Building Services for High rise buildings

1. ECO ARCHITECTURE
IMPORTANCE OF SERVICES
Architectural Design 7 - Services

2. INTRODUCTION
Saving our environment is the most vital issue that humankind must address today, feeding into our fears that this
millennium may be our last. For the designer, the compelling question is: how do we design for a sustainable
future? Industries face similar concerns of seeking to understand the environmental consequences of their business, to
envision what their business might be if it were sustainable, and to find ways to realize this vision with ecologically benign
strategies, new business models, production systems, materials and process.
An ecological approach to our businesses and design is ultimately about environmental integration. If we are able to
integrate our business processes and design and everything we do or make in our built environment (which by definition
consists of our buildings, facilities, infrastructure, products, refrigerators, toys, etc) with the natural environmental in a
seamless and benign way, there will be in principle, no environmental problems whatsoever. Simply stated, eco-design is
designing for bio-integration. This can be regarded at three aspects; physically, systematically and temporally. Successfully
achieving these aspects is, of course easier said than done, but herein lies our challenge.
We start by looking at nature. Nature without humans exists in stasis. Can our businesses and our built environment
imitate nature's processes, structure, and functions, particularly its ecosystems? For instance, ecosystems have no
waste, everything is recycled within. Thus by imitating this, our built environment imitate nature's processes, structure,
and functions, particularly its eco-systems?
For instance, eco-systems have no waste. Everything is recycled within. Thus by imitating this, our built environment will
produce no waste. All emissions and products are continuously reused, recycled within and eventually reintegrated with
the natural environment in tandem with efficient uses of energy and material resources.
Designing to imitate ecosystems is ecomimesis.
This is the fundamental premise for eco-design. Our built
environment must imitate eco-systems in all respects.
Ar KEN YEANG

3. INTRODUCTION
"Architects should not limit themselves to building only a green
building but focus on developing a whole green infrastructure in the
city " says world renowned architect , planner and author Dr. Ken
Yeang of Malaysia. Dr Ken, is recognized as the first and only
ecologist architect globally.
When asked about the economic feasibility of sustainable
construction, Dr Ken says it costs 6.3% more than the normal
industry standards. But the amount of energy and water saved in
these sustainable buildings will return that extra cost within 8
years. Architects, developers and the society should understand
this, he said.

4. A ‘green’ building is a building that, in its design, construction or operation, reduces or eliminates negative impacts, and
can create positive impacts, on our climate and natural environment. Green buildings preserve precious natural resources
and improve our quality of life.
There are a number of features which can make a building ‘green’. These include:
• Efficient use of energy, water and other resources
• Use of renewable energy, such as solar energy
• Pollution and waste reduction measures, and the enabling of re-use and recycling
• Good indoor environmental air quality
• Use of materials that are non-toxic, ethical and sustainable
• Consideration of the environment in design, construction and operation
• Consideration of the quality of life of occupants in design, construction and operation
• A design that enables adaptation to a changing environment
SERVICES – ECO ARCHITECTURE
1. Passive Sustainable Design. Passive strategies, such as considering sun orientation and climate when siting and being
thoughtful about window placement and operation, are used to best manage daylighting and natural ventilation and go a
long way in reducing energy requirements for the building. In certain climates, thermal mass techniques can be used to
harness solar energy. In such cases, thick walls absorb heat from the sun during the day and release it into the building at
night.
2. Active Sustainable Design. Architects consult with
mechanical and electrical engineers to implement high-
efficiency electrical, plumbing, HVAC, and other systems,
which are designed to have small environmental footprints.
3. Renewable Energy Systems. Renewable energy systems,
including those that harness solar and wind energy, are also
great options for some buildings. These systems are often
used in conjunction with passive design strategies.

