Biniyam alaso

WACHEMO UNIVERISTY 2019 Cbp engineering capacity building program
i
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the project was entitled "Final internship report" submitted to Wachemo
university department of civil engineering, is a record of original work done by me under the
guidance of my mentor, Endrias Degineh. This is to clarify that, I Biniyam Alaso, Wachemo
university 4th year civil engineering student, Roll no 186/08 has undergone internship
training in Tesfaye Tsegaye BC - 1 PLC in Hawassa as required of forth year Internship
program. All contents on the report follow a report outline we have given by our department.
This report has not been previously reported to any other university, institute or college for the
award of any type of work. I hereby warrant that the work I have presented doesn't breach any
existing copyright. I also confirm that the report is only prepared for my academic
requirement, but not for any other purpose.
Prepared by: Biniyam Alaso. Approved by: Inst.Endrias Degineh
Signature: __________ Signature: ________________
Supervisor: Eng. Tewodros G.
Signature: _______________

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I take this opportunity to extent my gratitude to Tesfaye Tsegaye BC - 1 PLC for having
provided me unbelievable practical learning experience during summer training. It was indeed
pleasure to be a part of such organization.
First and about all, I praise God almighty for providing this opportunity, and granting the
capability to proceed successfully. Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude all
those who provided the possibility to accomplish this project. Special, I would like to thank
my advisor Endrias Degineh and our project manager Mr. Mesfin Balcha the opportunity to
work under their guidance and close supervision.
Lastly but not least; A special gratitude to one who taught me Technical report writing and
research methodology course, Mr.Habtamu Chane his contribution in stimulating,
suggestions and encouragement, helped me writing this report.

iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMER
This report provides a summer my internship practice outcome which I gained during my
internship period stayed in Tesfaye Tsegaye BC-1 PLC. Actually, I was assigned in the
construction of office building. First they assigned me to work as office engineer, and then as
site engineer throughout my internship period. The report is constructed and developed from
the practical basis of site work that I have been performed the march to the end of July.
Thus, in the opening chapter, I have briefly described the hosting company's background. In
line with this, I have pointed out the main aim, end user of the company, and some of the
accomplishments of the project and as well as the projects running through the company and
their work flows hierarchy.
The second chapter gives the detailed report on project that I was working during my
internship period. I have discussed the overall internship experience that I have gained
including the procedural work flow, the tasks I have been involved in and the challenges I
have faced in the site as well as the corrective measures that was taken.
The third chapter explains the main benefits of the internship class in terms of different
aspects and areas. It is obvious that the internship has a plus point in terms of improving skills
and all round development. Points that I have discussed throughout this chapter includes
practical, leadership skills, entrepreneurship skills improvement.
The final and fourth chapter explains about the winding up an suggestions on the project that I
was working throughout my time. This section elaborates the recommendations to company,
university, and the conclusion of the entire internship report.

iv
List of table
table1. 1 Descriptions of some executed and ongoing services given by the company............ 5
table2. 1 Format of takeoff sheet we used in the site.............................................................. 14
table2. 2 Format of bar schedule.............................................................................................. 15
table2. 3 Format of Bill of quantity.......................................................................................... 16
table2. 4 Formwork removal time of different RCC Members................................................. 20
table2. 5 List of non-technical terms used in the site.............................................................. 34

v
List of figures
Figure 1 Overall Organizational structure ................................................................................ 8
Figure 2 Work flow of the company .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 3 Slump test.................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 4 Over lapping of rebar ................................................................................................. 29
Figure 5 Development length.................................................................................................... 32

vi
Table of Contents
DECLARATION .........................................................................................................................i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.............................................................................................................ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMER...........................................................................................................iii
ABBREVATIONS...................................................................................................................viii
CHARTER 1............................................................................................................................... 1
BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPAN..................................................................... 1
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Brief history .......................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Objective of the firm ...................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1.1 General objectives ....................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1.2 Specific objectives....................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2 Vision of the company.................................................................................................... 2
1.1.3 Values............................................................................................................................. 3
1.1.4 Mission of the company ................................................................................................. 3
1.1.5 Ownership profile........................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Main products or services of the company........................................................................ 4
1.2.1 Main customers or the end users of its products or services.......................................... 6
1.3 Over all organization structure and workflow................................................................... 7
1.3.1 Organizational Structure of the head office.................................................................... 7
1.3.2. Generally work flow of the company............................................................................ 8
CHAPTER 2.......................................................................................................................... 10
OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE.......................................................................... 10
2. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. How I get into the company ........................................................................................... 10

vii
2.2 Section of the company which I have been working....................................................... 11
2.3 Short summary of the project .......................................................................................... 11
2.4 The work flow in the section........................................................................................... 11
2.4.1 Duties and responsibilities of the workers ................................................................... 12
2.5 Piece of work I have been executing............................................................................... 13
2.5.1 Office work................................................................................................................... 13
2.5.2 Site Work...................................................................................................................... 18
2.5.2.3 Concrete works.......................................................................................................... 20
a) The materials that used to produce concrete:-................................................................... 20
b) Production of concrete ..................................................................................................... 21
c) Water cement ratio and compressive strength.................................................................. 22
d) Workability........................................................................................................................ 23
e) Slump test.......................................................................................................................... 23
2.5.2.4 Spacer ........................................................................................................................ 25
2.5.2.5 Structural work.......................................................................................................... 26
a) Reinforcement steel bar..................................................................................................... 26
b) Stirrup................................................................................................................................ 26
c) Stair ................................................................................................................................... 27
d) Beam ................................................................................................................................. 28
e) Lap length in Reinforced Concrete ................................................................................... 28
f) Shear Wall ......................................................................................................................... 29
g) Slab.................................................................................................................................... 30
h) Electrical installation......................................................................................................... 30
i) Sanitary installation ........................................................................................................... 30
j) Column............................................................................................................................... 31

