This document describes a study that evaluated the effects of various concentrate diets on nutrient digestibility and growth performance in Holstein Friesian cross breed calves. The study was conducted at a dairy farm in Sargodha, Pakistan over 50 days and involved 12 calves allocated to 3 diet groups: a control diet and two experimental diets varying in protein and energy levels. Parameters measured included feed intake, body weight gain, feed efficiency, and nutrient digestibility. Statistical analysis of data collected on weekly growth rates and nutrient digestibility trials was conducted to analyze differences between diet groups.

1. EFFECTS OFVARIOUS CONCENTRATE DIETS
ON NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITYAND GROWTH
PERFORMANCE IN HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN
CROSS BREED CALVES
Submitted To
Supervisor
Col Ali Zaman Khattak
COMDT - ACVS SGD
Co-Supervisor
Maj Syed Hassan Ali Shah
Instr Cl’B - ACVS SGD

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Feed Resources
• Study Objectives
• Materials and Methods
• Study Parameters
• Statistical Analysis
• References

3. INTRODUCTION
 Livestock are the natural factories to convert roughage like grasses and shrubs
into quality food products such as milk and meat for human beings.
 According to economic survey of Pakistan 2011-12, its contribution to
agriculture and to national GDP is approximately 55.4 and 11.6 Percent
respectively.
 Till late eighties, more than 60% of buffaloes and some cows were maintained
under the system of rural subsistence production system. Average there were 3 to
4 dairy animals with one or two adult females.
 In 1980s, dairy sector in Pakistan moved towards commercial side and
development of rural commercial dairy farms started.
 A typical rural dairy farm running on commercial basis consisted of about 30
animals of which 70% were adult cows & Approximately 40% were giving milk
during most of the year
2 Heydari et al., 2006; Afzal and Naqvi, 2004; Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2013

4. INTRODUCTION
 With growing demand for milk in urban areas rural commercial dairy farming
has now moved toward peri-urban areas.
 In peri-urban areas, there are large and small dairy herds consisting of 20-50
animals with nearly 90% of adult females in production.
 These animals are fed chopped green forages and wheat straw and concentrate
mixture with target to sell almost total milk produced.
 Due to enhanced rate of urbanization over the last 2 to 3 decades, large peri-
urban commercial dairy farming is going towards urban commercial farming.
 Targets of these farms are to get the maximum milk production with economical
and quality feeding and good management
 Dairy animals maintained at these farms are considered elite animals; hence their
yields per lactation are considerably higher than those of animals maintained
under other production systems
3 Hanjra et al., 1995; Heydari et al., 2006; Sarwar et al., 2002

5. FEED RESOURCES
 There are two types of feed resources namely conventional and non-
conventional feed resources.
 In Pakistan conventional feed resources include roughages and concentrates.
 Roughages are further classified as green roughages and dry roughages
 Roughages are plant materials in a fresh, dried or ensiled state which are
bulky and fibrous in nature and normally contain higher percentage of crude
fiber (18%) and low percentage of total digestible nutrients (less than 60%)
 Concentrates are the substances which are high in energy and protein while
low in fiber and are highly digestible
 Concentrates are classified as energy rich concentrates and protein rich
concentrates
Younas and Yaqoob, 2005; Ullah., 1998
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6. FEED RESOURCES
 It was reported by nutritionists that only 3.5 to 4 kg of balanced
mixture of concentrates may support 10 liters of milk production.
 Average size cattle’s dry matter intake is 2.5 - 3% of its body
weight
 The feed supply balance for the livestock feed pool is estimated to
be deficient by 21 % of total dry matter (DM), by 29 % of energy
and by 33 % of crude protein requirements
 According to some estimates, livestock are getting only 75% of
the required amount of digestible energy and 40 % of the
digestible crude protein
5 Habib and Akmal, 2007; Jayasuriya., 2000; Younas and Yaqoob, 2005