5. SERVICES – ECO ARCHITECTURE
4. Green Building Materials and Finishes. By making it a priority to purchase steel, lumber, concrete, and finishing
materials, such as carpet and furnishings, from companies that use environmentally responsible manufacturing
techniques or recycled materials, architects up the ante on sustainability.
5. Native Landscaping. Landscaping choices can make a big impact in civic building water consumption. By using trees,
plants, and grasses that are native to the area, architects can greatly reduce irrigation needs. Landscaping can also be
used as part of a passive energy strategy. By planting trees that shade the roof and windows during the hottest time of the
day, solar heat gain inside the building can be reduced.
6. Storm water Management. When rain falls on an untouched site, the water that doesn’t evaporate absorbs back into
the ground, replenishing the natural water table. However, when a building is placed on the site, along with parking lots,
sidewalks, access roads, and other hardscaping, rainfall behaves differently. The water runs off these surfaces and into
storm drains. By implementing storm water management strategies, such as pervious pavement that helps to reduce
runoff and retention ponds that capture runoff and slowly release water back into the ground, the negative environmental
impact of buildings can be reduced.

6. GRIHA RATINGS – FOR LARGE
SCALE DEVELOPMENT

7. GENERAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
FOR ECO ARCHITECTURE
BE LEAN
REDUCE ENERGY
DEMAND
BE CLEAN
SUPPLY ENERGY
EFFICIENTLY
BE GREEN
INCORPORATE LZC
ENERGY SOURCES
NOTE:
LZC – LOW AND
ZERO CARBON
PASSIVE ASPECTS
(BUILDING FABRIC)
ACTIVE ASPECTS
(ENGINEERING SYSTEMS)
WHOLE – LIFE ASPECTS
(MANAGEMENT REGIME)
ENERGY HIERARCHY
KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY

8. GENERAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
FOR ECO ARCHITECTURE
Break-up of Building Energy Loads
In residential buildings, the building related energy
consumption accounts for nearly one-third of the
energy consumption, while the balance is by non-
building related equipment (Table 2). In contrast, in
commercial office buildings, the building related energy
accounts for nearly two-third of the total energy
consumption. In other three studies4-6, the break-up of
energy consumption in commercial buildings is as
follows (respectively): lighting, 27, 60, 30-35; and air
conditioners, 40, 32, 40%.

9. GENERAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
FOR ECO ARCHITECTURE
Building Energy Indices
Energy intensity in commercial buildings is nearly five times higher than in residential buildings (Table 3). If the comparison is made
only on the basis of building related SEC (excluding non-building related installed equipment), then the intensity of energy usage in
commercial buildings is nearly ten times than that of residential buildings. The reasons for the higher energy consumption could be:
(i) Restricted use of air conditioning in residential buildings; (ii) Weak communication between the source and the load in
commercial buildings resulting in wasteful consumption; (iii) Impersonal attitude of the inmates towards the energy charges; (iv) No
fine-tuning of equipment design to suit the user requirements; and (v) System is not designed to respond to variations in energy
demand.
The power intensity of residential buildings is 20-60 W/m2 while that of commercial buildings is 100-350 W/m2. The energy
consumption is 1-3 kWh/m2 /month for residential buildings while for commercial buildings it is 5-25 kWh/m2 /month. In
Western countries, the residential consumption is 25-35 kWh/m2 /month and efforts are being made to reduce it to around 6
kWh/m2 /month. Bansal has estimated the energy consumption for six regions in India (considering heating and cooling energy) as:
Leh, 56; Simla, 43; Delhi, 37; Jodhpur, 40; Mumbai, 41; and Bangalore, 15 kWh/m2 /month. Another study of commercial buildings
has estimated the energy consumption as 10-41 kWh/m2 /month with a variation of 16 per cent between summer and winter
consumption. For a fast food unit, the energy consumption is estimated at 60-94 kWh/m2 /month. For star hotels, the energy
consumption has been estimated at 35-50 kWh/room/d during winter and 60-80 kWh/room/d in summer. Technologies for reduction
of building energy consumption which have been successfully tried in a few sample installations in India are active and passive
solar flat plate/transpired collectors, recuperative heat wheels, integration of energy efficiency equipment with buildings, and
feedback control sensors. Lighting Loads:
SEC for lighting is nearly five times in commercial buildings as
that of residential buildings (Table 4). The lighting norms are 10
W/m2 in Singapore and 20 W/m2 in the US. The measured
lighting power in a typical commercial installation in the US9 is
15.5 to 17.8 W/m2. The Indian lighting intensities are in the
range of 20-70 W/m2. Lighting loads can be reduced by controls
such as, day light sensors and lighting controls, occupancy
sensors, photo sensors, and programmable lighting systems.

10. GENERAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
FOR ECO ARCHITECTURE
Conclusions
(i) The overall SEC is in the range 1-3 kWh/m2 /month for residential buildings and 5-16 kWh/m2 /month for commercial buildings.
(ii) If only the building energy consumption is considered, SEC is in the range of 0.3-1.0 kWh/ m2 /month for residential buildings
and 3-10 kWh/m2 /month for commercial buildings.
(iii) In residential buildings, the building related energy consumption accounts for nearly one-third of the energy consumption while
the balance is by non-building related equipment. In contrast, in commercial office buildings the building related energy accounts
for nearly two-third the total energy consumption.
(iv)The SEC/person is in the range of 300-800 Wh/m2 /person/month for residential buildings and 3-6 Wh/m2
/person/month for commercial buildings. Commercial building energy intensities are higher than domestic intensities
because of air conditioning of space, weak source-load communication, impersonal attitude of occupants, sluggish
response of load variations and no fine-tuning of equipment to suit specific user requirements.
(v) Lighting energy intensities are very much on the higher side in the commercial buildings (20-70 W/m2) as compared to
international norms calling for task oriented energy efficient lighting with control systems.
(vi) The variation of energy consumption is in the range of 30-100 per cent (power: 70-100%) of the peak value due to ambient
temperature and weather conditions.

11. GENERAL DESIGN STRATEGIES
FOR ECO ARCHITECTURE
1. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PRODUCTION
2. ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION
ARRANGEMENT
3. ENERGY EFFICIENT HVAC SYSTEMS
4. EXPLORE THE DESIGN PARAMETERS
5. MOTIVE POWER FOR FANS AND PUMPS
6. COOLTH GENERATION
7. LIGHTING
8. PROCESS OR UNCONTROLLED LOADS
9. HOT WATER SERVICES
10.ENERGY EFFICIENT LIFTS
11.CONTROLS, METERING AND
MONITERING
12.BIOSWALES
13.PLANTING IN ALL FLOORS (VERTICAL
GARDENS)

12. 1. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PRODUCTION
1. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
PRODUCTION
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Hydro energy
• Tidal energy
• Geothermal energy
• Biomass energy
• HYDRO ENERGY
As a renewable energy resource, hydro power is one of the
most commercially developed. By building a dam or barrier,
a large reservoir can be used to create a controlled flow of
water that will drive a turbine, generating electricity. This
type of energy is not of relevance to us for he current
project.
• TIDAL ENERGY
This is another form of hydro energy but has no relevance
for us.
• GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
By harnessing the natural heat below the earth’s surface,
geothermal energy can be used to heat homes directly or to
generate electricity. This is of negligible importance in India.
• BIOMASS ENERGY
This is the conversion of solid fuel made from plant
materials into electricity. Although fundamentally, biomass
involves burning organic materials to produce electricity,
and nowadays this is a much cleaner, more energy-efficient
process. By converting agricultural, industrial and domestic
waste into solid, liquid and gas fuel, biomass generates
power at a much lower economic and environmental cost.
• SOLAR ENERGY:
We can use solar energy by using the following:
a. Solar panels on the terrace and over pathways
b. small-scale concentrated solar energy systems
c. Solar trees in parks
• WIND ENERGY
Wind is a plentiful source of clean energy. Wind farms are
an increasingly familiar sight in the UK with wind power
making an ever-increasing contribution to the National Grid.
To harness electricity from wind energy, turbines are used
to drive generators which then feed electricity into the
National Grid. Although domestic or ‘off-grid’ generation
systems are available, not every property is suitable for a
domestic wind turbine.

