine.
• Management improves efficiency by minimizing the wastage
of resources that is time, money and effort. It helps in
optimum utilization of all the resources in an organisation by
coordinating all the activities performed by individual in the
achievement of common goal.

Creates dynamic organisation
• Every organisation works in an ever changing environment. To
face the changing environment many changes need to be
made in the organisation as well.
• But people resist changes
• Manager creates a favourable environment through
introducing employees to the benefits of adapting changes.
• Change is the need of life without changing life will be
meaning less.

Helps to achieve social
objective
• It has some responsibility towards society. Manager by
fulfilling their social responsibilities helps in the development
of society.

Helps to achieve personal
objective
• Every employee wants to get suitable salary a share in profit
participation in management promotion etc in the form of his
personal objective.
• Managers make employees able through motivation good
leadership and open communication .

Nature of Management
Management
as an
profession
Management
as a science
Management
as an art

Management as a science
• Science is a systematic body of knowledge which acquired on the basis
of observation and experiment and verification of this knowledge is
possible.
• For example:- A person completes his study of engineering .During the
course of his study he gets a complete theoretical knowledge of the
subject
• Characteristics/Test of Management as a science :-
• Systematic body of knowledge:- It is also a systematic body of
knowledge because it has its own theory and principles which are
developed by the management experts after years of research.
• Principles based on experiment:-Management came into existence
because of the continuous and encouraging labour of the theorists and
various people concerned.
• Universal Validity:- Principles are based on truth and they can be
applied at every time and in every situation.

Management as an Art
• To get work from other is an art.
• For example:-When a person after completing the course of
engineering starts working as an engineer in a company his work is
known as art.
• Characteristics/Test of Management as an Art:-
• Existence of theoretical knowledge/Practical knowledge:-Every art
requires practical knowledge therefore learning of theory is not
sufficient.
• It is very important to know practical application of theoretical
principles. E.g. to become a good painter, the person may not only be
knowing different colour and brushes but different designs,
dimensions, situations etc to use them appropriately.
• A manager can never be successful just by obtaining degree or
diploma in management; he must have also know how to apply
various principles in real situations by functioning in capacity of
manager.

• Personalized application/Personal Skills:-Although theoretical
base may be same for every artist, but each one has his own style and
approach towards his job.
• That is why the level of success and quality of performance differs
from one person to another. E.g. there are several qualified painters
but M.F. Hussain is recognized for his style.
• Similarly management as an art is also personalized. Every manager
has his own way of managing things based on his knowledge,
experience and personality, that is why some managers are known as
good managers (like Aditya Birla, Rahul Bajaj) whereas others as bad.
• Based on practice and Creativity:-Practice makes a man perfect.
Every artist becomes more and more proficient through constant
practice. Similarly managers learn through an art of trial and error
initially but application of management principles over the years
makes them perfect in the job of managing.

Management as both Science and Art
• A manager to be successful in his profession must acquire the
knowledge of science & the art of applying it. Therefore
management is a judicious blend of science as well as an art because
it proves the principles and the way these principles are applied is a
matter of art. Science teaches to ’know’ and art teaches to ’do’. E.g.
a person cannot become a good singer unless he has knowledge
about various ragas & he also applies his personal skill in the art of
singing. Same way it is not sufficient for manager to first know the
principles but he must also apply them in solving various managerial
problems that is why, science and art are not mutually exclusive but
they are complementary to each other (like tea and biscuit, bread
and butter etc.).
• The old saying that “Manager are Born” has been rejected in favor of
“Managers are Made”. It has been aptly remarked that management
is the oldest of art and youngest of science. To conclude, we can say
that science is the root and art is the fruit.