viii
k) Development length .......................................................................................................... 31
2.6 The procedure I have been used while performing my activity. ..................................... 32
2.7 Challenges that I faced. ................................................................................................... 33
2.8 Measures I took to overcome challenges......................................................................... 34
CHAPTER THREE ........................................................................................................... 35
OVERALL BENEFITS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP ..................................... 35
3.0 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 35
3.1 Improving my practical skills ...................................................................................... 36
3.2 Upgrading my theoretical knowledge.......................................................................... 37
3.3 Improving my interpersonal communication skills ..................................................... 37
3.4 Improving team work skill........................................................................................... 38
3.5 Improving my leadership skill ..................................................................................... 39
3.6 Understanding the Work Ethics................................................................................... 40
3.7 Entrepreneurship Skills................................................................................................ 43
CHAPTER 4 ...................................................................................................................... 45
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION................................................................. 46
4. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 46
4.1. CONCLUSION........................................................................................................... 46
4.2 RECOMENDATION................................................................................................... 47
4.2.1 Recommendation for the Company .......................................................................... 47
4.2.1.1 Safety work around the site.................................................................................... 48
4.2.1 Recommendation for the University......................................................................... 49
REFERENCE..................................................................................................................... 50
APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 51

ix
ABBREVATIONS
ETH – Ethiopia
BC-1 – Building construction grade one
E.C – Ethiopia calendar
PLC – Private limited company

1
CHARTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY
1. Introduction
1.1 Brief history
The name of the organization that I have joined for the internship is called Tesfaye Tsegaye
BC- 1 PLC. Tesfaye Tsegaye Building Construction Company PLC is the construction
company in building constructions and related construction that has been engaged in various
civil engineering Constructions. For the past 9 years, Tesfaye Tsegaye BC - 1 has established
many of the different projects: offices, college, schools, hotels, business center, sewerage and
more in many areas. Our principal focus is to work clearly with owners and architects to build
a project with the greatest value and craftsmanship attainable particularly when we construct
buildings. We also understand that how important trust is in contractor or client relationship.
Our clients rely on us to serve on their behalf, ethically and responsibility.
The company employs well experienced engineers and professionals, since it's inception, the
primary motto of the company has been to complete its project on time, deliver quality
products and services. The company's commitment to quality, cost control and client
satisfaction will be the cornerstone for its uninterrupted growth into a reputed construction
firm in a short period of time.
Since its foundation the company has successfully completed and handed over 30 projects.
This off-course reveals that the company is credible enough to manage and hand over
construction in SNNPR as well as responded national call. Recent information clearly
stipulate that the company is undertaking over 7 projects to a project cost amounted to ET Birr
300Million.
So far the company constructed so many projects in various regions effectively with good
quality and the earliest completion period. The company believes that its success to be the
leading construction firm in the industry is the result of the dedication and commitment of
both its staff and work force. By now the company has enough potential and has fulfilled all
the requirements to execute any building related constructions in level one.

2
The working address of the firm may be in all over the country where as the office address of
the company is the capital city of SNNPR Hawassa City. Its professional accomplishment
since its establishment could lead the company to further development that it is has achieved a
status of level one general incorporating additional man power and machineries
The organization has been issued a certificate of registration as Building contractor in category
one (BC I) from Ministry of Works and Urban development to participate in different building
construction works by fulfilling all the requirements of equipment’s and skilled manpower.
They are in the construction industry for more than ten years of experience and they became
one of the most successful Local Grade 1 Contractors in Ethiopia.
1.1.1 Objective of the firm
1.1.1.1 General objectives
The following are the general objectives of the company
✔ Constructing different levels of building constructions.
✔ Constructing buildings and related schemes.
1.1.1.2 Specific objectives
➢ Construction of Hotel buildings and becoming direct stakeholder in the firm
➢ Implementing designed constructions
➢ Constructing multi-story buildings
➢ Installing mechanical, electro-mechanical and electrical lines
➢ Constructing storm water drainage line
➢ Constructing Real state houses
1.1.2 Vision of the company
➢ To play the leading role in the construction industry through proper understanding of
customers' need and providing blend of exceptional services and resources to ensure their
satisfaction.
➢ To see the firm participating and accomplishing various levels of construction services in
the national levels by strengthening technical professionals and important equipment for the
sake of better performances in scientific and efficient approach in the coming ten years. In the
coming Five years the contractor will hope to become class one competent in large levels of
constructions as general contractor1.

