Apartment building construction project report

Internship Report
On
‟APARTMENT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION”
Submitted as a partial fulﬁllment of degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering
Of
Mewar University, Chittorgarh
July, 2017
SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
Sir Avinesh Kumar Mr. P Hiska
HOD (Civil Engineering) B.Tech.VIII-Semester
Faculty of Mewar University (Civil Engineering)
Chittorgarh (Raj.) Roll No.: 150103570001
Guided By:
Er. K George
Chief Engineer
M/s Singh Construction Co.
Dimapur : Nagaland

i
DECLARATION
In accordance with the requirements for the degree of B.Tech. programme in Civil
Engineering, in Faculty of Engineering and Technology, I present this report entitled
―APARTMENT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION‖. This report is a record of
original work done by me under the guidance of my esteemed mentor Er. K. George
and my site supervisor Er. M P Shukla.
I declare that the work presented in the report is my own work except as
acknowledged in the text and footnotes, and that to my knowledge this material has
not been submitted either in whole or in part, for a degree at this University or at any
other such Institution for the award of any type of work.
Date Name
02/07/2017 P Hiska
APPROVED BY
Name of supervisor: Er. M P Shukla Name of mentor: Er. K. George
Signature: Signature:

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I would like to thank each and every family, friends and individuals who
participated and supported me in completion of my final internship report.
I am very thankful to M/S SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. For giving me the
opportunity to undertake my six months internship training in their working area. It
was a very good learning experience for me to have worked at this area. I would like
to convey my heartiest thanks to site supervisor Er. M P Shukla and its entire staff
member.
I would also thank my mentor Er. K. George for his endless support at site and in his
office by consulting me how things are done in the site and how to write this report in
outstanding manner.
I would like to thank to all the faculties of civil engineering department, Mewar
University, who brought me to my present performance and shape me like this during
the last three successive years.
Before I finish I would like to give my deepest thanks to all workers from the
contractor and the consultant side starting from engineers to daily laborers. Also for
those who do not listed in the above but support me in different areas I would like to
thank all.
P. HISKA

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ABSTRACT
This report provides a summary to my internship practice outcome which I gained
during my internship period stay in the site of construction. Actually, I was assigned
in the construction of residential building as well as where different types of civil
construction activities were going on. At the beginning they assigned me to work with
them as office engineer and participated in the preparation of takeoff sheet for the
completed villas, apartments and other infrastructures.
Thus, in the first chapter of this report, I have briefly described the hosting company‘s
background. In line with this, I have pointed out the main aim and the supplementary
tasks that are being executed by the project and some of the designs and
accomplishments of the project as well as the works that are being supervised and
their work flow hierarchy.
In the second part, I have discussed the overall internship experience including the
procedural work flow, the different sites I was assigned to, the tasks I have been
involved in and the challenges I faced in the sites as well as the corrective measures
that was taken.
The third chapter gives the detailed report of the residential apartment building that I
was working on during my internship period. The building was under construction
when I joined and was still under construction even after I left. My main assignment
was this building construction, so I focused more on this building construction during
my internship. This chapter consists of only those reports which I had executed,
experienced and learned in site and office.
The fourth chapter explains the main benefits of the internship class in terms of
different aspects and areas. It is obvious that the internship has a plus-point in terms
of improving skills and all round development. The advantages and gains of the
internship highlighted in brief.
The final and fifth chapter explains about the winding up and suggestions on the
project that our company runs. In the site we came across many things which were
appropriate and inappropriate to work in building construction. Thus, I comment and
gave my recommendation in some conditions and workings.

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CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................
ABSTRACT
COMPANY PROFILE.............................................................................1
CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................2
1. BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY ........................................2
1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................2
1.2 Vision ............................................................................................................3
1.3 Mission..........................................................................................................3
1.4 Main objectives .............................................................................................3
1.5 Quality assurance ..........................................................................................5
1.6 Fields of specialization..................................................................................5
1.7 Services rendering .........................................................................................5
1.8 Founder of the Company...............................................................................6
1.9 Company Address .........................................................................................7
1.10 Company structure ........................................................................................7
1.11 Organization And Management ....................................................................7
1.12 Reference projects and services rendered by the Company..........................8
1.13 Company‘s machineries‘, vehicles and equipment .......................................8
1.14 Organizational structure ..............................................................................10
CHAPTER 2............................................................................................12
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE ...................................................12
2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................12
2.2 Joining the Company...................................................................................12
2.3 Short summary of the project ......................................................................13
2.4 Section of the company I was assigned to work in .....................................14
2.5 The work flow in the section.......................................................................15
DECLARATION ...................................................................................... i
....................................................................................... ii
iii
.............................................................................................. iv

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2.6 Work piece or task I was executing.............................................................18
2.6.1 Office Work .........................................................................................18
2.6.2 Site work..............................................................................................23
2.6.2.1 Earthwork and Excavation...........................................................24
2.6.2.1.1 Setting Out..............................................................................24
2.6.2.1.2 Excavation..............................................................................24
2.6.2.2 Foundation work ..........................................................................27
2.6.2.2.1 Isolated Footing......................................................................27
2.6.2.2.2 Combined Footing..................................................................27
2.6.2.3 Masonry Work .............................................................................29
2.6.2.4 Concrete Form Work ...................................................................29
2.6.2.5 Concrete Mixing Method.............................................................33
2.6.2.5.1 Hand Mixing ..........................................................................36
2.6.2.5.2 Machine Mixing.....................................................................36
2.6.2.6 Batching.......................................................................................37
2.6.2.7 Curing of Concrete.......................................................................40
2.6.2.8 Structural Work............................................................................42
2.6.2.8.1 Grade Beam or Plinth Beam...................................................42
2.6.2.8.2 Reinforcement Steel Bar ........................................................43
2.6.2.8.3 Slab.........................................................................................44
2.6.2.8.4 Splicing of Bars......................................................................44
2.6.2.8.5 Superstructure Beam ..............................................................45
2.6.2.8.6 Column...................................................................................45
2.6.2.9 Finishing Work ............................................................................45
2.6.2.9.1 Plastering Work......................................................................45
2.6.2.9.2 Ceiling and Wall Finishing ....................................................46
2.6.2.9.3 Floor Finishing.......................................................................47
2.7 Procedure I used when I perform work tasks..............................................49
2.8 My Performance during Executing the Work Tasks...................................50
2.9 Challenges that I faced ................................................................................50
2.10 Measures I Took For Challenges.................................................................52
CHAPTER 3............................................................................................55

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3. DETAILED PROJECT REPORT OF PLANNING AND DESIGN OF FIVE
STOREYED APARTMENT BUILDING............................................................55
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................55
3.2 Plan and drawing of building (Ground Floor).............................................56
3.3 Plan and drawings of first to top floor.........................................................57
3.4 Details of beams ..........................................................................................58
3.5 Details of Elevator (Lift) .............................................................................61
3.6 Details of Footing and Columns Reinforcement.........................................64
3.7 Foundation Layout Plan ..............................................................................65
3.8 Estimation and Costing ...............................................................................66
3.8.1 Methods of taking out estimates ..........................................................66
3.8.2 Detailed Estimation and Costing of my assigned Building. ................66
3.8.2.1 General Abstract of Cost..............................................................67
3.8.2.2 Quantity Estimate for Ground Floor............................................68
3.8.2.3 Quantity Estimate for First Floor to Fourth Floor .......................73
3.8.2.4 Abstract of Estimated Cost for Ground Floor..............................76
3.8.2.5 Abstract of Estimated Cost for First Floor to Fourth Floor .........78
CHAPTER 4............................................................................................80
4. OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM INTERNSHIP.............................80
4.1 Overall benefits gained................................................................................80
4.1.1 Improving practical skills ....................................................................81
4.1.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge ..................................................82
4.1.3 Upgrading personal communication skill............................................83
4.1.4 Improving team work skill...................................................................84
4.1.5 Improving leadership skill ...................................................................84
4.1.6 Understanding work ethics ..................................................................85
4.1.7 Entrepreneur skill.................................................................................87
CHAPTER 5............................................................................................89
5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..............................................89
5.1 Conclusion...................................................................................................89
5.2 Recommendations .......................................................................................91
5.2.1 Recommendation to the hosting company...........................................91

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5.2.2 Recommendation to the University .....................................................94
REFERENCE..........................................................................................95
APPENDIX..............................................................................................96

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: List of Equipment, Vehicles & Machineries‘ of the Company ...................9
Table 1.2 : List of Staffs ..............................................................................................11
Table 2.1 : Format of takeoff sheet we used in the site. .............................................19
Table 2.2 : The format of bar schedule working paper we used at the site. ...............20
Table 2.3 : The format of bill of quantity we used at the site......................................21
Table 2.4 : Formwork removal period at the site.........................................................30
Table 2.5 : Admixture Used in the Site........................................................................36
Table 2.6 : Box Dimension Ratio. ...............................................................................38
Table 2.7 : List of non-technical terms used in Site. ...................................................52
Table 3.1 : General Abstract of Cost. ..........................................................................67
Table 3.2 : Quantity Estimate for Ground Floor..........................................................68
Table 3.3 : Quantity Estimate for First Floor to Fourth Floor. ....................................73
Table 3.4 : Abstract of Estimated Cost for Ground Floor............................................76
Table 3.5 : Abstract of Estimated Cost for First Floor to Fourth Floor.......................78