Management as a Profession
• A profession may be defined as an occupation that requires specialized
knowledge and intensive academic preparations to which entry is
regulated by a representative body.
• Characteristics/Test of Management as a profession:-
• Well defined body of knowledge:- The foremost quality of a profession
is the possession of specialized knowledge. On the basis of specialty
management can be accepted as a profession.
• Social Obligations - Profession is a source of livelihood but professionals
are primarily motivated by the desire to serve the society. Their actions
are influenced by social norms and values. Similarly a manager is
responsible not only to its owners but also to the society and therefore
he is expected to provide quality goods at reasonable prices to the
society
• Code of Conduct - Members of a profession have to abide by a code of
conduct which contains certain rules and regulations, norms of honesty,
integrity and special ethics. A code of conduct is enforced by a
representative association to ensure self discipline among its members.

Representative Association - For the regulation of profession, existance
of a representative body is a must. For example, an institute of
Charted Accountants of India establishes and administers standards of
competence for the auditors but the AIMA however does not have any
statuary powers to regulate the activities of managers.

Levels of Management
• Most of the time students write label in place of level ,now firstly we
have to understand what is level and what is label.
• If you are not understand correctly then you will be doing these type of
silly mistakes.
• Level :-fdlhoLrqdkvkdkj@Lrj Label:-igpku fpUgtksfdlhoLrqij gksrk
• It will be beneficial to first understand the level of organisation and the
level of Management.

Level of Organisation
• All the employees working in an organisation can be divided into
two categories.
• Managerial Member:-In this category CEO, Departmental Managers,
Supervisors etc. are included. They are called managers because
they manage some or other persons.(Manager are that person who
manage somebody)
• Non Managerial Member:- In this category workers are included.
The place at which some employee work is known as platform area.
As they are the lowest level of the chain in an organisation they do
not have any subordinates that is why they cannot be called
managers.

Levels of Management
• Levels of Management do not have a definite number. Its number is
fixed according to the nature, size,etc. of the business.
PLATEFORM AREA

Top Level Management
• The board of directors, president, vice-president, and CEO are all
examples of top-level managers. These managers are responsible for
controlling and overseeing the entire organization. They develop
goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the
direction of the business.
• In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the
mobilization of outside resources.
• Top management has all the management authority and because of
this authority officers of these level are accountable to owner or
shareholder of the company.
• Following function are included in the list of for Top level
Management
• D
• D
• D
• A
• C
• A

Function of Top level Management
• Determining Objective:- It Sets objective for the organisation.
• Determining Policies:- Only at this level policies related to the
realization of objectives are framed.
• Determining Activities:-Different activities to be performed for the
fulfilment of an objective are fixed such as sales, purchase etc.
• Assembling Resources:- Needed resources are arranged for the
completion of an objective like capital, raw material, fixed assets etc.
• Controlling the Work Performance:- The WIP(Work In Progress) is
closely mentioned in a company to get the desired result.
• Approving Budget:- Budget prepared by different managers are
given final shape .

OR
• Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of the
enterprise.
• It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department
budgets, procedures, schedules etc.
• It prepares strategic plans & policies for the enterprise.
• It appoints the executive for middle level i.e. departmental
managers.
• It controls & coordinates the activities of all the departments.
• It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside
world.
• It provides guidance and direction.
• The top management is also responsible towards the shareholders
for the performance of the enterprise.

Middle Level Management
• General managers, branch managers, and department managers are
all examples of middle-level managers.
• They are accountable to the top management for their department’s
function.
• In small organization, there is only one layer of middle level of
management but in big enterprises, there may be senior and junior
middle level management.
• Following function are included in the list of for Middle level
Management
• I
• P
• A
• I
• M
• C

Function of Middle level Management
• Interpreting Policies:- At this level policies framed by the top level
are interpreted.
• Preparing organisation set up:- Every middle level managers
prepare the outline of his respective department in accordance with
the objective of the organisation.
• Appointing Employees:-Every departmental manager appoints
employees to fulfill the activities of his departments.
• Issuing Instruction:-Departmental manager directs their
subordinates about what to do and how they have to do it.Needful
resources are made available to subordinates so that they can do
the assigned job uninterrupted.
• Motivating Employees:-Every MLM motivates their employees by
various means so that they work most efficiently to achive
organisational goal.
• Creating cooperation:-Cooperation among different divisions is
required to successful achieve company’s objective.