3
1.1.3 Values
➢ Excellence: - We strive for excellence in quality, and we continuously innovate, utilizing
advanced technologies.
➢ Teamwork: - we insist mutual respect, cooperation and mutual encouragement to achieve
each individual potential.
➢ Integrity:- we act reliability, honesty and fairness
➢ Commitment:- we are fully dedicated to delivering our objective through the most efficient
use of resource
➢ Sustainability: - we are committed to safeguarding all stakeholders including especially
society as a whole and the environment.
➢ Accountability: - we are fully accountable for carrying out our responsibility in accordance
to the value and principle.
➢ Well qualified and experienced working man ship with a number of professional
Engineers and related professionals that are collaborated with good management team and
efficient equipment’s and materials.
1.1.4 Mission of the company
✔ To perform for our customer the highest level of quality construction service at fair and
market competitive prices.
✔ To ensure the longevity of our company through repeat and referral business achieved by
customer satisfaction in all areas including timeliness, attention to detail and service-minded
attitudes.
✔ Providing company trust worthiness through long term collaborative relationship with
clients and suppliers.
✔ Striving to work for excellence and quality on continuous basis for the satisfaction of
clients.
✔ Maximizing the potential of employees through training and development programs.
✔ To provide high quality and cost effective design supervision services and Architectural
consulting service.
✔ To maintain the highest level of professionalism, integrity, honesty and fairness in our
relationship with our suppliers, subcontractors, professional, associates and customers.

4
1.1.5 Ownership profile
General profile of the company
⚫ Name:Tesfaye Tsegaye Building Contractor: BC-1
⚫ADRESS: HAWASSA---Main Office
⚫Addis Ababa—Liaison office
Communication address:
⚫ Tel:046 220 42 49
⚫ Fax:046 212 02 40
⚫ Mobile:0916827643
⚫Hawassa – Ethiopia
⚫Company’s representative: Tesfaye Tsegaye
⚫ Year of establishment:2001 E.C /2008 GC.
⚫Ownership – private organization
⚫Capital: – 500,000 Eth Birr.
⚫ Number of staffs: – 35
1.2 Main products or services of the company
✔Real-estate and multipurpose buildings
✔ Institutional buildings
✔ Apartments
✔ Residential building
✔ Commercial building
✔ Building of collage in many part of the region was designed and supervised
by the hosting company.
Main services:-Tesfaye Tsegaye is systematically engage in a large area of building
construction development as summarized below.
Building projects: - high rise, multipurpose, commercial, residential building and recreational
facilities.
In addition to that keeping customers first and make every possible effort for
satisfying their needs and expectations.
✔ Respecting and committed to community values are core services.
✔ Act environmental friendly & participate in the development of community
services.

5
✔ Accomplishing of projects on a given time interval.
For the previous Nine years, the company has been constructed different buildings for the
purposes of educational centers, healthy and business centers, residential and multipurpose.
Some of the executed and ongoing projects by the company are shown below.
table1. 1 Descriptions of some executed and ongoing services given by the company
No Project Name Client Type Duration(year) Expenses( birr)
1 Secondary
School, Hawassa
Government 1.5 4353213
2 Friendship
Business Center,
Hawassa
Private 2 12465345
3 Tomas Business
Center, Adama
Private 2.5 8765975
4 Haile Business
Center, Addis
Abeba
Private 2 10753625
5 Hotel, Addis
Ababa
Private 2.4 4536728
6 Mustiefa Hotel,
Adama
Private 2 3627193
7 Aynalem Hotel,
addis Ababa
Private 1.6 247659
8 Mosque,
Metahar
Private 1.4 6531793
9 Sewage and
Water
Treatment,
Hawassa

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10 Pre Cast
Construction
Ongoing Projects
11 Wolayita
Administrative
Office
Government 2 60000000
12 Cheife Real
State
Private 3 80000000
13 Monopole Real
State
Private 3 67000000
14 Debora Hotel Private 2 70000000
15 SEPDM Office Government 1.6 80000000
1.2.1 Main customers or the end users of its products or services
The Enterprise has so many customers all over the country including governmental
and non-governmental sectors and some of them are listed below.
✔ The government: - The Company of Tesfaye Tsegaye Building contractor has
so many relations with the government starting from tax payment up to taking
contracts from the government in order to construct different building for different
purposes. For example our project G+4 Office building the client is Hawassa city
municipality. South Ethiopia People Democratic Movement (SEPDM) G+4
administration office building is some of the example.
✔ Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO):- The Company interacts with
NGOs through taking contracts and constructing. The Company works with
different non-governmental sectors in the region and all over country. It takes
contracts from these private clients, and works with other non-governmental
construction companies by taking sub contracts from these construction companies.
✔ Private sectors: - The company relate with private sector by building the
following projects:-
✔ Trade centers in different cities

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✔ Residential building such as different kinds of villas etc
1.3 Over all organization structure and workflow
In order to handle the construction, marketing, financial and administrative activities of the
business enterprise, strong management team is required. To build this team systematically
there must be strong organization structure.
Any project no matter how big or small the scale requires a well put together
organizational structure and work flow that is suitable to nature of the project. This may
depend on.
➢ The time required to finish the project
➢ The number employees involved
➢ The scale of project
➢ The type of the project
➢ The location of the project site
➢ External factors
➢ The different staff present
1.3.1 Organizational Structure of the head office
The projects are very large and require a reasonably long time and for this reason it needs
an effective organizational structure and workflow. Several projects have their own
structure that is believed to facilitate the progress of the project smoothly and ensure a
clear and direct line of communication among the different employees. The figure below
shows the organization and work flow that is present on the company. Form the figure it is
clear that the General manger has the responsibility of being the conductor on how things
should shape up. And each division has its own responsibilities and has to constantly
report to the manager on each step.