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Company Organization Flow Chart..............................................................7
Figure 1.2: Company's Excavator & Grader................................................................10
Figure 1.3 Company's Dumper & Roller.....................................................................10
Figure 2.1 : Building construction in progress (Ground Floor)...................................14
Figure 2.2 : The work flow in the section....................................................................15
Figure 2.3 : Pit and Trench Excavation and masonry work.........................................25
Figure 2.4 : Isolated Footings (Photo taken from Chishi building construction site in
Dimapur)......................................................................................................................28
Figure 2.5 : Combined Footing (Photo taken from New Market building site Visit in
Dimapur)......................................................................................................................28
Figure 2.6 : Masonry work at construction site in Niesato Colony (my assigned
building).......................................................................................................................28
Figure 2.7 Formwork and Falsework (taken from New Market Construction Site Visit
in Dimapur)..................................................................................................................31
Figure 2.8 : Formwork to Footing Pads (Photo taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit in Dimapur)..................................................................................................32
Figure 2.9 : Formwork to Foundation Column (Photo taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur). ...........................................................................32
Figure 2.10 Formwork to Elevation Column (taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit). ....................................................................................................................32
Figure 2.11 : Tilt Drum Mixer Used in Site.................................................................37
Figure 2.12 : Batching Box Used in Site. ....................................................................37
Figure 2.13 : Curing by Wet Covering (taken from my assigned building site). ........42
Figure 2.14 : structural grade beam construction (taken from site visit).....................42
Figure 2.15 : Rebar at Plinth Level at Ground Floor for Parking (taken from assigned
building at Niesato Colony).........................................................................................43
Figure 2.16 : Reinforcement steel bar for beam (taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit in Dimapur)..................................................................................................43
Figure 2.17 : Bar Overlapping (Splicing). ...................................................................44
Figure 2.18 : Ceiling and Wall Finishing (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing Work
Site in Dimapur)...........................................................................................................47

xi
Figure 2.19 : Marble Chips/Tiles (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing Site in
Dimapur)......................................................................................................................47
Figure 3.1 : Ground Floor Plan (photocopy of original building plan). ......................56
Figure 3.2 : Typical Floor Plan (photocopy of original building plan). ......................57
Figure 3.3 : Roof Beam Layout (photocopy of original building plan).......................58
Figure 3.4 : Roof Beams Reinforcement Details (Photocopy of Original Building
Plan).............................................................................................................................59
Figure 3.5 : Lift Elevation Detail (photocopy of Original building Plan). ..................62
Figure 3.6 : Section of RCC Wall detailing Plan (photocopy of Original Building
Plan).............................................................................................................................63
Figure 3.7 : Sections of Column Reinforcement and Footing (Photocopy of Original
Building Plan). .............................................................................................................64
Figure 3.8 : Foundation Layout Plan (Photocopy of Original Building Plan).............65

1
COMPANY PROFILE
M/S SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. is a multi-disciplinary Construction cum
Consulting firm, a reputation for responsive, innovative yet practical design
approaches to complex Architectural & Engineering problems. Through their
experience and dedication to the construction industry M/s Singh Construction Co.
construction cum consulting firm is committed to provide with the most professional,
efficient and cost effective consultancy services. The goal of the company is to satisfy
the most demanding construction needs in Nagaland or elsewhere in the North-East
India.
Registered in the year 1981 (Registration No.- NPW/Class-I/48), M/s Singh
Construction Co., is an architectural & engineering partnership providing design,
supervision, consultancy and project management services and engineering solution
for various categories of projects. With core staff strength of all professionals in
affiliated engineering firms, and the use of the most recent information technology in
the production of contract information, the firm has over the years acquired a
thorough capability to execute medium to large scale project from feasibility through
design and contract administration to completion and project administration.
The company employs well-experienced engineers and professional, since its
inception, the primary motto of the company has been to complete its projects in time,
deliver quality products and services. The company‘s commitment to quality, cost
control and client satisfaction will be the cornerstone for its uninterrupted growth into
a reputed construction firm in a short period of time.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a dynamic organization of innovative professionals
who share a common goal to render the best and most effective services to the
demanding construction industry, which is sensitive to both cost containment and
service levels.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a private limited company registered and licensed
under the existing authorizing institute to conduct a wide spectrum of works in the
field of construction. Its main/head office is located in Dimapur with different
construction and projects at various regions in Nagaland.

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CHAPTER 1
1. BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY
1.1 Introduction
M/S SINGH CONSTRUCTION CO. is a multi-disciplinary Construction cum
Consulting firm, a reputation for responsive, innovative yet practical design
approaches to complex Architectural & Engineering problems. Through their
experience and dedication to the construction industry M/s Singh Construction Co.
construction cum consulting firm is committed to provide with the most professional,
efficient and cost effective consultancy services. The goal of the company is to satisfy
the most demanding construction needs in Nagaland or elsewhere in the North-East
India.
Registered in the year 1981 (Registration No.- NPW/Class-I/48), M/s Singh
Construction Co., is an architectural & engineering partnership providing design,
supervision, consultancy and project management services and engineering solution
for various categories of projects. With core staff strength of all professionals in
affiliated engineering firms, and the use of the most recent information technology in
the production of contract information, the firm has over the years acquired a
thorough capability to execute medium to large scale project from feasibility through
design and contract administration to completion and project administration.
The company employs well-experienced engineers and professional, since its
inception, the primary motto of the company has been to complete its projects in time,
deliver quality products and services. The company‘s commitment to quality, cost
control and client satisfaction will be the cornerstone for its uninterrupted growth into
a reputed construction firm in a short period of time.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a dynamic organization of innovative professionals
who share a common goal to render the best and most effective services to the
demanding construction industry, which is sensitive to both cost containment and
service levels.
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a private limited company registered and licensed
under the existing authorizing institute to conduct a wide spectrum of works in the

3
field of construction. Its main/head office is located in Dimapur with different
construction and projects at various regions in Nagaland.
1.2 Vision
To be the premier choice for all construction works in Nagaland and competitive
factor undertaking all types of construction work nationally.
Their vision to the future is becoming one of the leading Architectural & Engineering
constructions cum consultants in Nagaland.
1.3 Mission
Guided by their vision, they shall provide quality services exceeding client‗s
expectations while adhering to the highest standards of technical and individual
excellence through continuous improvement training and innovation.
 Adding value to clients.
 Nurturing and promoting talents.
 Respecting employees‘ intense efforts and contribution.
 To play a significant role in the construction sector.
 To Increase its organizational strength by recruiting professionals, who will
have at their clearance.
 Advanced, state of the art machineries.
 Take an active participation in the nation‘s economic development thus
ensuring maximum customer satisfaction.
1.4 Main objectives
Unparalleled customer satisfaction and a spirit of challenge as well as change are core
components of the company.
The company core objectives are:
(i) Clients service. They add value to client‗s project through innovative solutions.
Consistency and knowledge in dealing with clients has contributed to fulfillment and
corporate success.
(ii) Excellence. They are resilient and persistent in talking on challenging goal and
setting higher performance benchmarks that helps them to excel in every way that is
meaningful to clients, employees and vendors.

4
(iii) Quality. They are driven to attend to client‗s concern responsively towards
delivering commitments.
(iv) Employees. The company pursues business opportunities that will enable them to
be competitive by empowering employees to take on initiative and at the same time
promote ownership of responsibilities and accountabilities to results and performance.
Besides the above mentioned core objectives, the company has the following
objectives:
 Ensuring 95% of the projects executed by the company are accomplished
within the contract time.
 To play active developmental role in the construction sector.
 Undertaking gravel and asphalt road projects by maximizing its capacity.
 Construction of multi-purpose apartment buildings and residential houses.
 Construction of rail-ways.
 Constructions of hotel buildings and becoming direct stake holder in
hospitality industry.
 Establishing joint-venture investment projects with various international
companies with emphasis on construction related areas.
 Investing in various business activities-service trade, rental buildings, rental
helicopter Services, agricultural sector etc…
 To establish baseline data for construction services and delivery related
customer complaints and reduce the complaints by 80%.
 To assess our customer satisfaction level once per year to ensure continual
improvement of the service and delivery performances build the capacity of
their employees through training two times per year and at demand on quality
and environmental management and on other training identified according to
competence check list.
 To conduct internal audit and management review twice per year and at
demand.
 To develop suppliers to get the right materials, at the right time from right
source.
 Attaining high levels of professional and technical efficiency while keeping
pace with the ever-evolving technical advances in the industry

