introduction to management

1. MANAGEMENT
INTRODUCTION- module :I (a)
‘Without the leadership provided by management, the resources of
production remain resources & never become production’…

2. Definitions of management by famous leaders:-
• “HENRY FAYOL”- ‘ Management is to manage is to forecast & plan, to organize, to command, to
co-ordinate & control’.
• “GEORGE R. TERRY”- ‘ Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating & controlling performance to determine & accomplish the objectives by the use of
people & resources’.
• “F.W TAYLOR”- ‘Management is the art of knowing what you want to do & then seeing that it is
done in the best & cheapest way’.
• “KOONTZ”-’ Management is the art of getting things done through & with the people in formally
organized groups’.

3. INTEGRATED APPROACH OF DEFINING MANAGEMENT/ MODERN APPROACH OF
DEFINING MANAGEMENT:-
• “Management is the force that integrates organizational
resources into an effective operating unit through planning,
organizing, staffing, directing, & controlling”.
-NC

4. Features of management-
• MANAGEMENT BALANCING EFFECTIVENESS & EFFICIENCY.
• MANAGEMENT INVOLVES GROUP EFFORT.
• MANAGEMENT IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS.
• MANAGEMENT IS A DYANAMIC PROCESS.
• MANAGEMENT IS BOTH ART AS WELL AS SCIENCE.
• MANAGEMENT IS A PROFESSION.
• MANAGEMENT IS A PERVASIVE OR UNIVERSAL.
• MANAGEMENT IS A GOAL- ORIENTED PROCESS.

5. • MANAGEMENT BALANCING
EFFECTIVENESS & EFFICIENCY
• Effectiveness means achieving targets & objectives on time. Efficiency refers to
optimum or best utilization of resources.
• Management always try to balance both & get the work done successfully. Only
effectiveness & only efficiency is not enough for an organization, a balance must be
created in both.

6. • MANAGEMENT INVOLVES GROUP
EFFORT
• Management always refers to group of people involved in managerial
activities. The management functions cannot be performed in
isolation.
• It has two categories: those who manages [known as managers] &
those who are managed [ known as operatives].
• Because of group activity, people are placed in superior-subordinate
relationships.
• A superior directs his sub-ordinates to perform specified activities
to achieve group’s objectives while sub-ordinates perform those
activities.

7. • MANAGEMENT IS A CONTINUOUS
PROCESS
• Management is an ongoing activity. It continuous as long as an organization
exists to achieve certain objectives.
• In an continuous process, there is no apparent beginning or end of a particular
activity.
• Elements of management process [known as management functions]- planning,
organizing, staffing, directing & controlling- can be separated from each other.
• But a manager may perform all these functions in a single day but not necessarily
in the sequence.
• The management process may start from any function because of its continuity.

8. • MANAGEMENT IS A DYANAMIC
PROCESS
• A dynamic process is one in which changes are incorporated
according to requirements. A static process doesn’t need any
change, once it is set, it goes on working.
• Since management is a dynamic process, managers have to make
changes in their functions based on environmental changes. This
change may even require reversing old decisions.
• The external environment such as social, economic, technical &
political environment has great influence over the management.

9. DIFFERENCE B/W ART & SCIENCE
ARTS
• Practical knowledge
• Personal skills
• Creativity
• Perfection through practice
• Goal-oriented
SCIENCE
• Concepts
• Methods & principles
• Theories
• organized knowledge
• Practice

10. IS MANAGEMENT ART & SCIENCE
BOTH?
• Management has an organized body of knowledge consisting of distinct concepts,
principles & techniques, which have wide applications. So it is treated as science.
• The application of these concepts, principles & techniques requires specialized
knowledge & skills on the part of the manager. Since the skills acquired by a
manager are his personal possession, management is viewed as an art.
• The skills can be learnt through training & experience.
• It implies that a person, willing to become an effective manager, has to learn
principles of management just like a would be scientist does & to practice those
principles on continuous basis to get perfection just like an artist does.

11. • MANAGEMENT AS PROFESSION
• A profession may be defined as an occupation that required specialized
knowledge & intensive academic preparations to which entry is regulated by a
representative body.
• Over a large few decades, factors such as growing size of business unit,
separation of ownership from management, growing competition etc., have led to
an increased demand for professionally qualified managers.
• The task of manager has been quite specialized. As a result of these
developments the management has reached a stage where everything is to be
managed professionally.
• Thus, management is gradually becoming a profession like other recognized
professions. Since, management has established certain principles & their
application in practice is becoming a ‘must’.

12. • MANAGEMENT IS
PERVASIVE/UNIVERSAL
• This feature of management has two implications. First, management
is relevant in all types of organizations: business or non- business,
public or private, small or large. Second, management is relevant
throughout the world : USA, Russia, India etc.… However,
management practices may differ from country to country because of
differences in their cultures.
• It is essential for effective performance of any organized activity.
Thus, management is a universal phenomenon, this principles &
techniques of management have universal application.

13. • MANAGEMENT IS A GOAL- ORIENTED.
• A goal is an end result or a set of end results which is to be
achieved by the management process.
• For ex- business organizations adopt management processes to
produce desirable products, to earn profit, & to discharge
social responsibility.
• It is a purposeful activity. It is a tool , which helps use of
human & physical resources to fulfill the pre-determined goals.

14. FOR WATCHING
- HAPPY LEARNING. 