13. 2. ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION
ARRANGEMENT
2. ENERGY EFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION
ARRANGEMENT
A key consideration for any active engineering systems is
the extent to which plant will centralized or dispersed, as
this will have a considerable impact on the energy losses
due to distribution and hence the overall energy efficiency.
The basic approach should be similar for power, heating and
cooling distribution, namely to locate the plant close to the
main load center, to minimise distribution losses in relation
to the anticipated annual load patterns. The plant
arrangement should be selected to provide the best overall
performance through the range of load scenarios. The norm
might be a part load condition well below full load, so
diurnal and seasonal variations in energy efficiency should
be considered. This will often require selection of multiple
equal sized modules or components to provide the best
opportunity for optimized energy performance for the
anticipated load pattern and for future load growth.
Spaces that are remote or used on a highly intermittent
basis should be served by a separate localized plant that can
be sized accordingly and run independently of the central
plant.
It will also be necessary to minimise standing losses in all
systems and equipment. This applies most obviously within
thermo-fluid systems, to reduce energy losses from
bypasses and redundant logs. It also applies to electrical
systems, including lift systems, multiple parallel UPS
systems and standby loads for process equipment.

14. 3. ENERGY EFFICIENT HVAC SYSTEMS
3. ENERGY EFFICIENT HVAC SYSTEMS
The systems for controlling the indoor climate are pivotal to
the building services design strategy and the energy
performance. Suitable HVAC systems should be selected to
satisfy the comfort criteria for the spaces served and to
provide a healthy indoor climate. This will include
considerations of the characteristics of the emitters or
terminal devices amd their locations within the spaces so
that the conditions are maintained effectively within the
occupied zones. It will also include the methods for
generation of heating and cooling power. The types of
thermo-fluid circuits and their operating modes; and the
arrangement and characteristics of fans or pumps for
circulation. Treated spaces should be subdivided to allow
separate control in a meaningful and representative way, so
that spaces with different conditions or criteria act
differently. It should be possible to match the particular
energy demand with fast response, through suitable
controls, so that energy consumption is no more than
necessary to meet the requirements.
Systems should minimise the creation of waste heat; and
maximize the beneficial re-use of any waste heat that is
unavoidably created, including heat recovery, and
recirculation of valuable treated air, where this is viable.
Designs should seek to minimise unwanted heat gains into
cooled spaces, where this s practical.

15. 4. EXPLORE THE DESIGN PARAMETERS
5. MOTIVE POWER FOR FANS &
PUMPS
4. EXPLORE THE DESIGN PARAMETERS
Design parameters, particularly those related to comfort
conditions, should be explored and challenged, where
appropriate, to see whether there is some scope to relax
them – or perhaps to seek a partial relaxation, for certain
times and circumstances and thereby reduce energy
demand. This relates primarily to thermal and illumination
criteria, which have a fundamental influence on energy
demand. It also relates to acoustic criteria, which can
influence attenuation requirements in ventilation systems,
and hence fan power (and embodied energy). The
opportunity to relax criteria will depend, to some extent, on
the client’s flexibility. However, the designer can identify, as
part of the design brief development, the order of carbon
(and hence cost) benefit versus the perceived shortfall in
conditions for specific parameters so that an informed
choice can be made.
5. MOTIVE POWER FOR FANS & PUMPS
The main motor-driven components within the HVAC
systems are circulating pumps for heating or chilled water
systems, and fans for mechanical ventilation systems. The
motors that drive pumps and fans can consume a
considerable amount of energy. This can be optimized
through selection of the motor drive equipment, as outlined
in chapter 9 (Building Services Design for Energy Efficient
Buildings, Author: Paul tymkow, Savvas Tassou, Maria
Kolokotroni & Hussam Jouhara) and through selecting
suitable parameters for the hydronic or ventilation systems
as outlined in chapters 5 to 8 (Building Services Design for
Energy Efficient Buildings, Author: Paul tymkow, Savvas
Tassou, Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam Jouhara).