5
1.5 Quality assurance
 Quality Policy
They are committed to become a leading Architectural and Engineering consultant in
the country by providing value added services in a quality conscious environment that
not only exceeds the expectation of customers, vendors‗ employees and shareholders,
but also raises the standards of excellence in industry. We are committed to achieve
our goal by continually improving people, processes and products.
 Quality Objectives
 To win major projects and attain premier in the industry.
 To successfully execute projects undertaken.
 Continues development of competence & skill based on K2N human
resources.
1.6 Fields of specialization
M/s Singh Construction Company is specialized in Architectural, Structural,
Electrical, Sanitary and Mechanical design and construction management of
commercial, residential, industrial, educational, military, sport facilities, hotel and
office buildings as well as earth and rock fill dam, concrete dams, tunnels, water and
distribution, drainage, waste water solid waste disposal, motor ways, and high ways,
air field, terminals and so on.
1.7 Services rendering
M/s. Singh Construction Company has a solid reputation for completing projects in
time, within budget and with a high standard quality. It has attracted the attention of
so many governmental institutions and private companies for its high quality
construction work and performances in road, bridge and building construction line. It
is currently executing major infrastructure projects at various parts of the state
(Nagaland).
The company owns qualified experience of any type of construction projects of:-
(i) Road construction
 Urban and compound roads

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 Highways
 Rural and feeder roads
(ii) Bridge construction
 Construction of all kinds of bridges and highway bridges
(iii) Airport
(iv) Residential and non-residential buildings
(v) Other related fields with determinate skills to perform in such a professional way
to deliver its service to the satisfaction of their customers to enable them to achieve
their goal.
The company has a vital commitment in becoming a prominent contractor having
confident in its vital experience of the different disciplines of construction to deliver
its service in a much of professional way and full necessity of the dominant
customers.
They are involved in the construction of civil engineering projects of any types, such
as:
 High rise condominium, building construction works
 Water supply and other related construction works
 Major and minor bridge works
 Culvert works
 Air filed construction works asphalt and/or gravel pavements
 Major road work asphalt and/or gravel pavements.
1.8 Founder of the Company
M/S Singh Construction Co. is a private company and was founded and owned by
three persons on partnership. The names of these three persons are:
1. Sarabjit Singh Panesar
2. Jaspreet Kaur Panesar and
3. Taranjit Singh Panesar.

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1.9 Company Address
The company currently maintains its office in Dimapur, Nagaland. The complete
profile as follows:
M/s Singh Construction Co.
Nepali Basti, Circular Road
District: Dimapur
Pin Code: 797112
State: Nagaland
Tel. No.: 03862-248871
E-Mail: panesar27@gmail.com
1.10 Company structure
Figure 1.1 Company Organization Flow Chart
1.11 Organization And Management
In every organization, the most important asset is the people that play essential role in
the performance of the company‘s functions and responsibilities. Thus, M/s. Singh

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Construction Co. is fortunate to have highly qualified and experienced personnel.
Reciprocally, the company has aimed to provide its employees all the basic
necessities while performing their assigned tasks and at the same time equipped them
through training and seminars to enhance their capabilities. The company as
organization and the employees, because of the mutual benefits that simultaneously
being enjoyed by, has grown tremendously and has blazed a track record of fulfilling
its obligation and commitment both the customers and the community. They would
like to be on the level where they should be. Having confidence in the organization,
they aim high. The teamwork that has been developed through the years of hard work
has reaped a harvest of opportunities and wealth. They will continue to improve and
develop new concepts both in management and technology.
The firm is capable of furnishing well coordinating Architectural and civil
engineering design services by utilizing its in-house staff as well as its professional
associates. All engineering services carry the quality control assurance and guarantee
of the company‘s firm.
The company carried out any project by forming a dedicated project team. Each team
is headed by a senior design engineer and draftsmen enough to complete the project in
schedule. Design teams are dynamically managed to accommodate necessary and
fluctuating workload and tights schedules. Flexible teaming capability enable the
company to undertake large and small project with the lowest overhead costs thus
providing the best value to the client.
1.12 Reference projects and services rendered by the Company
Following are the descriptions of some of the major projects handled and constructed
by the company:
1.13 Company’s machineries’, vehicles and equipment
M/s Singh Construction Co. has given due consideration to all aspects which pertain
to the realization of high standard in all directions and that ensure the company's
competence and reliability. In this regard, the company has equipped itself with
modern and heavy duty machinery and equipment in sufficient quantity along with the
establishment of a full-fledged service workshop, and as per the regulations of the
Ministry of Works and Urban Development.

9
The following table shows the quantity of some machineries, vehicles and equipment
of M/s Singh Construction Co.:
Table 1.1: List of Equipment, Vehicles & Machineries’ of the Company
Type of Equipment, Vehicles & Machineries’ Quantity
Dozers 3
Loaders 2
Excavators 2
Graders 2
Compactors (Rollers) 4
Mobile Crane 4
Tower Crane 1
Trucks 7
Mini & Long Bus 2
Truck Crane 2
Single & Double Cabin Pick-Up 3
Crusher 2
Mixer 30
Tamper 10 tonnes 6
Water Pump 12
Vibrator 16
Grinder 12
Generator Set 4
Jack Hammer 2
Drill & Cutter 32
Tool Set 22
Forklift 9
Dumper 2
Scaffolding and Formwork 4+150m2

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The following figures show some of the machinery and equipment of M/s. Singh
Construction Co.
Figure 1.2: Company's Excavator & Grader
Figure 1.3 Company's Dumper & Roller
1.14 Organizational structure
M/s Singh Construction Co. is a well-structured and adequately staffed organization
capable of handling a number of projects at a time. The company uses the combined
knowledge and experience of personnel, from directors to skilled workers, for
consistent quality project delivery. The qualified, well-trained and committed
workforce also enables it to uphold project schedules, even under adverse
circumstances. All the achievements of the company have been made possible by the
dedicated efforts of executives and qualified personnel.
Employees at Company are working towards continuing success with the help of a
committed leadership and highly motivated workforce by enduring close relationships
with clients and alliance partners. The Company is highly increasing its manpower in
all levels of responsibility and professional practice pertaining to construction work.

11
This has created a relaxed and easy handling of a number of significant projects at a
time.
Besides working with freelance professionals and experts in various areas of
engineering disciplines, The Company has over 71 permanent staff with a core of 15
qualified professional civil engineers, mechanical engineers, professional surveyors
and other various disciplines. These teams are supported by a comprehensive array of
managerial, business, financial and administrative staff. Their expertise enables the
firm to offer clients a scope of services tailored to the operating requirements of
different regions, different cultures and environmental condition.
Some professional staff members with their level of education and their number is
indicated on the following table:
Table 1.2 : List of Staffs
Sl. No. Professional Staffs Qualification Total No.
1. Engineers Civil Eng., B.Sc.,
M.Sc., Degree
15
2. Surveyor Technical diploma 6
3. Construction
Superintendent
Certificate 6
4. Foreman Certificate 6
5. Material Inspector Certificate 5
6. Non-technical staff Diploma/Certificate 5
7. Operators Licensed 40

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CHAPTER 2
2. OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1 Introduction
The main aim of higher educational institutions, especially technology institutions, is
producing knowledgeable, well performed, country builder, productive and talented
students. Those students, after graduation, will be working in different companies,
organizations and other working sectors all over the country. Almost all practical
engineering applications are done based on the theories and principles of different
engineering fields that have been developed progressively.
Civil engineering practical applications, i.e., design, construction and supervision
have laid down their foundation on those theories and principles of the civil
engineering studying fields. In turn those principles and theories are the backbone for
different studying fields in higher technology institutions, like Mewar University. The
most interesting part of civil engineering study is that of its theories and principles are
almost applicable in all civil engineering design, construction and super vision works.
As under graduate student, I have grasp the basic principles and theories of civil
engineering design and construction work in my last three years of studying in this
university, civil engineering department. But this theoretical knowledge is not enough
to being a qualified civil engineer at the time of graduation. Knowing the practical
work and the real situation besides the theoretical knowledge in time of studying
makes one experienced in practical and theoretical knowledge at the time of
graduation. This is why the university needs its students to have an internship
program before graduation. For that matter I was really interested with my internship
program.
2.2 Joining the Company
The University, Mewar University, has relationships and tie-ups with different
companies and organizations through the University‘s Training & Placement
Department. The university‘s Training & Placement department has different
purposes and uses in introducing the university and its student for the external world.

13
The university‘s Training & Placement department presented two choices to opt any
one for every intern students.
1. Working internship program in a company which has been searched and
founded by the university‘s Training & Placement department.
2. Searching internship place by the intern student himself anywhere which
are comfortable and advantageous.
I was the intern student of the second option. Starting from July 2016 I was searching
a construction company by myself. I was also comparing different construction
companies and projects. Finally I decide to take my internship program in M/s Singh
Construction Co. in my home town, Dimapur. On contacting the company‘s HR
Manager, he agreed and allowed me to undertake my six months internship course in
their company. On 2nd
January 2017 I joined the company and I was blessed to have a
very experienced and knowledgeable mentor and a very friendly and experienced site
engineer to guide and assist me in every field of my training program right from
office works to site works. During my internship I was initially working in office
learning paper works after that I was working in site where a Residential Apartment
Building construction was in progress.
2.3 Short summary of the project
Among many projects of the Company as mentioned in the Company‘s Profile. Thus
from those listed I have been working in the Residential Apartment Building
Construction project at Niesato Colony, Dimapur, Nagaland.
Project title: M/s Singh Apartment Construction TA2016.
Project location: Niesato Colony, Dimapur.
Client: Temjen Ao.
Contractor: M/s Singh Construction Co.
Consultant: Environ Assemblers.
Cost of project: ₹ 1,23,29,230.00 (estimated).
The objective of the project is to build G+4 (five storeyed) residential apartment
building which gives high quality services.