8
Figure 1. Overall Organizational structure
1.3.2. Generally work flow of the company
The flow is very important for the project management of any site project. A good project
management will maximize efficient resource utilization, development of effective
communication and mechanization for resolving conflicts among participants and proper
coordination and control the entire process.

9
Figure 2 Work flow of the company

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CHAPTER 2
OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2. Introduction
The main aim of higher educational institutions is producing knowledgeable, well performed,
country builder, productive and talented students. Those students after graduation will be
working in different companies, organizations and other working sectors all over the country.
As under graduate student, I have grasped the basic principles and theories of civil
engineering design and construction work in my last three years of studying in Wachemo
University, civil engineering department. But this theoretical knowledge is not enough to
being a qualified civil engineer at the time of graduation. Knowing the practical work and the
real situation besides the theoretical knowledge in time of studying makes one experienced in
practical and theoretical knowledge at the time of graduation. This is why the university needs
its students to have an internship program before graduation. For that matter I was really
interested with my internship program.
2.1. How I get into the company
From the beginning, we technology students need to have an internship program. For this
university-industry linkage is planned to create a good interaction between universities and
industries. In university industry linkage projects, more new knowledge flows from university
to industry.
Hence, University of Wachemo College of engineering and technology, Department of
Civil engineering had given a request letter with subject that requests to host qualified
internship at the end of Jun 2018.
Thus, I informally and formally search for construction companies and design offices that
could give me the chance to practice in their projects. At the time I had got positive response
only from Hawassa city administration construction department. When the period of my
internship program came I went to the department and they sent me to building construction
site and the name of project site is called Hawassa city administration branch office. It is
constructing by Tesfaye Tsegaye BC -1.PLC and after contacting the office workers, they
accept request of department and allowed me to undertake my 4 months internship training in
company. On March 17 2019 I joined the company and I was blessed to have a very

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experienced and knowledgeable project manager, site engineer and a very friendly and
experienced mentor.
2.2 Section of the company which I have been working
Upon my arrival at the site in the beginning I was assigned to observe and carry out tasks that
were the responsibility of an office engineer. As time went I started to carryout site engineer
tasks.
My hosting company has many projects as I mentioned in the company profile. Thus from
those listed I have been working in the SEPDM Office. The project is to erect and construct a
mega G+4 floors building. The building being an office building, it is designed architectural
attractive way. But when I was arrived at the site the third floor was already constructed.
2.3 Short summary of the project
✔ Project type……………………..G+4 office building
✔ The owner of the building….......Hawassa city Administration
✔ Contractor………………..……Tesfaye Tsegaye BC-1
✔ Consultant…………..............Ethiopian construction Design and Supervision Works
Corporation
✔ Project cost.…83,000,000 Eth.Birr
2.4 The work flow in the section
The resulting work of the consultant and the contractor in every task has many advantages in
order to solve problems arise between them. To have a good quality in any kinds of
construction, each member of the working section must cooperate and work together as a
team. In every work there is a work flow whatever small is section, my working site the
project work flow was look like the chart in Fig.1.2, but to make it clear and easily
understandable for me; I have listed in the following way below. The flow is very important
for the project management of any site project.

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2.4.1 Duties and responsibilities of the workers
2.4.1.1. General Managers: In the construction industry spends a good deal of time
interacting with clients and other building professionals, especially in the early phases of a
project. In addition to the time spent in the initial negotiations for the project, they have to
give clients regular progress updates and submit budget reports. These mangers also spend
significant time collaborating with architects, engineers, inspectors and other building
specialists.
2.4.1.2. Project manager: The project manager has so many responsibilities at the site and in
our site these position is accountable for the contractor and are appointed by the owner of the
construction company. The main duty of the manager is; Manages the whole site work
execution, Makes payment to sub contract workers, Approves material request, Analyses the
work processes, Executes sub-contracting agreements, Reviews and checks the reports made
by the office engineer.
2.4.1.3. Office engineer: - Includes quantity surveyor (estimating and costing of the
project) and preparing some drawings. Some responsibilities of the office engineer are:-
Evaluating and quantifying the amount of work being executed & initiate payment.
Have information that will be analyzed and used for decision making process. Properly
create, document & retrieve all information of the project so as to help management for
better decisions and processes claims.
2.4.1.4. Site Engineer: Site engineer shall be accountable for the following tasks and
Responsibilities:
▶ Studying the work plan submitted by the contactor and suggests any modifications.
▶ To watch and inspect the construction work and assure that it is done in full accordance with
the drawings, technical specifications and bills of quantities.
▶ Supervising the works on site in accordance with the contract documents and using the
template and procedure established by the consultant.
▶ Inspecting and testing materials prior to they used at site as per sample approved by the
consultant and ensuring removal of rejected material out from site.
▶ Ensuring the correct implementation of works according to technical specifications, designs
and quality of materials.