Or
• They execute the plans of the organization in accordance with the
policies and directives of the top management.
• They make plans for the sub-units of the organization.
• They participate in employment & training of lower level
management.
• They interpret and explain policies from top level management to
lower level.
• They are responsible for coordinating the activities within the
division or department.
• It also sends important reports and other important data to top level
management.
• They evaluate performance of junior managers.
• They are also responsible for inspiring lower level managers towards
better performance.

Lower Level Management
• Supervisors, section leads, and foremen are examples of low-level
management titles. These managers focus on controlling and directing.
• Under this level various foreman and supervisior are included .They
are called first line manager.
• In other words, they are concerned with direction and controlling
function of management.
• Following function are included in the list of for Middle level
Management
• S
• E
• E
• H
• I
• C

Function of Lower level Management
• Submitting worker’s grievances(शिकायत) :-LLM are direct contact
with the workmen who are directly engaged in the completion of
work. They themselves sort out the ordinary problem of the
workmen and submit workers serious grievances to the middle level
management.
• Ensuring proper working environment:- Proper arrange of water,
electricity, ventilation cleanliness etch is made at the workplace.
This increase the efficiency.
• Ensuring proper safety of worker :- Probability of accident can be
eliminated by building fences(बाड़) around machines.
• Helping middle level Management :-Training and promotion
employees.
• Inviting suggestion :- They invite suggestion from their subordinates
as to how the quality of work can be improved.
• Create better human relation :-

or
• Assigning of jobs and tasks to various workers.
• They guide and instruct workers for day to day activities.
• They are responsible for the quality as well as quantity of production.
• They are also entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining good relation in
the organization.
• They communicate workers problems, suggestions, and recommendatory
appeals etc to the higher level and higher level goals and objectives to the
workers.
• They help to solve the grievances of the workers.
• They supervise & guide the sub-ordinates.
• They are responsible for providing training to the workers.
• They arrange necessary materials, machines, tools etc for getting the things
done.
• They prepare periodical reports about the performance of the workers.
• They ensure discipline in the enterprise.
• They motivate workers.
• They are the image builders of the enterprise because they are in direct
contact with the workers.

Co-Ordination
• “It refers to the process through which harmony is established among
different activities of an organisation so that organisational objectives can
be successfully achieved. ”
• It is a hidden force which binds all the other functions of management.
• Coordination makes 2+2=5 possible.
• Management seeks to achieve co-ordination through its basic functions of
planning, organizing, staffing, directing and controlling. That is why, co-
ordination is not a separate function of management because achieving of
harmony between individuals efforts towards achievement of group goals is
a key to success of management
• Co-ordination is the essence of management

Characteristics /Features/Importance of
Coordination
• It integrates group efforts:-Coordination is a group efforts and not
individual efforts.
• Unity of action:-During coordinating process and efforts is made to
create unity among the various activities of an organisation. For
example Purchase and sales department have to coordinate their
efforts so that supply of good takes place according to purchase
order.
• Continuous process:- It is not a job which can be performed once
and for all but its need is felt at every step.
• All pervasive:-Management –Coordination=zero
• Responsibility of all the managers:-Different activites performed at
all the levels are equally important.
• Deliberate function:-Coordination is never established by itself but
it is a deliberate efforts. Only cooperation does not sufficient but
coordination is also needed.

• Coordination facilitates motivation:-Coordination gives complete
freedom to the employees. It encourages the employees to show
initiative. It also gives them many financial and non-financial
incentives. Therefore, the employees get job satisfaction, and they
are motivated to perform better.
• Coordination leads to higher efficiency:-Efficiency is the
relationship between Returns and Cost. There will be higher
efficiency when the returns are more and the cost is less. Since
coordination leads to optimum utilization of resources it results in
more returns and low cost. Thus, coordination leads to higher
efficiency.
• Coordination improves goodwill of the organization:-
Coordination helps an organization to sell high quality goods and
services at lower prices. This improves the goodwill of the
organization and helps it earn a good name and image in the market
and corporate world.

Management

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