14
Figure 2.1 : Building construction in progress (Ground Floor).
2.4 Section of the company I was assigned to work in
Upon my arrival at the site I was assigned to observe and carry out tasks that were the
responsibility of an office engineer from the contractor side. I must admit the tasks I
was handed at first were somewhat not related to the responsibility of the site engineer
for they were drawing floor plan and reinforcement bars for slab. But as time went by
I started to carryout office and site engineer tasks.
My hosting company has many projects in our country as I mentioned in the company
profile. Thus from those listed I have been working in the M/s Singh Apartment
Construction TA2016 construction project. The project is to erect and construct a
mega G+4 floors building. The ground floor plan area is 8535 square feet where
around 45% of plan area is allotted for parking. The building being an apartment
building, it is designed likewise where every flat has 2BHK (two bedrooms, one hall
and one kitchen). The building being a residential building all the floors (G+1, G+2,
G+3, G+4) is designed the same with same room dimensions, specifications having
2BHK for each flat. But when I was arrived at the site the footing, foundation, and
column for the ground floor were already constructed

15
On the site as per the contract different offices are provided (temporary office
buildings) in each offices varies activities carried out. Such as Consultants office,
Project manager‘s office, Administration, Finance, Office Engineer‘s, Site Engineer,
Forman‘s, Store, Guard‘s house and Surveying office.
2.5 The work flow in the section
The working flow of the consultant and the contractor has many advantages in order
to work every task closely and to solve problems arise between them. In every work
there is a work flow whatever small is the section, my working site at Niesato Colony
project the work flow was look like the chart below.
As shown in the chart every work was executed based on this flow.
Figure 2.2 : The work flow in the section.
1. Design and Supervisor team: The team includes structural engineer, architectural
engineers, sanitary engineers, electrical engineers and other experienced engineers in
other professions. The design and supervision team is a team from the consultant side
which guide every work executed in that site and gives supervision for the contractor
based on the drawing and the specification (bill of quantity).
This team mostly comes to the site when there is amiss or some miss understanding
on drawings, working techniques, drawing detailing error, and for meeting between
the three parties. The team provides continuous service to the project from start to
finish, establishing and maintaining the quality and integrity of each design.

16
2. Resident Engineer: Position is responsible for multiple construction projects or a
single project of a large scale requiring multiple disciplines. This includes reviewing
design; supervising construction progress and scheduling; starting up process
systems/equipment or facilities for turning over to the owner's personnel. Supervise
field staff and contractors on the site with responsibility for quality construction in
accordance with plans and specifications. He/she also responsible for approval of
change orders, invoices, and payment applications which may include final payment.
So, the resident engineer mostly control every work as much as possible in terms of
their quality, cost and time. Testing of materials delivered at site and safety of
workers starting from managers to daily labors also the duty of the resident engineer.
3. Project Engineer: The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and
in our site these positions is accountable for the contractor or the owner and are
appointed by the owner of the construction company. The main duty of the manager
is; manages the whole site work execution, Makes payment to sub contract workers,
Approves material request, Analyses the work processes, Executes sub-contracting
agreements, Reviews and checks the reports made by the office engineer.
4. Site Engineer: Site engineer shall be accountable for the following tasks and
responsibilities:
 Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any
modifications.
 To watch and inspect the construction work and assure that it is done in full
accordance with the drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities.
 Supervising the works on site in accordance with the contract documents
and using the template and procedure established by the consultant.
 Inspecting and testing materials prior to their use at site as per sample
approved by the consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material out from site.
 Ensuring the correct implementation of the works according to technical
specifications, to designs and quality of materials
 Checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to existing
structures and site levels.

17
 Checking and testing of completed works before they are covered by the
contractor, taking photos on a regular basis and also on account of defective work.
 Ensuring that health and safety measures are adopted and followed to the
full extent.
 prepare weekly report and suggest and instruct additional safety measures if
needed
 Maintain a filing system for all site memos and instructions, measured
quantities of work and materials on site, reports and other documents and
correspondence pertaining to the construction activities and
 Maintain a site order book to be made available for the consultants and
senior officers to write comments or defects in construction noticed during site visits
and carrying out compliance at site.
5. Foreman: A foreman is the worker or tradesman who is in charge of a construction
crew and is a skilled supervisor who is responsible to work side by side with the
project manager, property owner, and other construction design engineers in order to
complete a project in a given time limit. His job is to employ the suitable workers on
the various tasks to complete the job, and supervise all phases of the construction
project from start to end or supervise only a portion of the building process Normally
the foreman is a construction worker with many years of experience in a particular
trade who is charged with organizing the overall construction of a particular project.
Typically the foreman is a person with specialist knowledge of a given trade who has
moved into the position and is now focused on an overall management of all trades
rather than any particular specialized group.
A good foreman is the keystone of their projects since they control every work more
closely than the others like project manager, site engineer etc. the Forman also have a
duty of motivating workers and choosing good workers for every aspects of work.
6. Surveyor: In any construction a surveyor is mandatory so, in our site the surveyor
works starting from setting out to checking verticality, keeping the natural level of the
building, checking elevation of columns.

18
7. Skilled and Unskilled Workers: This group includes masons, carpenter, bar
benders and the daily laborers. In our country workers of such group are appointed
only by experience these have its own advantage on the constriction. They work
everything as they ordered by withier the Forman or the site engineer.
8. Store keeper: store the sites equipment, construction materials and controls the
number of materials that came in and out of the store.
So, among these sections, I worked in different sections both in the site and in the
office of my hosting company.
2.6 Work piece or task I was executing
Actually I assigned from the university to work with consultants but consultation is
not easy task to perform especially for students because it needs experienced and
further specialized person in the field and most of the work is not parallel with civil
engineering it has different field within it. So, to know every work what civil
engineers do I try to work and share experience with company‘s Engineers‘ in
addition to consultant. And also the consultant main work at the site is controlling
time, cost, quality and safety of workers so those work needs inspection, test
conducting and taking different measures when the contractor don‗t execute it
properly. Their main work is to advice and provides abettor idea how the project will
finish with a minimum cost, time and quality.
Generally I have been working in the two sections as mentioned above. I classify the
works into office work and site work. Mostly the work I executed on the site was
supervising, working as a site engineer, surveyor and Foreman.
2.6.1 Office Work
In my six months internship period I experience Office works that are worked mostly
at the site this includes some tasks performed by office engineer and quantity
surveyor. Such as:
1. Taking off
2. Bill of quantity
3. Report writing
4. Reading and interpreting drawings
1. Taking off: This is the process of preparing / defining a detailed list of all labor
and materials necessary for the work and entering the items on properly dimensioned

19
paper. The standard form used for entering the dimensions taken or scaled from
drawings to determine the accurate quantity in each trade of work, except
reinforcement steel, is called take off sheet or dimension paper. The main aim of
this sheet is for payment and cost estimation for purchasing and preparing bill of
quantity. The dimension paper used for taking off is double – ruled A4 size paper as
shown below:
Table 2.1 : Format of takeoff sheet we used in the site.
Take Off Sheet
Project:_______ Block type:___________
Client: ________
Consultant:________ Location:____________
Contractor:____________
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and is called the time
stating column.
Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items
of works. The dimensions are entered in the order indicated below:
Length, Width, Height or thickness.
Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are
multiplied to determine the quantity of the work either in m, m2
, m3
or in Pcs. or No.
Whereas column 4 is called description column and description of the work item is
briefly stated. Based on the above format I have calculated the quantity of concrete in

20
m2
and in m3
, formwork in m2
and excavation in m2
. We were to use m3
for depth
greater than 30 cm and if it is less than we use m2
.
A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities as
shown below:
Bar schedule is used to know the amount of rebar used on the site and to tell the bar
bender that the amount of bar needed in some position of the building and its number.
The following tasks are part of the taking off (used to facilitate defining the
quantities): Describing the item, bracketing (relating the description to the quantity),
dotting on, the ampersand (ditto), waste calculations, deduction of items, correction
of dimensions (nullifying).
Table 2.2 : The format of bar schedule working paper we used at the site.
Sheet No._________
Bar Schedule Sheet
Project:________ Block Type:_______
Client:_________ Date:____________
Consultant:________ Location:_________
Contractor:________
_________ ____________ __________
Contractor Site Supervisor Consultant
Ite
m
Loca
tion
Dr
.
N
o.
Sha
pe
Diamet
er
Length
No.
Of
Bars
No.
Of
Floor
s
No.
of
Me
mb
ers
Leng
th
∑L for each
diameter
Total length
Weight in Kg/m
Total weight in Kg
2. Bill of Quantity: The traditional purpose of bills of quantities is to act as a uniform
basis for inviting competitive tenders, and to assist in valuing completed work. Bills
of quantity are ﬁrst designed to meet the needs of estimators, although some