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▶ Checking of layout and setting out of buildings with respect to existing structures and site
levels.
2.4.1.5. Foreman: A foreman is the worker or tradesman who is in charge of a construction
crew and is skilled supervisor who is responsible to work side by side with the project
manager, property owner, and other construction design engineers in order to complete a
project in a given time limit. His job is to employ the suitable workers on the various tasks to
complete the job, and supervise all phases of construction project from start to finish.
Normally, the foreman is a construction worker with many years of experience in a particular
trade who is charged with organizing the overall construction of a particular project.
Typically the foreman is a person with specialist knowledge of a given trade who has moved
into the position and now is focused on overall management of all trades rather than any
particular specialized group.
2.4.1.6. Surveyor: In any construction a surveyor is mandatory so, in our site the surveyor
works to checking verticality, keeping the natural level of the building, and checking elevation
of column
2.4.1.7. Skilled and Unskilled Workers: This group includes masons, carpenter, bar bender
and the daily laborers. In our country workers of such group are appointed only by experience
these have its own advantage on the construction. They work everything as they ordered by
the Forman or the site engineer.
2.5 Piece of work I have been executing
The project that is performed in this site is large. On the company there were two working
sections, office and site works. So depending on the schedule given to me from my company,
I was participating in both sections. I classify the works into office work and site work. Mostly
the work I executed on the site was supervising, working as a site engineer and Foreman.
2.5.1 Office work
In my four month internship period I experience Office works that are worked mostly at the
site these are includes some tasks performed by office engineer and quantity surveyor. Such
as:-
❶) Taking off
❷) Bill of quantity
❸) Report writing

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❹) Reading and interpreting drawing
2.5.1.1. Taking off: This is the process of preparing/defining a detailed list of all labor and
materials necessary for the work and entering the items on properly dimensioned paper
depends on the written specification documents of the given drawings. The standard form used
for entering dimension taken or scaled from drawing to determine the accurate quantity in
each trade of work, except rebar is called take off sheet or dimension paper. The main aim of
this sheet is for payment and cost estimation for purchasing and preparing bill of quantity.
The dimension of paper is A4 size paper as the format shown in bellow
table2. 1 Format of takeoff sheet we used in the site.
Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and is called the time stating
column. Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the
items of the works. The dimensions are entered in Length, Width, Height or thickness.
Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are multiplied to
determine the quantity of the work either in m, m2
, m3
or in pcs and No. Whereas column 4 is
Take off sheet
Project_________ Block type :_________
Client: _________
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Contractor:______ Location:_______
Consultant:______

15
called description column and description of the work item is briefly stated. Based on the
above format I have calculated the quantity of concrete in m3
and formwork in m2
. A separate
sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities as shown below:
Bar Schedule is used to know the amount of rebar used on the site and to tell bar bender that
the amount of bar needed in some position of the building and its number.
table2. 2 Format of bar schedule
Bar Schedule Sheet Sheet no._____
Project:____ Block type:_____
Client:_____ Date:______
Consultant:____ Location:______
Contractor:____
It.n
o
Locati
on
Shap
e
d(m
m)
l(
m)
No
bar/
mem
No
of
mem
ber
Tot
al
no
of
bar
Total length(m)
d of bar
6 8 10 12 14 16 20 24
Total length (m)
Weight(kg/m)
Total weight(kg)

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_____________ ___________ __________
Contractor Site supervisor Consultant
2.5.1.2 Bill of quantity: Is a document which is used for the tendering process in a
construction project, in which materials, parts, and labor are itemized. It was prepared by well-
trained person in itemized and ordered manners. It is a complete description of the required
materials and standard of work. The traditional purpose of bills of quantities is to act as a
uniform basis for inviting competitive tenders, and to assist in valuing completed work. Bills
of quantity are first designed to meet the needs of estimator.
The superstructure portion involves different type and amount of work; these are concrete
work, block work, roofing, carpentry and joinery, metal work, plastering and painting,
finishing, glazing, sanitary and electrical installation. I involve few of them like the concrete
and block work.
A contractor can also make use of Bill of quantities in many ways, for example
1. To plan material purchasing (note the danger in ordering from a bill: the contractor should
always order materials from drawn information and the specification, making the contract
administrator aware of any differences)
2. Obtaining prices from sub-contractors and is more likely to result in an accurate and
competitive price.
3. Cost control during the contract to ensure work is within budget.
4. Data collection during construction for bonus system and feedback information for
estimator.
table2. 3 Format of Bill of quantity
Project:_________
Item Description Unit Quantity Unit Price Amount
Client:_________

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Contractor:__________
2.5.1.3 Reporting is a controlling / informative mechanism which will help in evaluating the
status of a project. It entails us how we are accomplishing our set targets at the onset of a
project. It will also help decision makers to follow the status of the project without being
physical present on the site. The reports should explain the history of the project. It should be
realistic and self-explanatory. Numbers in a report are far important than number crunching.
Putting numbers for a report writer like 10% or 90% may be simple but the meaning for the
decision makers is very vital. Putting wrong figures knowingly or unknowingly are
devastating.
Types of Report:
In our project we work the following reports Weekly report and Monthly report
Weekly Progress Report: This is the lowest report form. (lowest means the level of view of
the project is high). In shot - it evaluates the accomplishment of the weekly plan and puts the
next week schedule. This report will show the achievement drawbacks of the project at the
broadest level and help the project manager (PM) or Resident Engineer (RE) to solve the
shortcomings at the grass root level.
Major Contents of a Weekly Report: Project data, Accomplishment of weekly Plan, Weekly
labor, major Problems of the week, Solutions given to the major problems, Anticipated
problems to be solved for the next week, next week plan and so on.
Monthly Progress Report: This is a report with a view of many eyes. This will be
Consultant's representative will make an in depth view of the report to have full information
about the project status. This is a report where major bottle necks of the project will be
narrated and the performance of the parties will be vividly seen.
Major Contents of Monthly Progress Report: Accomplishment of monthly Plan, Monthly
labor and Machinery Deployment, Material Delivered to the site, Problems to be solved for
next month, next plan and contractual matters - Delay notifications, Variation order.
2.5.1.4 Reading and Interpreting Drawings: Drawings are the means by which the designer
conveys physical, quantitative, and visual description of the project to the contractor. The
drawings are a two-dimensional representation of the physical structure that meets the
objectives of the owner. They are also known as plans or blueprint.

