Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
Sustainable Food Production: Increasing Food Security by Closely Integrating Tree Fodder to Sheep Fattening Rations in Mali
1. INCREASING FOOD SECURITY BY CLOSELY
INTEGRATING TREE FODDER TO SHEEP
FATTENING RATIONS IN MALI
Title: International Food Security Dialogue 2014
Theme: “Enhancing Food Production, Gender Equity and Nutritional
Security in a Changing World.”
Sponsored By: Hosted By:
2. INTRODUCTION
With a goal aimed at “providing people in developing
countries with a more secure supply of food with a
greater nutritional value”, IDRC made a call for
proposal for a project funded by the CIFSRF.
Three partners institutions (UL, IER, IPR/IFRA) and 2
tiers organisms (CECI and ICRAF) joined their effort
to submit and conduct the project « Increasing
food security by closely integrating livestock,
trees and crops through agroforestry in Mali »
3. MAIN KEY ISSUES
Large number of SR in Mali (over 24 M);
Three functions of SR are known: food (meat and
milk), money (income); social and cultural (cultural
and religious ceremonies).
Main constraint: Scarcity and high price of feed
during the dry season
So, not affordable by some smallholder farmers in
particular, women who have a lower income in
general.
Use of tree fodders of lower cost and of better
quality and available during the dry season become
a good alternative.
4. OBJECTIVES
The main objective of the initiated project is:
« To develop and extend the sheep fattening technics
and agroforestery practices that allow increase of
food security for small holder farmers of Mali and
optimize the contribution of browse/tree fourrages
while sustaining natural ressources ».
Only the specific objective dealing with « Increasing
food security by closely integrating tree fodders
to sheep fattening rations in Mali» will be
presented.
5. MAIN ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED
Three activities have been conducted:
1Survey on small ruminants’ husbandry practices
and farmers’ perception on the browse/tree species
functions especially as animal feed;
2. Palatability (preference) of 5 plants species as
feed for sheep;
3. Development of fattening rations including
different levels of tree leaves;
6. ACTIVITY ONE
Survey on small ruminants’ husbandry practices
and farmers’ perception on the browse/tree
species functions
Objectives: Identify the forage species having the
best potential as components of sheep diets
General assembly Individual interview
9. The survey included the 5 following points:
identification of households, employment, animal
husbandry, agroforestry, and tree/browse functions
with a particular accent on animal feeding.
The methods used included general
assemblies and individual interviews to list all
the tree/browse species used as sheep feed
sources from a sample of farmers (women and
men). Then, the list of the tree species were
ranked depending on the farmers’ perception and
four villages were selected as test sites.
ACTIVITY ONE (con’d)
Material and methods
10. ACTIVITY ONE (con’d)
Validation of the choices of tree species and of
village during a general assembly
Forage species
Pterocarpus erinaceus
Ficus gnaphalocarpa
Pterocarpus lucens
Khaya segalensis
Terminalia macroptera
Villages
Wolodo
Dogoni
Dangakoro
Sokouna
11. Selected species: Several fodder species are
used during the dry season but according to
farmers’ perception, 5 species P. erinaceus, F.
gnaphalocarpa, P. lucens, K. senegalensis and
T. macroptera would offer the greatest potential.
Selected villages: Dangakoro, Dogoni,
Socouna and Wolodo were identified as study
sites.
ACTIVITY ONE (con’d)
Conclusion
12. ACTIVITY TWO
Preference of the 5 tree species as feed for sheep
Fresh leaves of the 5 tree species, were fed to 20
sheep in a « cafeteria » trial with the participation of the
sheep raisers (women and men).
Then, parameters like feed intake, palatability
indices, chemical composition and availability of
the tree species were used to rank the five fodders as
preferred sheep feeds.
13. ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
Material and methods
• Feeds: 5 species: P. erinaceus, F. gnaphalocarpa,
P. lucens, K. senegalensis et T. macroptera that
were validated through general assemblies (M&E
and villages of act.1;
• Sites of test: 4 villages: Wolodo, Dogoni,
Dangakoro et Sokouna, that were validated through
the same assemblies in act.1;
• Animal: 20 12-18 month old entire Djallonké rams
divided into 5 rams/village (1 ram/benificiary; 3
women and 2 men);
• Pen: a pen built and provided with 5 feeders for
each ram
14. Djallonké rams Shelter P. erinaceus, Ngoni
F. Gnaphalocarpa Toro P. lucens, N’gobi Khaya senegalensis, Jala
T. macroptera, Wolodjè
ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
Material used during the
cafeteria trial
15. ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
Material and methods
• Methods: rams fed individually the same quantity
(500 g) of fresh leaves of each 5 tree species;
• DMI determined: Leaves distributed every morning
randomlly in 5 feeders weighing the the quantity
given and the orts;
• Chemical composition determined by lab (LNA, UL)
analyses
• Palatability indices of all the tree species determined
based on that of P. erinaceus (first choice from
survey);
• Data analyzed using CRD of SAS (SAS Enterprise
Guide 4.3).
16. Taking off the leaves Weighing
feed
Weighing a ramDesign of the cafeteria test
ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
Material and methods
Some steps of the cafeteria trial
17. Chemical composition (%DM) of the 5 species of trees
Items K. sen P. lucens P. erin. F. gnap T. macro
DM 37,64ab 41,76a 34,82bc 29,58c 33,63bc
Ash 9,3b 4,95bc 6,86bc 14,55a 4,09c
CF 36,92a 33,02ab 38,57a 29,1bc 26,97c
Fat 2,24a 2,44a 2,57a 2,01a 2,44a
kcal/kg
DM
4308,68a
b 4544,32a 4160,3b
3489,23
c 4043,29b
OM 90,7b 95,05ab 93,14ab 85,45c 95,91a
ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
RESULTS ET DISCUSSION
18. ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
Results and discussion
Items P. erin. F. gnap P. lucens K. sene. T. macro Total
Wolodo 159,67a* 197,79a 131,15a 116,52a 134,35a 739,48a
Dogoni 152,31a 193,47a 112,37a 103,42a 128,59a 690,16ab
Sokouna 139,77a 188,94a 103,64a 93,77a 84,84ab 610,96ab
Danga. 129,62a 177,32a 99,64a 60,75a 65,91b 533,24b
Average 145,34b 189,38a 111,70c 93,62c 103,42c 643,46
Intake (g DM/animal/day) of the 5 tree species)
DMI highest for Ficus gnaphalocarpa, Pterocarpus erinaceus and
Pterocarpus lucens
19. Items Palatability indices
Periods P. erin. F. gnap. P. lucens K. sene. T. macrop.
P1 (1-3 d) 1a 1,18a 1,01a 0,55a 0,67a
P2 (4-6 d) 1a 1,13a 0,97a 0,75a 0,72a
P3 (7-9 d) 1a 1,09a 0,93a 0,71a 0,57a
P4 (1-9 d) 1a 1,15a 0,99a 0,65a 0,69a
Average 1b 1,14a 0,97b 0,66c 0,66c
* a,b,c : Numbers of the same column, followed by the same Les
chiffres de la même colonne suivis de la même lettre ne sont pas
différents au seuil de 5% pour les 4 périodes. Les chiffres de la
dernière ligne (moyenne) suivis de lettres différentes sont différents
au seuil de 5%.
Palatability indices of the species based on P. erinaceus
ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
RESULTS ET DISCUSSION
20. Based on the results of this palatability trial (intake
and palatability indices) the preferred leaves are of F.
gnaphalocarpa, P. erinaceus and P. lucens.
Therefore, the leaves of those 3 species with higher
intake and palatability indices will be used as
constituents of the sheep fattening rations or as
supplemental sheep feeds during the dry season.
ACTIVITY TWO (con’d)
Conclusion
21. ACTIVITY THREE
Determination of the appropriate sheep
fattening rations (on station)
Each group of 7 sheep was fed one of the 7 rations
obtained from substuting partially (50%) or totally
(100%) of the peanut haulm from a standard ration
including 50 cottonseed meal and 50% peanut
haulm.