21
estimators say the bill format has changed to assist the consultants, in cost planning
exercises through the widespread use of elemental bills.
A contractor can also make use of the bill of quantities in many ways, for example:
1. To plan material purchasing (note the danger in ordering from a bill: the contractor
should always order materials from drawn information and the speciﬁcation, making
the contract administrator aware of any differences)
2. Preparing resourced programmes.
3. Cost control during the contract to ensure work is within budget.
4. Data collection during construction for bonus systems and feedback information
for estimators.
It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of
the specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine
the total Cost for each trade of item. In the site the bill of quantity is done by
consultant with the contract document but at site we work it again for payment.
Table 2.3 : The format of bill of quantity we used at the site.
Project_________
____________ ___________
Client Contractor
Item Description Unit Quantity Unit price
(Rate)
Amount
There are four clearly defined steps in preparation of Bill of Quantities:
 Taking off
 Squaring
 Abstracting

22
 Writing the bill off quantity
Report Writing
Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in evaluating the
status of a project. It entails us how we are accomplishing our set targets at the onset
of a project. It will also help decision makers to follow the status of the project
without being present physically on the site. The reports should explain the history of
the project. It should be realistic and self-explanatory. Numbers in a report are far
important than number crunching. Putting numbers for a report writer like 10% or
90% may be simple but the meaning for the decision makers is very vital. Putting
wrong figures knowingly or unknowingly are devastating.
Types of Report:
The types of reports to be submitted in a project depends on project type; complexity;
working habit etc.
In our project we work the following reports
 Weekly report and
 Monthly report
Weekly Progress Report: This is the lowest report form. (lowest means the level of
view of the project is high). In short - it evaluates the accomplishment of the weekly
plan and puts the next week schedule. This report will show the achievement/
drawbacks of the project at the broadest level and help the project manager ( PM) or
Resident Engineer (RE) to solve the shortcomings at the grass root level.
Major Contents of a Weekly Report: Project data ,Accomplishment of weekly Plan,
Weekly labor and Machinery Deployment, Material Delivered to the site, major
Problems of the week , Solutions given to the major problems, Anticipated problems
to be solved for the next week , next week plan and so on.
Monthly Progress Report: This is a report with a view of many eyes. This will be
thoroughly seen by second level observers. The contractor, the client and the
Consultant‗s representative will make an in depth view of the report to have full
information about the project status. This is a report where major bottle necks of the
project will be narrated and the performance of the parties will be vividly seen.
Major Contents of Monthly Progress Report: Accomplishment of monthly Plan,
Monthly labor and Machinery Deployment, Material Delivered to the site, major

23
Problems of the month , Solutions given to the major problems, Anticipated problems
to be solved for the next month , next month plan, Contractual matters -Delay
Notifications (if any) ,variations ( if any) and so on.
Reading and Interpreting Drawings: Drawings are the means by which the designer
conveys the physical, quantitative, and visual description of the project to the
contractor. The drawings are a two-dimensional representation of the physical
structure that meets the objectives of the owner. They are also known as plans or
blueprints
In our site there were 4 types of drawing;
1. Architectural drawing
2. Structural drawing
3. Sanitary drawing
4. Electrical installation drawing
These drawings are the main language between the architect, designer and any worker
at the site or office to build the model in position as specified by the designer and the
client, based on the agreement. Thus, to work as an engineer in the construction site it
is mandatory knowing drawings and any other specification. Drawings are the most
common means of communication for all types and sizes of project. Thus, I
understand each drawing and knew every symbol abbreviation for every section and I
was able to communicate with different workers using it.
2.6.2 Site work
The site work was the very important task for me because the internship main
objective lies over here and I have gained so much of knowledge from the site like
communication skill, handling workers, management skill etc. within six months I
have the ability to see many works from the project.
The work tasks I executed at site were:
 Supervising of works
 Inspecting the worked element and how they work
 Checking the work based on the given check list
 Testing materials
The site work in general overlay over the supervision part so I have been working as
supervisor based on the given check list that our company give to us. Every work
must be checked weather it was executed based on the methodology that the

24
contractor provides to the consultant or not. If not the contractor must report the case
why they didn‗t execute upon it.
2.6.2.1 Earthwork and Excavation
Before carrying out any work on any site the site will be inspected where necessary in
conjunction with the engineer. Before starting any work, the site will be surveyed in
cooperation with the engineer's representative to establish existing ground levels, and
these agreed ground levels shall form the basis for the calculation of quantities of any
subsequent excavation and filling.
2.6.2.1.1 Setting Out
Setting out is the process of laying down the excavation lines and center lines etc. on
the ground, before excavation is started. The setting out is done correctly with proper
measuring tape and accurate leveling instrument.
The steps in marking points can be summarized as follows;
 Establish reference points;
 Fix wooden pegs and batten boards around the site to be excavated.
 Make the center line of the walls;
 Mark the plinth lines;
 By stretching strings, check right angles by forming triangles with sides
 3, 4 and 5 units long or by measuring the diagonals;
 If all dimensions are correct and all corners are right angel, the cutting
 Lines are marked on the ground using limes.
I didn‘t saw this work but I tried to grasp some knowledge and ideas by asking the
engineers how it was worked and its main procedures.
2.6.2.1.2 Excavation
Excavation is the first step of construction. It refers to the process of removing soil or
rock from its original location, typically in preparation for constructing foundations,
basements, and underground utility lines and for grading of the ground surface.
Excavated material required for backfill or grading fill is stockpiled on the site for
subsequent use. Excavation work I have seen was including bulk excavation, pit
excavation and trench excavation. The main aim of the excavation work is to remove
organic soils or unwanted soil for the safety of the building from chemical attacking.
Excavation shall be carried out to the lines, levels, width, depth and grades and shown

25
on the drawings, directed by the Engineer or as appropriate to the works to be placed
in the excavation.
Pit excavation: It is an excavation made for foundation footing pad with column by
considering working space of 200 up to 300mm to each side of the dimension.
Trench excavation: It is an excavation made for constructing foundation walls stone
masonry with leaving working area for both sides of the wall of specified width on the
plan.
 This depth is filled by the stone masonry which placed on 5cm thick lean
 concrete
 Stone masonry should be laid with specified mortar, well filled joint
 The stone should be hard, sound, free from crack and weathering
 It should be freshly quarried from an approved quarry
 It is not round surface
Figure 2.3 : Pit and Trench Excavation and masonry work.
Bulk excavation: It is an excavation made for making the ground level or an
excavation made for filling selected material. Or we can say that bulk excavation
means removing black cotton soil because as you know black cotton soil is very
expansive and it has a low bearing capacity therefore we must remove it from the site
and the area is back filled with selected materials.
Fill: Fill work will follow the erection of foundation column. Bulk, pit and trench
excavations need to be back filled with a better soil type, which will have better

26
compaction character and would bring the minimum required proctor density. In order
to attain the minimum standard as mentioned on the Bill of Quantity, they deploy
appropriate machineries.
Niesato Colony area had shown that the natural excavated soil alone wouldn‗t attain
the compaction density based on the tested value. The soil should have to be blended
with a granular material like red ash. The excavated soil was deposited somewhere
close to the project site and it was blended there with the red ash to be borrowed from
outside. The blending process involves different machineries like loader, excavator,
and dump trucks. After blending, it was transported to the right place it has filled. The
dump trucks dump it within the site laid out, and then the loader spread it to the
required thickness, which is at every 20mm. Eight ton roller self-equipped with water
sprinkling device ram and vibrate it well. This was done to the bulk fill area. For the
pit the same blended fill was utilized, but the machines that compact was different
than the bulk fill area. Here the roller wouldn‗t apply rather it was performed by frog
compactors. Water was sprinkled by hose in order to increase the PI of the fill, so that
it was compacted to the required stage. The final levels of fill was adjusted, graded
and prepared to receive bedding to lay on fill.
Cart Away: This is the disposing off extra excavated material away from the
construction site. Cart away is calculated by deducting the back fill from the total
volume of soil excavated.
𝑉 = 𝑇. 𝑆 - 𝐵. 𝐹
𝑉 =(𝑇. 𝐸 + 𝑃. 𝐸 + 𝐵. 𝐸)- 𝐵. 𝐹
Where,
T.S =total soil,
B.F =back fill
T.E = soil obtained from trench excavation
P.E = soil excavated from pit excavation
B.E = Bulk Excavated soil

27
N.B:-since cart away is measured by meter cube, all the other soil amounts are
changed to meter cube.
2.6.2.2 Foundation work
In my internship practice, I have practiced the two main shallow foundation types,
isolated footings and combined footings. A foundation is part of a structure which is
in direct contact with the ground to which the loads are transmitted. Since foundation
is constructed bellow the floor finished level, it is included as one part of the sub
structures of the building. Foundations are normally placed below the ground level.
The soil or rock surface on which a building rests is called the foundation bed.
Foundations have the following purposes:
 To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring
intensity of loading with the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
 To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal
settlement.
 To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting materials.
 To secure a level and firm bed for building operation.
 To increase the stability of the structure as a whole.
 To ensure safety against undermining and protection against soil movements.
 To provide even surface for the structure to rest etc.
2.6.2.2.1 Isolated Footing
Isolated footings are footings which carry a load from a single column. Reinforcement
is provided in the form of steel bars and is placed in both directions. Under normal
conditions, square & rectangular footings are economical for supporting columns &
wall. Figure is shown in figure 2.4.
2.6.2.2.2 Combined Footing
The following pictures show combined footing before concert cast and after cast:
A combined footing is usually used to support the columns of unequal loads. In such
case, the resultant of the applied loads would not coincide with the centroid of the
footings and consequently the soil pressure would not be uniform. Combined
foundation is an efficient foundation solution is when there are two interior columns
which are so close to each other that the two isolating footings stress zones in the soil
areas would overlap. Figure is shown in figure 2.5.