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In our site there were 4 types of drawing;
1. Architectural drawing
2. Structural drawing
3. Sanitary drawing
4. Electrical installation engineering
These drawings are the main language between the architect, designer and any worker at the
site or office to build the model in position as specified by the designer and the client, based
on the agreement. Thus, to work as an engineer in the construction site it mandatory knowing
drawings and any other specification. Drawings are the common means of communication for
all types and sizes of project. Thus, I understand each drawing and knew every symbol
abbreviation for every section and I was able to communicate with different workers using it.
2.5.2 Site Work
The site work was the very important task for me because the internship main objective lies
over here and I have gained so much of knowledge from the site skill, handling workers,
management skill etc. within four months I have the ability to see many works from the
project.
✔ Inspecting worked element and how they work
✔ Checking work based on the given checklist
✔ Testing material
✔ Discuss on challenges and solutions
The site work in general overlay over the supervision part. Therefore, I have been working as
supervisor based on the given check list that our company gave to us. Every work must be
checked weather it was executed based on the methodology that the contractor provides to the
consultant or not.
There are different types of work activities I was work in the construction area. Such as:-
Scaffolding work, formwork, concrete work, curing process, reinforcement, beam, slab,
column, staircase, installation and testing.
2.5.2.1 Construction site safety: - It is one of the overlooked things during a construction
project. Construction work is one of the dangerous professions. And work on the job site is

19
where most accidents occur. Employers do need to mitigate safety hazards to construction
workers, but workers need to keep in mind a lot of precautions themselves when working in
such hazardous conditions.
Every single person that steps foot onto a construction site should be aware of the risks
associated with the job and how to prevent them with their knowledge of construction site
safety. For that our project manager gave us awareness about precautions needed to take
during attending in the site.
2.5.2.2 Form work: In concrete construction formwork used as a mold for a structure in
which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Formworks can also be named
based on the type of structural member construction such as slab formwork for use in slab,
beam formwork, column formwork for use in beams and columns respectively. The operation
of removing the formwork is known as stripping. Stripped formwork can be reused. Timber is
the most common material used for formwork. In our site steel formwork also was used for
columns.
A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:
1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and
vertically, so as to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences
without damage to the concrete.
6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have plane
surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
9. It should rest on firm base.
Advantages and disadvantages of Steel vs. Timber formwork
Steel form work: Advantages - easy to install and dismantle, strong and durable, it gives
excellent exposed surface of concrete. Disadvantages - have high cost compared to timber
form work not flexible and can’t change its size in the site.

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Timber form work: Advantages - have less cost, it is flexible. Disadvantages - it shrinks
distort, it takes more time and labor to install and dismantle and we can’t use it for several
time
table2. 4 Formwork removal time of different RCC Members
RCC Member formwork removal time
For columns, walls and vertical form works 16 hrs.
Soffit form work to slab 21 days
Beam props 14 days
Soffit formwork to slabs 21 days
2.5.2.3 Concrete works
Concrete It is stone like material made by a mixture of cement, sand, aggregate and water.
Sometimes a fourth material, an admixture is added for a variety of specific purposes. The
strength and quality of concrete depend up on, the materials used, procedure during mixing
materials, method of placing and curing of concrete. Concrete is strong in compressive
strength but its week in tension and shear.
a) The materials that used to produce concrete:-
Cement: - is a material with adhesive and cohesive property which makes concrete capable of
bending. This means it holding structural units together. It is the hydration reaction that gives
strength to concrete.
Aggregate: - Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it
contribute significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially strength,
durability and volume stability. It was already fixed during the design and it included in
specification. The concrete quality depends up on the grade of the aggregate.
Water: - Water is required in the production of concrete to: - Precipitate chemical reaction
with the cement and to lubricate the mixture for easy workability. In order to ensure proper
strength, development and durability of concrete, it's necessary that the water used for mixing
and curing is free from impurities such as oils, acids, alkalis, salts, and sugar and organic.

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Water that is fit for human consumption (i.e., potable water) is generally considered to be
suitable for concreting.
Admixture: - Concrete admixture is defined as the material other than the aggregate, water
and cement added to the concrete. The amount of the admixture to be added varies in
accordance to the manufacturer's specification. All relevant documents and specifications will
be available before conducting the mix design and test for approval. In our site admixture Nito
bond EP is used for bonding fresh to old concrete after it is suspended for hours.
b) Production of concrete
A good quality concrete is essentially a homogeneous mixture of cement, coarse and fine
aggregates and water which consolidates into a hard mass due to chemical action between the
cement and water. Each of the four constituents has a specific function. The coarser aggregate
acts as a filler. The fine aggregate fills up the voids between the paste and the coarse
aggregate. The cement in conjunction with water acts as a binder. The mobility of the mixture
is aided by the cement paste, fines and increasingly by the use of admixtures. The stages of
concrete production are: Batching or measurement of materials, Mixing, Transporting,
Placing, Compacting, Curing and Finishing.
Batching: - Basically these are two methods of measuring concrete materials like volume
measurements and weight measurement. The proportion of each material in the mixture affects
the properties of the final hardened concrete. In our site we were using volume method.
Mixing: - The mixing operation consists of rotation, the objective being to coat the surface
that all aggregate particles with cement paste, and to bind all the ingredients of the concrete
into a uniform mass; this uniformity must not be disturbed by the process of discharging from
the mixer. In our site mixing is done by mechanical means. A small quantity of water is fed
first, followed by all the solids materials. However, when using very dry mixes in drum mixers
it is necessary to feed the coarse aggregate just after the small initial water feed in order to
ensure that the aggregate surface is sufficiently wetted.
Transporting: the mixed fresh concrete should be taken to the place of final deposited
without delay. It is to get the concrete into position at a speed, and in a condition, that allow it
to be compacted properly.
Placing: To achieve proper placing following rules should be kept in mind : The concrete
should be placed in uniform layers, not in large heaps or sloping layers, and make sure that the
fresh concrete is sufficiently vibrated avoid entrapped air bubble. Over vibration might