16. 6. COOLTH GENERATION
7. LIGHTING
8. PROCESS OR UNCONTROLLED
LOADS
9. HOT WATER SERVICES
6. COOLTH GENERATION
The carbon impact related to the generation of cooling
power will depend upon the types of equipment, choice of
refrigerant and system parameters. This is covered in
chapter 6 to 8. (Building Services Design for Energy
Efficient Buildings, Author: Paul tymkow, Savvas Tassou,
Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam Jouhara)
7. LIGHTING
Artificial lighting systems should be selected so that they
maintain appropriate lighting of the spaces, utilizing
daylighting wherever practical. There is a particular need to
minimise lighting energy usage in spaces that require
cooling, as it represents an internal gain that will require
additional cooling energy to offset. (see chapter 9, Building
Services Design for Energy Efficient Buildings, Author: Paul
tymkow, Savvas Tassou, Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam
Jouhara)
8. PROCESS OR UNCONTROLLED LOADS
Process, uncontrolled or unregulated loads can represent a
significant level of energy consumption, which can, in turn,
increase consumption for cooling and ventilation in many
buildings. However, there is often considerable wasgtage of
energy from small power systems and other process loads,
so it is one of the main areas requiring attention by the
management regime. (see chapter 9, Building Services
Design for Energy Efficient Buildings, Author: Paul tymkow,
Savvas Tassou, Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam Jouhara)
9. HOT WATER SERVICES
The carbon impact related to the generation of cooling
power will depend upon the types of equipment, choice of
refrigerant and system parameters. This is covered in
chapter 6 to 8. (Building Services Design for Energy
Efficient Buildings, Author: Paul tymkow, Savvas Tassou,
Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam Jouhara)

17. 10. LIFTS
11. CONTROLS, METERING &
MONITORING
12. BIOSWALES
10. LIFTS
The carbon impact related to the generation of cooling
power will depend upon the types of equipment, choice of
refrigerant and system parameters. This is covered in
chapter 6 to 8. (Building Services Design for Energy
Efficient Buildings, Author: Paul tymkow, Savvas Tassou,
Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam Jouhara)
11. CONTROLS, METERING & MONITORING
All of the active engineering systems will require suitable
controls to ensure that regulation takes place to maintain
the functional performance at relevant times, while
minimizing energy usage. Metering and monitoring will also
be required for the ongoing involvement and attention from
the management regime. The provision of controls,
metering and monitoring can be considered as an aspect of
both the active engineering systems and the management
regime, as outlined in section 3.6 (Building Services Design
for Energy Efficient Buildings, Author: Paul tymkow, Savvas
Tassou, Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam Jouhara)
12. BIOSWALES
In bioswale systems, the water running off from roofs and
roads does not flow into the sewers but instead is led into
the bioswale via above-ground gutters and/or ditches.
Bioswales can be incorporated into the green infrastructure
and can help enhance biodiversity and quality of life.
A bioswale is a ditch with vegetation and a porous bottom.
The top layer consists of enhanced soil with plants. Below
that layer is a layer of gravel, scoria or baked clay pellets
packed in geotextile. These materials have large empty
spaces, allowing the rainwater to drain off. The layer is
packed in geotextile to prevent the layer from becoming
clogged by sludge or roots. An infiltration pipe/drainpipe is
situated below the second layer. To prevent the bioswale
from overflowing its banks during heavy rainfall, overflows
are added that are connected directly to the infiltration
pipe/drainpipe. Rainfall infiltrates into the ground via the
ditch and the packed layer. If the water rises above the level
of the overflow, the water runs through it to the drainpipe.
The bioswale’s dimensions should be sufficient to ensure
that this occurs no more than once every two years. If the
drain and the overflow both fill up, the bioswale acts as an
above-ground drainage system and leads the water directly
to surface water.

18. 10. LIFTS
11. CONTROLS, METERING &
MONITORING
12. BIOSWALES
The dimensions of most bioswales are designed in such a
way that water from heavy rainfalls infiltrates into the
ground within 24 hours. In most cases, the bioswale will
only serve as an above-ground drainage system once every
25 years. This means that bioswale systems must always be
connected to surface water. The drainage system also serves
to transport water from areas of ground with a low
infiltration capacity to areas with a more favourable
infiltration capacity.
In the winter, when water levels are high, the infiltration
pipe/drainpipe also serves as a drainage system. To utilise
the drainage function and to regulate groundwater levels,
pumping/inspection drains can be installed in the bioswale,
from which the water can be drained off.
Bioswale systems are suitable for areas with porous types of
ground and relatively low groundwater levels. As a rule,
bioswale systems are more suited for the eastern part of
the Netherlands, higher sandy soil and along riverbeds. The
permeability and structure of the ground differ greatly from
one location to the next, and even in different parts of
individual locations. The structure of the ground and the
groundwater levels must be determined before a bioswale
system can be chosen for draining rainwater.