28
Here at the bottom we can see the pictures that I took from site visits
.
Figure 2.4 : Isolated Footings (Photo taken from Chishi building construction site
in Dimapur)
Figure 2.5 : Combined Footing (Photo taken from New Market building site Visit
in Dimapur)
Figure 2.6 : Masonry work at construction site in Niesato Colony (my assigned
building).

29
2.6.2.3 Masonry Work
Masonry are works that are executed by laying building material units such as stone,
brick and HCB of specified dimension by providing a binding material such as
mortar. I got the opportunity to see masonry work above the plinth beam of the
building. The masonry below the plinth beam was built of non-modular bricks and
above the plinth beam also the non-modular bricks were used. Stone used for masonry
work shall be hard and sound, free from vents, cracks, fishers, discoloration or other
defects that will adversely affect strength or appearance. After constructing masonry
wall, the plinth beam was constructed directly over it. It gives an appearance of
additional stability to the building and also the clearance from the ground level as
shown in figure 2.6.
Note that stone wall is measured by volume and the masonry wall over lied in a c-5
lean concrete.
2.6.2.4 Concrete Form Work
As fresh concrete is in plastic state when it is placed for construction purpose so, it
becomes necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support the
concrete till it gains sufficient strength for self-supporting. This temporary structure is
called form work. Concrete formwork serves as a mold to produce concrete elements
having a desired size and configuration. It is usually erected for this purpose and then
removed after the concrete has cured to a satisfactory strength. In some cases,
concrete forms may be left in place to become part of the permanent structure. For
satisfactory performance, formwork must be adequately strong and stiff to carry the
loads produced by the concrete, the workers placing and finishing the concrete, and
any equipment or materials supported by the forms.
In the site the form work material we use was plywood material which had a good
surface finish.
Plywood is used extensively for concrete forms and provides the following
advantages:
It is economical in large panels.
It is available in various thicknesses.
It creates smooth, finished surfaces on concrete.

30
The general step used to construct a formwork in the site is:
 Prepare the false works in the desired position and level.
 Preparing the form work in a desired shape based on the drawing or the size of
the structure that is going to be cast.
 Painting with a releasing agent if needed.
 Nailing it with appropriate bracing element and false work.
The type of formwork that was utilized on our site was a combination of ply wood,
bamboo and timber (eucalyptus) where necessary. The purpose of employing ply
wood, bamboo and timber is to make sure that quality concrete with perfect alignment
would result. For horizontal structures like reinforced concrete slab the ply wood
without being cut was placed. At the same time for the beams they use plywood form
work for the soffit and timber or plywood for the sides. For vertical reinforced
concrete structures ply wood formwork with timber false work was used. As most of
the elevation columns assume uniform size, the ply wood was cut in size and was
produced in a manner it could be easily fixed and dismantled. The bracing was done
from timber and nailed perfectly to confine the fresh concrete. Reinforced concrete
slabs and beams formwork was supported and fixed on eucalyptus pops and props.
Dismantling of the formwork commenced after the allowable dates have elapsed since
the day of the concrete casting. Accordingly column and side formworks will be
dismantled after 16 hours elapsed from the concrete casting and other soffit
formworks should stay in position until the concrete gets cured. The dates of
dismantling for the soffit formworks were shortened by the use of fast curing concrete
admixtures. The use of these admixtures will allow them to move fast forward with
the construction and immediate utilization of the formwork on other successive
structures.
Table 2.4 : Formwork removal period at the site.
Vertical column, walls and beams 24 hour
Soffit work to slab and beam 24 to 28 Days
Props to slab and beam 14 Days

31
Figure 2.7 Formwork and Falsework (taken from New Market Construction Site
Visit in Dimapur).
Formworks to Footing Pads: Most of the pads which have larger and similar size
were made via plywood formworks. Those of pads with a smaller size were made via
together fixed timbers of locally available type. Such formworks was dismantled and
directly fitted to their similar type pads, successively as shown in figure 2.8.
Formworks to Foundation Column: A Foundation column with similar cross-
section and height was identified and their respective formworks were made ready, in
a manner that they could be able to use them in rotation as shown in figure 2.9.
Formwork to Elevation Columns: same as explained in Foundation Columns. The
only exception here was the height of the columns. Since the height of the columns in
some of the blocks is different than the others, the formwork preparations were
consider this fact as shown in figure 2.10.

32
Figure 2.8 : Formwork to Footing Pads (Photo taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur)
Figure 2.9 : Formwork to Foundation Column (Photo taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur).
Figure 2.10 Formwork to Elevation Column (taken from New Market Construction
Site Visit).

33
Formwork to Grade Beams: together sawn timbers of locally available type were
made ready for all internal and external surfaces of the Grade Beams.
Formwork to Suspended slabs and beams: Plywood formwork was made available
to all these parts of the structure.
2.6.2.5 Concrete Mixing Method
Concrete: Concrete is a composite consisting of the dispersed phase of aggregates
(ranging from its maximum size coarse aggregates down to the fine sand particles)
embedded in the matrix of cement paste. This is a Portland cement concrete with the
four constituents of Portland cement, water, stone and sand. These basic components
remain in current concrete but other constituents are now often added to modify its
fresh and hardened properties.
This has broadened the scope in the design and construction of concrete structures. It
has also introduced factors that designers should recognize in order to realize the
desired performance in terms of structural adequacy, constructability, and required
service life. These are translated into strength, workability and durability in relation to
properties of concrete.
In addition, there is the need to satisfy these provisions at the most cost effective price
in practice. Since our building is a reinforced concrete structure the concrete work
was commenced every day for constructing/development of every part of the building.
Constituents of Concrete: The constituents of modern concrete have increased from
the basic four (cement, water, stone, and sand) to include both chemical and mineral
admixtures. These admixtures have been in use for decades, first in special
circumstances, but have now been incorporated in more and more general applications
for their technical and at times economic benefits in either or both fresh and hardened
properties of concrete.
Cement: Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive
properties that make it capable of bonding mineral fragments (‗aggregates‘) into a
compact whole. In this process, it imparts strength and durability to the hardened
mass called concrete. The cements used in the making of concrete are called hydraulic
cements so named, because they have the property of reacting chemically with water
in an exothermic (heat generating) process called hydration that results in water

34
resistant products. The products of hydration form a viscous cement paste, which
coats the aggregate surfaces and fills some of the void spaces between the aggregate
pieces.
The cement paste loses consistency (‗stiffens‘) on account of gradual loss of ‗free
water‘, adsorption and evaporation, and subsequently ‗sets‘, transforming the mixture
into a solid mass. If the consistency of the cement paste is either excessively ‗harsh‘
or excessively ‗wet‘, there is a danger of segregation, i.e., the aggregate tends to
separate out of the mix; this will adversely affect the quality of the hardened concrete
and result in a ‗honeycomb‘ appearance. The freshly set cement paste gains strength
with time (‗hardens‘), on account of progressive filling of the void spaces in the paste
with the reaction products, also resulting in a decrease in porosity and permeability.
Aggregate: Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete,
it contributes significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially
strength, durability and volume stability. In general, aggregates in concrete have been
grouped according to their sizes into fine and coarse aggregates.
The separation is based on materials passing or retained on the nominally 5 mm
(ASTM No. 4) sieve. It is common to refer to fine aggregate as sand and coarse
aggregate as stone. Traditionally, aggregates are derived from natural sources in the
form of river gravel or crushed rocks and river sand. Fine aggregate produced by
crushing rocks to sand sizes is referred as manufactured sand.
Water: Water has a significant role to play in the making of concrete — in mixing of
fresh concrete and in curing of hardened concrete. In order to ensure proper strength
development and durability of concrete, it is necessary that the water used for mixing
and curing is free from impurities such as oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar and organic
materials.
Water that is fit for human consumption (i.e., potable water) is generally considered to
be suitable for concreting. However, when the portability of the water is suspect, it is
advisable to perform a chemical analysis of the water.
Admixtures:
Admixtures are defined as materials other cement, water and aggregate that are used
as ingredients of concrete and are added to the batch immediately before use or during

35
mixing. These day concrete I being used for so many purposes in different condition.
In these conditions ordinary concrete may fail to exhibit the required quality or
durability or workability. In most cases admixture is used to modify the property of
the ordinary concrete so as to make it suitable to any condition.
Admixtures are additives that are introduced in a concrete mix to modify the
properties of concrete in its fresh and hardened states. Fast curing admixtures allow
curing the concrete within 3 to 5 days after the date of pouring the concrete. Such
application will only be made after the conduct of the test and the satisfaction of the
Resident Engineer.
The amount of the admixture to be added varies in accordance to the manufacturer‗s
specification. All relevant documents and specifications will be available before
conducting the mix design and test for approval. After the satisfaction of the
Supervisor the Contractor will execute the successive duties.
If the use of admixtures ensures the early curing of the concrete structure, the date of
removal of the formwork will be dictated accordingly.
In our site two type of admixture has been used. This are:
a) Nito bond
Nito bond is used for bonding fresh to old concrete especially for beam after it is
suspended for 24 hours. Its color description is supposed to be white and green. There
is another agent called Epoxy which has a capacity to harden after 30 minutes.
b) Rheomix
Rheomix is another type of admixtures used in the site. It is used for bonding old
poured concrete with fresh poured concrete especially for plastering, slab, stair case
and normal beam. Its color appears to be white. It will be mixed with water before
used. And its mix ratio goes like this with two steps.
The first step said to be primary coat uses a ratio with water one to four (1:4). The
second and the final step said to be secondary coat uses a ratio with water one to one
(1:1).