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resulted segregation. As for as placing is concerned, the main objective is to deposit the
concrete as close as possible to its final position so that segregation is avoided and the
concrete can be fully compacted.
Compacting: - Once the concrete has been placed, it is ready to be compacted. The purpose of
compaction is to get rid of the air voids that are trapped in loose concrete. The thickness of the
layer should be compatible with the method of vibration so that entrapped air can be removed
from the bottom of each layer. The rate of placing and of compaction should be equal. If you
proceed too slowly, the mix could stiffen so that it is no longer sufficiently workable. Each
layer should be fully compacted before placing the next one, and each subsequent layer should
be placed whilst the underlying layer is still plastic so that monolithic construction is
achieved.
Curing: - Is a process of making concrete surface wet for a certain period of time. This
process consists of controlling the temperature and the movement of moisture from and into
the concrete. Curing of concrete must be done as soon as possible after placement and
finishing and must continue for a reasonable period of time, for the concrete to achieve its
desired strength and durability. Generally, there is adequate quantity of water at the time of
mixing to cause the hardening of concrete, but it is necessary to retain water until the concrete
is fully hardened.
Methods of curing: - While selecting any mode of curing the following two factors are
considered, the loss of water should be prevented and the temperature should be kept
minimized for dissipation of heat of hydration. Methods of curing followed in our site:-
Sprinkling : fogging and mist curing - using a fine spray or fog or moist of water to the
concrete can be efficient method of supplying water to concrete during hot weather, which
helps to reduce the temperature of concrete. - Wet covering: water absorbent fabrics may be
used to maintain water on concrete surfaces. They must be continuously kept moist so as to
prevent the fabrics from absorbing water from the body of concrete, due to capillary action.
c) Water cement ratio and compressive strength
A cement of average composition requires about 25% of water by mass for chemical reaction.
In addition, an amount of water is needed to fill the gel pores. Here the water-cement ratio is
the relative weight of water to the cement in the mixture. For most applications, water-to-
cement ratio should be between 0.4 and 0.5 lower for lower permeability and higher strength.

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Since very low water content result in very stiff mixtures that are difficult to place and here
Workability is considered.
d) Workability
It is the property of fresh concrete which is indicated by the amount of useful internal work
required to fully compact the concrete without bleeding or segregation in the finished product.
Concrete is said to be workable when it is easily placed and compacted homogeneously i.e
without bleeding or segregation. Unworkable concrete needs more work or effort to be
compacted in place, also honeycombs may also be visible in finished concrete.
Factors affecting workability: Water content in the concrete mix - Amount of cement & its
Properties - Aggregate Grading (Size Distribution) - Nature of Aggregate Particles (Shape,
Surface Texture, Porosity etc.) - Humidity of the environment - Mode of compaction - Method
of placement of concrete and Method of transmission of concrete.
How to improve the workability of concrete: Increase water/cement ratio - Increase size of
aggregate - Use well-rounded and smooth aggregate instead of irregular shape - Increase the
mixing time - Use non-porous and saturated aggregate - With addition of air-entraining
mixture.
Workability tests: There are 4 types of tests for workability. They are slump test, compacting
factor test, flow test, and veer bee test. In our case we have used slump test method.
e) Slump test
Slump test: - The slump test result is a slump of the behavior of a compacted inverted cone of
concrete under the action of gravity. It measures the consistency or the wetness of concrete.
Metal mold, in the shape of the frustum of a cone, open at both ends, and provided with the
handle, top internal diameter 100 mm, and bottom internal diameter 200 mm with a height of
300 mm. A 600 mm long bullet nosed metal rod, (16 mm) in diameter.
Apparatus Required: slump cone, non-porous base plate, measuring scale, temping rod.
This cone is filled with fresh concrete in three stages, each time it is tamped 25 times using a
rod of standard dimensions. At the end of the third stage, concrete is struck off flush to the top
of the mold. The mold is carefully lifted vertically upwards, so as not to disturb the concrete
cone. The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped
concrete, the slump is termed as true slump, shear slump or collapse slump. If a shear or
collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test repeated. Only a true

24
slump
is of
any
use in
the
test. A
collap
se
slump will generally mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for
which slump test is not appropriate. Very dry mixes; having slump 0 – 25 mm low workability
mixes; having slump 10 – 40 mm , medium workability mixes; 50 - 90 used for normal
reinforced concrete placed with vibration, high workability concrete; > 100 mm. In our case
the result gave us 46mm and we recommended as little water shall be added in order to easy
Workability.
Procedure for Concrete Slump Cone Test
1. Clean the internal surface of the mold.
2. Place the mold on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3. Fill the mold with the prepared concrete mix in 3 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform manner
over the cross section of the mold.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mold and the base plate.
7. Raise the mold from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mold and that of height point
of the specimen being tested.
Concrete-Slump-Test Limitations:
⚪Shape of the slump is not consistent in all cases.
⚪The Slump has been shown to decrease with an increase in the temperature of the mixture.