7. STUDY OBJECTIVES
 To evaluate the effects of various concentrate diets
contained varying in protein and energy levels on
Nutrient Digestibility in Holstein Friesian claves
by Proximate Analysis
 To evaluate the effects of various concentrate diets
contained varying in protein and energy levels on
Growth Performance in Holstein Friesian calves
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8. MATERIALSAND METHODS
Study Area:
The proposed study will be conducted at a public sector dairy
farm in Sargodha also known as the city of eagles
Study Duration:
The experiment will had a duration of 50 days, comprising: an adaptation
period of 14 days (11 Oct 2020 to 24 Oct 2020), a diet/treatment period
of 36 days (25 Oct 2020 to 30 Nov 2020), and a digestibility period of 7
days (the final 7 days of the treatment period).
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9. MATERIALSAND METHODS
Animals and Experimental Diets:
 For the present study, 12 Holstein Friesian calves will be allocated on
the basis of live weight and age.
 All calves will have an approximately similar body weight and age (7-
8 months).
 Before the trial all calves will be weighed, properly tagged, and treated
for internal and external parasites.
 All calves will be kept in separate pens under identical conditions for
feeding, watering and faeces collection during the trial.
 The experimental design will be a complete randomized design with a
control (A) and two amounts of various concentrate diets (B & C).
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10. MATERIALSAND METHODS
Animals and Experimental Diets:
 Four calves will be involved into each three diets and the following diets will be
fed to the experimental calves.
1. Diet A. Feed Formula No 5 (Control)
2. Diet B. Prepared Cattle Feed (PCF)
3. Diet C. Locally Purchased Feed (Wanda)
 All three diets will be offered to calves at the rate of 2 pounds per day per calves
9

11. STUDY PARAMETERS
1. Feed Intake:
 All three diets will be offered to calves at the rate of 2 pounds per day per calves
 On daily basis net feed intake will be obtained by recording of actual quantity of
feed offered and refused by each animal early in the morning using electronic
scale.
 The feed intake will be calculated by the following formula
Feed intake= Feed offered - feed refusal
2. Body weight gain
The body weight of experimental animals from each group will be recorded at the
start and end of experiment with the help of electronic floor scale.
Body weight gain (kg) = Final body weight – Initial body weight
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12. STUDY PARAMETERS
3. Feed efficiency:
Will be calculated as
Feed efficiency =Feed intake (Kg)/ Gain in body weight (Kg).
4. Nutrients digestibility Trial:
 Nutrient digestibility trial will be conducted during last week of the experiment
by total collection method
 Both feed and faeces will be collected and weighed daily
 Representative fecal samples of the individual animals i.e. 10% will be collected
and stored at 4 degree centigrade
 For analysis the samples will be thawed and then dried at 65 degree centigrade
for 48 hours, then grinded and analyzed for dry matter, crude protein. crude fiber
and ash according to AOAC (2000).
11 Saeed et al., 2002; AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 2000).

13. STATISTICALANALYSIS
The weekly growth rate will be collected and data will be maintained in MS excel
file
The data will be statistically analyzed with the standard procedure of Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA)
A statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) will be used to perform the
statistical analysis
Steel and Torrie, 1981
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14. References
Afzal, M. and A.N. Naqvi, 2004. Livestock Resources of Pakistan: Present Status and Future Trends. Quart. Sci. Vis.,
9(1-2): 15-27.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists,2000). Official methods of analysis. Assoc Anal Chem.
Economic Survey of Pakistan, 2013. Govt. of Pakistan, Ministry of Food, Agri. and livestock Div. Economic Wing,
Islamabad.
Habib, G., A. Hameed and M. Akmal, 2007. Current Feeding Management of Peri-Urban Dairy Buffaloes and
Scope for Improvement. Pakistan Vet. J., 27(1): 35-41.
Hanjra, S.H., J.B. David and M.J. Akhtar, 1995. Fodder production. FAO. Small dairy holder dairydevelopment in
Punjab, Pakistan
Heydari, G., A.T. Yansari and H. Zali, 2006. Inspection on three plant spices as an animal forage source in Mazandran
wetland. Pak. J. Nutr., 5(4): 382-386.
Jayasuriya, M.C.N., 2000. Principles of ration formulation for ruminants. Proceedings of the final review and
planning meeting of an IAEA Technical Cooperation Regional AFRA.Cairo, Egypt.
Sarwar, M., M.A. Khan and Z. Iqbal, 2002. Feed resources for livestock in Pakistan. Int. J. Agric. Biol., 1: 186-192.
Steel, R.G., Torrie, J.H. and Dickey, D.A., 1981. Principles and Procedure of Statistics. McGraw Hill International
Book Co.
Ullah, E., 1998. The study of small holders milk production in the central punjab and strategies for an effective
development approach. M.Sc. Theses, Dept. of Livestock Management, Univ. of Agric. Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Younas, M. and M. Yaqoob, 2005. Feed resources of livestock in the Punjab, Pakistan. Livestock Res. Rural Dev.,
17(2): 63-71.

15. THANK YOU