36
Table 2.5 : Admixture Used in the Site.
Admixture name Use Dosage
Epoxy resin concrete
bonding agent
(NITOBOND EP)
For bonding of fresh wet
concrete to existing
cement surface.
By spraying over the joint
(not specified).
High performance super
plasticizing admixture,
accelerator (CONPLAST
SP 430)
To provide excellent
acceleration of strength
gain at early stage and
major increase in strength
at all age by significantly
reducing water demand in
a concrete mix.
Ranges from 1litter per
100 kg cement material.
Concrete Mixing Method: Through mixing of materials is essential for the
production of uniform concrete. The mixing should ensure that the mass becomes
homogeneous, uniform in colors & consistency. There are two methods adapted for
mixing concrete.
 Hand Mixing and
 Machine Mixing.
2.6.2.5.1 Hand Mixing
Hand mixing is practiced for small scale unimportant concrete works. As the mixing
cannot be through & efficient, it is desirable to add 10% more cement to compensate
the inferior concrete produced by this method.
2.6.2.5.2 Machine Mixing
Machine mixing obviously gives better and uniform mixes than hand mixing and
because of this reason, it is generally recommended. There are different types of
concrete mixers such as, Tilting drum mixer, non-tilting drum type, pan mixer type,
truck mixer, plant mixer etc.

37
It is seen from experiment that the strength of concrete will increase with increasing
time of mixing, but for mixing time beyond 2 min, the important in compressive
strength is not very significant.
The following figure shows one of the mixer machines called tilt drum mixer which
we used in site:
Figure 2.11 : Tilt Drum Mixer Used in Site.
2.6.2.6 Batching
Prior to the mixing of ingredients it is essential to measure the materials accurately to
ensure the right proportions. The concrete may be batched either by weight or by
volume. The batching is done by using batching box which is shown in the following
figure:
Figure 2.12 : Batching Box Used in Site.

38
The following table shows the ratio and box dimension of different concrete classes:
Table 2.6 : Box Dimension Ratio.
CONCRETE
CLASS
RATIO BOX
DIMENSION
USES
C-5 1:4:6 16*40*50 Lean Concrete
C-25 1:2:3 18*40*50 Pad, Slab, Beam,
Stair, Column,
Shear wall.
C-30 1:2:3 16*40*50 Grade Beam,
Column, Shear
Wall.
Methodology: The concrete work involves three types of concrete grades; C-5, C-20,
C-25. Except for the lean concrete to the rest of the concrete types we are going to
employ ordinary Portland cement of ACC Cement. For the later prepare test cubes
and sample was taken for different curing schedules.
Fast curing concrete admixture for all horizontal but suspended reinforced concrete
structures was introduced. The use of this admixture will bring down the date of cure
to a considerable standard. Taking the advantage of this shortened date of curing, the
formworks can be relocated in a speedy manner to the next successive job.The
required grade cement was purchased and stored in advance.
The secure of such important materials at the earliest possible time would have an
enormous advantage. A store was constructed out of Corrugated iron sheet (both the
wall and the roofing).
A platform elevated from the natural ground level was made from dry eucalyptus in a
very close spacing in one direction. A thick polyethylene sheet was placed on top of
the wood and then the cement is stored. Gravel was available around Dimapur town.

39
The mix design will comprise of the employment of fine aggregate altogether with
approved sand quality. The concrete work requires machine intensive approach, so
that relevant output could be implied.
A stationary mixer of 750lit capacity and mobile mixer of 2500lit capacity were
deployed for the batching of the concrete.
The mobile mixer was self-loading, self-watering and self-shooting, with the help of
extra shooter produced on site. The stationed mixers will be supplied with dumper and
the output also will be conveyed by the same to the specific place. As they are going
to use fast curing admixture, the workability of the concrete increases, before the
setting time begins.
As the curing date will be shortened the project will be advantaged from time. The
uplifted structures was essentially were supported by the mobile crane. Such
mechanized approach is essential to fulfill the interest of the project to complete the
task within the specified period of time.
The maximum concrete work capacity within a day was 165m3/day. The concrete
casting was stopped where allowable distances are covered with respect to the
structural elements.
The continuation was performed by creating a strong bondage methodology. Such
bondage points do not exceed more than 1/3 distance from the nearest beam. Joints
were treated with special chemicals like epoxy, so that harmonized structural concrete
was established.
Lean concrete(C-5): It poured and placed in position on a surface which presupposes
trimming. The mix was made by utilization of 150kg cement /m3 of concrete in
minimum. The cement use for such work was PPC.
Footing Pad(C-25): After the form work is done concrete was mixed using the ratio
of 1:2:3 ratios. The capacity of the self-feeder mixer was satisfy alone this amount.
Since the mixer is reaching close to the pads and equipped with own shooter the
pouring was easy.
Foundation Column(C-25): It basically follows the finish of the footing pads.
Forthwith the casting of the footing pad concrete and the placement of rebar and

40
fixing of formwork, the same number of footing columns as the footing pads was
casted. Concrete was poured by labor receiving from the dumpers.
Grade Beam(C-25): Following the finish of masonry wall lean concrete will be
poured in order to maintain even and level surface. Forthwith the placing of
reinforcement bar and the formwork the concrete were poured. Where the casting of
the concrete could not be finalized within the day proper joining places will be
maintained like keeping the distance, 1/3 of the grade beams length.
Ground Slab(C-20): c-20 grade of concrete was applied on ground slabs. After the
works underneath are finalized and the horizontal level is maintained, the placement
of the reinforcement bar mesh was take place.
The next thing that will come is casting of the concrete. As all ground slabs are
surrounded with grids of the grade beams, it was simple to cast on each grid,
following the guide of level given by the grade beam.
Elevation column(C-25): The same procedure was followed as the foundation
columns. Though the height in some of the blocks is different than the others, the
casting was monolithic.
Suspended Slabs and Beams(C-25): The concrete casting of suspended slabs and the
adjoining beams executed at the same time. Before the casting of the concrete the
placement and tying of the concrete spacers were carefully done, in order to ensure
the required concrete cover. Dusts and other detrimental dirt were getting removed.
After making sure that all surfaces are clean and the temporary structures are stiff
enough the casting was induced.
The library and the dining block suspended slabs and adjoining beams are of huge
volume. Therefore, highly mechanized casting was deployed to carry out the duty. For
the sake of minimizing the joints, the output of the work there was escalated. Into this
effect, mobile crane and the self-feeder mixer were used. Working of extended extra
hour was also observed.
2.6.2.7 Curing of Concrete
The curing of concrete is a reaction between the type of cement in the concrete and
the water. This reaction between cement and water is known as hydration .when the

41
concrete sets and gains strength through this process. So curing is very importance for
the following main reasons:
It is known that all the properties of good concrete are related to perfect setting of
cement. It is also know that the process of setting involves complex hydration
reaction, which requires a lot of water. A good quality of water is added to the
concretes while making the mix.
After placing the concrete, some water from the concrete may be lost due to
evaporation. Hence the first and foremost purpose of curing is to provide enough
quantity of water for cement to hydrate the set completely.
To prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of water while the concrete
is fresh and concrete.
Another purpose of curing is to maintain a proper temperature in and around
the concrete during the setting process. This is because both freezing and drying
temperatures hamper the process of setting of cement in a normal manner.
The most important purpose of curing is to ensure the concrete of good quality
when set, strong enough to stress, hard to abrasion and resistant to chemical attacks.
Such a concrete is quite durable.
Different method of procedures has been adopted for curing in the site. These are:
 Spraying of water
 Pounding of water
 Wet covering
 Sprinkling water on concrete

42
Here we can see a figure which shows wet covering of a column:
Figure 2.13 : Curing by Wet Covering (taken from my assigned building site).
2.6.2.8 Structural Work
2.6.2.8.1 Grade Beam or Plinth Beam
We can see the construction of a grade beam in the following figure.
Figure 2.14 : structural grade beam construction (taken from site visit)

43
It has a direct contact with the foundation columns and is constructed above the
masonry wall. The reinforcement and provision of detailing is similar to other types of
beams. It is used to carry and transfer super structural loads to the foundations.
Figure 2.15 : Rebar at Plinth Level at Ground Floor for Parking (taken from
assigned building at Niesato Colony)
2.6.2.8.2 Reinforcement Steel Bar
In the following figure we can see steel bars of beam:
Figure 2.16 : Reinforcement steel bar for beam (taken from New Market
Construction Site Visit in Dimapur).