22. ACTIVITY THREE (con’d)
Material and methods
• Animals: 49 djallonké rams of 12-18 month old
were vaccinated, wormed and divided into 7 groups
of similar weight
• Rations: 7 rations were formulated as follow:
• R1 : control ; 50% of cottonseed meal (CSM) and
50% of peanut haulm (PH) ;
• R2 : 50% CSM + 25% PH + 25% P. lucens;
• R3 : 50% CSM + 50% P. lucens ;
• R4 : 50% CSM + 25% PH + 25% F. gnaphalocarpa ;
• R5: 50% CSM + 50% F. gnaphalocarpa ;
• R6 : 50% CSM + 25% PH + 25% P. erinaceus ;
• R7 : 50% CSM + 50% P. erinaceus.
23. ACTIVITY THREE (con’d)
Material and methods
Methods
• Rations distributed in 3 meals; branches of the
selected trees were collected a day before and
leaves were stripped off the day of distribution.
• Intake: Rams were fed individually of one of the 7
rations and feed intake was determined by measuring
the quantity offered and the orts on daily basis
• Watered: twice per day.
• Free access to mineral salts.
• Weight gain: Animals weighed at the begining, every
other week and at the end of the trial that lasts 3
months.
24. ACTIVITY THREE (con’d)
Material and methods
• Lab analyses: Feed samples collected on daily
basis were analysed for chemical constituents
• Economic analyses: Estimates of costs, weight
gains and ratio of weight gain/variable costs were
used to calculate the economic efficiency of the
rations.
• Statiscal analyses: Data from feed intake, animal
performances and production costs were analyzed
using SAS Enterprise Guide 4.3.
25. Site of experiment Fourrage: P. lucens
CSM weighing Leaves processing Forage weighing
Rams on trial
Djallonké ram
Ram weighing equipt
Material and
methods used in
Activity 3
26. Items P. lucens F. gnap P. erin. CSM P. haulm
DM 41,76 29,58 34,82 97,6 92,5
CP 15,98 13,94 17,17 31,57 17,09
Fat 2,36 1,77 2,96 10,68 2,18
Ash 4,59 16,53 5,69 5,53 7,95
OM 95,41 83,47 94,31 94,47 92,05
Fiber 30,25 23,63 39,47 19,57 31,95
Ene 4548 3337 4520 4770 3987
Ca 0,71 1,81 0,94 0,08 0,82
P - - - 0,70 -
ACTIVITY THREE (Con’d)
Chemical composition of feeds used in the rations
27. Items Rations (treatments)
R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7
Intake
CSM 442,7b 465,1ab 456,0ab 477,9a 484,6a 468,4ab 479,2a
Peat h. 173,7 184,9 0 214,7 0 199,9 0
P. erin. 0 0 0 0 0 235,59 487,9
F.
gnap.
0 0 0 232,3 538,4 0 0
P.
lucens
0 226,5 410,8 0 0 0 0
Total 616,4e 876,5cd 866,7d 924,9bc 1023,0a 903,9cd 967,2b
ADG, g 122,3ab 122,8ab 142,9a 117,1ab 141,8a 130,2ab 104,2b
Performance of the rams on feedlot
ACTIVITY THREE (con’d)
Results
29. The rations containing 50% of either 3 species of
tree fodders performed as well as the control ration
that contains 50% of peanut haulm both on weight
gains and economic performances.
ACTIVITY THREE (con’d)
Conclusion
30. Leaves from 15 local species of trees are known as
feed, from which, 5 classified as having great potential
as sheep feeds from the producers’ perception.
Three out of the 5 species F. gnaphalocarpa, P.
erinaceus and P. lucens were sorted out by the sheep as
the preferred ones.
Using the leaves of the 3 tree species in sheep
fattening rations is as beneficial as using peanut haulm.
The tree leaves are more available (TO year) and
cheaper (14 times) than peanut haulm.
Women earn more income from the sale of their sheep
and increase the food security of their families.
GENERAL CONCLUSION