19. REQUIRED CALCULATIONS
WATER SUPPLY:
RESIDENTIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 3000 pax
Fresh Water Supply per Day: 200 LPHD
Size of Under Ground Water Tank: 12,00,000 L for 2 days
capacity
Size of Overhead Water Tank: 9,00,000 L for 1.5 days capacity
Size of Recycled Water Tank: 36,000 L for 1.5 days capacity
COMMERCIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 2000 pax
Fresh Water Supply per Day: 1,16,000 LPHD
(Office: 45 LPHD)
(Restaurant: 70 LPHD)
Size of Under Ground Water Tank: 2,32,000 L for 2 days
capacity
Size of Overhead Water Tank: 1,74,000 L for 1.5 days capacity
Size of Recycled Water Tank: 3,480 L for 1.5 days capacity
SEWERAGE:
RESIDENTIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 3000 pax
Grey Water Output per Day: 8,40,000 LPHD
Black Water Output per Day: 3,60,000 LPHD
Size of STP: 12,00,000 LPHD
Type of STP Recommended: Sequential Batch Reactor.
COMMERCIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 2000 pax
Grey Water Output per Day: 81,200 LPHD
Black Water Output per Day: 34,800 LPHD
Size of STP: 1,16,000 LPHD
Type of STP recommended: Sequential Batch Reactor.
ELECTRICAL SUPPLY: (@ 70% Residential, 30%
Commercial division of Total Built-up Area)
RESIDENTIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 3000 pax
Total Built-Up Area: 1,93,298 sqmt
Total Required Capacity: @3kWh/m2/month =
5,79,894kWh/month
COMMERCIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 3000 pax
Total Built-Up Area: 82,842 sqmt
Total Required Capacity: @ 25kWh/m2/month =
20,71,050kWh/month
RAIN WATER HARVESTING: (@ 70% Residential,
30% Commercial division of Total Built-up Area)
RESIDENTIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 3,000 pax
Total Land Area: 64,433 sqmt
Total Ground Coverage: @ 40% = 25,773 sqmt
Total Required Capacity: 2,06,18,400
COMMERCIAL PROJECT:
Total No of Inhabitants: 2,000 pax
Total Land Area: 27,613.5 sqmt
Total Ground Coverage: @ 40% = 11,045 sqmt
Total Required Capacity: 88,36,000 L
NOTE: RWH should be used for ground water recharge as per NBC

20. REQUIRED CALCULATIONS

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://www.mgsarchitecture.in/building-materials-
products/technology-automation/509-architect-ken-yeang-on-
green-design.html
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architecture-strategies-for-public-building-design-2018-10-03/
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Yeang-Complete-Monograph.pdf
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to Assess Energy Neutrality in
Occupancy Sensors
February 2017
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3521-0_9
Conference: International Conference on Research into Design
Authors: Tarun Kumar, Monto Mani
Building Services Design for Energy Efficient Buildings,
Author: Paul tymkow, Savvas Tassou, Maria Kolokotroni & Hussam
Jouhara
https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-01/IEA-India%202020-In-
depth-EnergyPolicy_0.pdf
https://www.edfenergy.com/for-home/energywise/renewable-
energy-sources
https://www.urbangreenbluegrids.com/measures/bioswales/
http://www.cgwa-
noc.gov.in/LandingPage/Guidlines/NBC2016WatRequirement.pdf
https://smartnet.niua.org/sites/default/files/resources/Strategy-
for-Urban-Waste-Water-Management-.pdf
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cycling_of_gray_water_r-4.pdf
https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.sp.7.5.2005.pdf

22. BIBLIOGRAPHY