44
Reinforcement steel bars play great role in making reinforced concrete structure more
strong and durable. All reinforcement is free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil and
grease, or other harmful matter, which might prevent the proper adhesion to concrete.
As necessary reinforcements cleaned by wire brushing. The reinforcement must
always be cleaned before placed in position or before concrete poured.
2.6.2.8.3 Slab
Slab is a plane horizontal structural element used to support live loads and equipment
loads and transfer these loads to the supporting beams or walls. Slabs can be one way
or two way depending on the ratio of the long span to the short span if the ratio of the
long span to the short span is greater than two, the slab is said to be one way; but if
this ratio is less than two, the slab is said to be two way. When a slab is one way, the
bending is one directional and when it is two way, the bending is two directional.
Slabs can be categorized into three; solid, flat, or ribbed. Solid slab is made of
reinforced concrete. In case of our site we are able to see construction of solid slab.
2.6.2.8.4 Splicing of Bars
Reinforced concrete can function as a structural material only if there is a perfect
bond (adhesion) between the concrete and the reinforcing bars. This bond allows two
lengths of reinforcing bars to function as one continuous bar through lap splices.
Sometimes it becomes impossible to get required length of bar or it is required to
make use surplus small length of bar and may be the drawing recommend to splice
bar at that position. Then it is necessary to give a suitable lap of bar as shown in the
figure over each other to develop full strength.
Figure 2.17 : Bar Overlapping (Splicing).

45
When splicing or overlapping was provided in reinforcing steel they must be away
from the section which have maximum stress. I.e. bar was spliced in the site for
bottom reinforcement at the support and for top reinforcement at the center in a length
of four times the larger diameter of bar for every structure.
2.6.2.8.5 Superstructure Beam
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result
of the external loads, own weight, span and external reaction to these loads is called a
bending moment.
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry
horizontal loads i.e. loads due to an earth quake or wind .The loads carried by a beam
are transferred to columns walls which then transfer the force to adjacent structural
compression members.
2.6.2.8.6 Column
Column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression load with or
without moments. The cross sectional dimension of a column are generally
considerably less than its height. Column supports mainly vertical loads from the
floors and roof and transmits this load to the foundation.
2.6.2.9 Finishing Work
2.6.2.9.1 Plastering Work
Plastering work is the end work to bring construction decoration with plaster, such as
a layer of plaster on an interior wall or exterior walls. The process of creating plaster
work called plastering. It has been used in projects to fill rough and uneven surface.
Cement mortar is a mixture of water, cement and sand which is used for plastering
purpose on the site.
There are three types plastering these are:
First coat: Is used to create a rough surface for the next coat to adhere effectively. It
is made with a ratio of 1:4 i.e. 1 Bag of cement and 4 Box of sand. 1 up to 2 days of
curing is needed for it to attain sufficient strength.

46
Second coat: It covers most of the body of the coating and creates a good base for the
next coating. Misalignment of HCB, Beam or any other structure can be balanced by
the second coating type.
On average it has a thickness of 1.5 cm. It is made with a ratio of 1:3 i.e. 1 Bag of
cement and 2 Box of sand. One week of curing is needed for this type of coating
to attain sufficient strength and adhere effectively.
Third coat: On average it has two up to four millimeters of thickness. This stage of
coating is the last and outermost part. It should have smooth and uniform appearance
as its aesthetic value is great importance. It‘s made with a ratio of 1:1 i.e. 1 Bag of
cement and 1 Box of coarse sand. It should be cured successively with great attention
until it gets enough strength.
2.6.2.9.2 Ceiling and Wall Finishing
Gypsum chuck: It can be considered as both internal walls finishing and ceiling
finishing process. Gypsum chucking is performed over well plastered wall or roof
after all the moisture get dried.
It is applied only for internal walls since it is easily failed by dampness.
Gypsum chucking means painting a thick gypsum paste, gypsum with water, to create
a smooth and good looking surface. It also helps to decrease paint consumption of the
wall by filling all the voids and creating a smooth surface.
Application procedure: Mixing: -To mix add the water into clean container then add
the powder gypsum onto the water and mix slowly until mix is homogeneous to avoid
foaming.
Paint the paste repeatedly through by squeezing over the wall or roof to have a final
smooth surface. The following picture shows gypsum work of ceiling and wall
finishing:

47
Figure 2.18 : Ceiling and Wall Finishing (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing
Work Site in Dimapur).
2.6.2.9.3 Floor Finishing
Floor finish is one of the last steps of a construction. Among the floor finishing factor
that will influence the selection of floor finishing are as follows:
 Function of the floor
 Price
 Maintenance
 Comfortable
 We can see marble chips after laying in the bottom figure:
Figure 2.19 : Marble Chips/Tiles (taken from DDSC Stadium Repairing Site in
Dimapur).

48
A good finishing will have the following characteristic:
 Look attractive
 Safe and comfortable
 Long lasting and able to prevent high temperature and fungi-chemical
corrosion
Types of floor finishing
There are different floor finish exercised in the site these are:
 Terrazzo tile
 Ceramics
 Marble chips/tiles
 PVC tile/plastic tiles
Marble flooring: Marble flooring is one of the most expensive floor finishes.
Properties:
 Made of sedimentary rocks
 Different sources – Granite, Marble
 Durable, Water proof and Good aesthetical appearance
 Available in different dimensions and colors
Construction: The construction of marble flooring follows the following procedure
 The casted concrete surface has to be chiseled.
 this is done to create bondage between the surfaces
 Spread cement screed over the chiseled surface and level it
 Pour cement paste (cement with water) over the screed and fix the marble
keeping the level.
 Marble flooring has to be cured and cleaned before use
Marble Chips/ Tiles: The marble chips floor finish is a little bit different from the
floor finish laying methods that is lay here and there. After the marble chips lay it will
be fully covered with mortar to the extent that even the top surfaces of marble chips
are not visible and after 21days the top covering of the mortar will be
polished/washed with washing machine.

49
2.7 Procedure I used when I perform work tasks
The site work I performed was controlling how the work was going on and
supervising the work based on the given check list which was given to us from the
company‘s office. The checklist for site supervisors is issued in order to ensure a
uniform system of supervision of building construction projects and as a result ensure
the quality of construction. In the checklist the responsibilities, liabilities and
limitations of the supervisor are briefly mentioned in the steps to the general terms.
Details of construction are specified in the drawings, technical specifications and in
the general and special conditions of the contract. The duty of mine was to ensure that
the construction works are executed in accordance with the contract requirements. In
the application of the checklist the details specified in the contract document always
precede before the application and use of it. There were also tables and forms in the
checklist that helped to record the incidences affecting the work and as references. In
addition the standard technical specifications were used as reference on the
preparation of the checklist and shall always have precedence over the checklist.
Therefore, I worked most of my time at site to become more familiar with site works
and to get more practical knowledge. Site work in general includes every kind of
work executed at the site starting from setting out till finishing works based on the
given specification and methodology. The site work that I have been trough in the six
months internship period was in the sub structure work and super structure work
exclusively. A normal building consists of two parts in general this are the super
structure and the sub structure.
Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the basement, retaining
walls, ground slab, grade beam, and foundation is called a substructure. In most of the
cases, substructure work can be categorized as earthwork, concrete work and masonry
work. I have seen that how the excavation was done, concrete pouring, masonry work
and back filling.
Super structure is the part of a building which extend above the grade beam or
everything above the sub structure includes slab (1st
floor slab), column, walls, roof
etc. the purpose of the super structure is to enclose and divide space as well as spread
load safely in to the sub structure.

50
2.8 My Performance during Executing the Work Tasks
Absolutely good! The reason behind this performance was that I integrated with all
workers within a short time and get involved in different site works to gain more
knowledge about the working environment in the site and improved myself with more
site works and office work. Since the site work was very repetitive I was working in
different section to get involved and pass through different piece of works. Especially
the work tasks I was performing in the office work were very impressive because I
didn‗t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and report writing etc. In
general in the last six months I performed all my duties sincerely and nicely and got
knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I have learned in the
class in the last three years. Also I transformed myself to another level of skill, ethics,
knowledge and leadership using this internship class and I performed it well.
2.9 Challenges that I faced
Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the
interaction and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction
industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different
skills, resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate
and work closely in each section it is a challenging task to one person especially when
he/she is fresh or beginner. In fact some challenges may be solved by me but some are
above my limit and even the workers at the site also.
During the course of the six months internship program at the company, it was
expected that I face some sort of difficulties. Indeed I was challenged to some extent.
These challenges were not due to my lack of initiation towards performing the task I
was given instead it was simply a matter of experience in the field. And that was
something that could be solved by continually engaging one‘s self to the activities in
the course of time. But there were also some challenges that could have been
corrected by the company and what I did or should have done wouldn‘t have brought
that much difference.
Around the first month through the program, I was a bit confused. This was due to the
fact that the employees of the company were obviously more experienced than I was
and already understood the easiest ways that enabled them to accomplish their
respective tasks in a proper manner.

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