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Figure 3 Slump test
2.5.2.4 Spacer
The required cover of design is maintained only with the use of special stands called spacers.
Spacers are made at the site by using plain concrete with its required dimension of cover to
reinforcement and a wire which useful for connection purpose. They are used to maintain
uniform thickness of clear cover at every part of the structure.
The concrete cover must have achieved a minimum thickness requirement for three main
reasons:-
1. To protect the steel reinforcement bars (rebar’s) from environmental effects to prevent their
corrosion;
2. To provide thermal insulation, this protects the reinforcement bars from fire;
3. To give reinforcing bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed without
slipping.
Installation guide:
➢ Spacers have been checked of their strength to ensure the suitable requirement.
➢ Check that the reinforcement are installed completely and correctly.
➢ Prepare the right size of tied-wire for connection of spacer to steel rebar.
➢ Adjust the spacer in perpendicular direction with steel rebar.
➢ Use wire to tie the steel rebar to spacer.
➢ Check by hand to ensure the spacers are securely tight to rebar.
➢ Distance of spacer will comply with the design.

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2.5.2.5 Structural work
I was arrived to the site during they were on preparing formwork for floor - 3. In the progress I
have seen super structure activity. A structure of a building above a substructure is known as
super structure. During my Internship period in the site the following activities was working
out:-
➢ Beam
➢ Columns
➢ Slabs
➢ Stair
➢ Shear wall
a) Reinforcement steel bar
In our site activity like bar bending, cutting and making of skeletons of structures like
columns, beams and slab mesh are continuously done and then the structures skeletons are
transported to the required place. The process of the work in the compound is that the engineer
will print out the required structure bar schedule and give to the bar foreman then the foreman
will order to prepare the bar. Here also the task given to me was checking the work performed
with the structural drawing.
Reinforcement steel bars play great role in making reinforced concrete structure more durable
and strong. All reinforcement is free from loose mill scale, loose grease, or other harmful
matter, which might prevent the proper adhesion to concrete. Reinforcement bars shall be of
the specified quality, dimension, length and shape. In a short the reinforcement bars shall be
comply with the drawings and specification. As necessary reinforcements cleaned by wire
brushing. The reinforcement must be always be cleaned before placed in position or before
concrete poured.
b) Stirrup
A stirrup is a loop which is embedded in any concrete structure. The main purpose of stirrups
is to hold the vertical or horizontal main rebar at a firm position and avoid buckling, shear
failure of beam. It also helps maintain and get constant clear cover along its length. It avoids
the spreading of concrete towards outer side.
Making stirrup involves the following steps of work.

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1. Determining the size of stirrups
2. Calculating the cutting length of a bar
3. Calculating the number of stirrups
4. Bending the bar in stirrup’s shape
c) Stair
A stair is a series of steps arranged in a manner as to connect different floors of a building.
Stairs are designed to provide an easy and quick access to different floors. In a public
building, stairs must be from main entrance and located centrally. A staircase is an enclosure
which contains the complete stairway or is room of a building where stair is located. Stairway
is space occupied by the stair.
Requirement of good staircase: - Stairs should be so located that it is easily accessible from
the different rooms of a building. - It should have adequate light and proper ventilation. - It
should have sufficient stair width to accommodate no. of persons in peak hour/emergency.
The advantages of R.C.C stair:
1. R.C.C stairs are better fire resistant than any other stairs.
2. They are adequately strong and more durable.
3. They offer better and pleasant appearances.
4. The stairs can be designed for greater widths and longer spans.
5. R.C.C stairs can be precast or cast in situ.
6. The maintenance cost is almost nailed.
Disadvantages of R.C.C stair:
1. It is costly Stairs.
2. The entire process needs a lot of labor expenses.
3. Difficult remove and change.
4. Take more space.
RCC Dog-legged Staircase is type of staircase we are constructing in our site. In this type of
staircase, the succeeding flights rise in opposite directions. The two flights in plan are not

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separated by a well. A landing is provided corresponding to the level at which the direction of
the flight changes. Beam is a structural member which is normally placed horizontally. It
provides resistance to bending when loads are applied on it. RCC beams generally have
concrete resisting on the compression region and steel resisting applied loads on tension
region.
d) Beam
Beam is a structural part of building. It may be defined as a member carrying or transferring
loads from slabs and from it to the column, then to the foundation of the building finally to
the soil. A beam at the top it is subjected to compression and at the bottom it is subjected to
tensile force when load is applied on it.
Beam construction process
1. Formwork installation: - Formwork will be placed according to the dimensions of the beam
which shall be provided in the design drawings. After completion of formwork, insure that
designated dimensions are provided including sufficient reinforcement cover. Added to that;
shuttering strength, waterproofness, strength of supports of formworks, and verticality of side
shutters.
2. Placing reinforcement: - Necessary reinforcement detailing such as size and number of
longitudinal reinforcements and its required length, number and spacing of stirrups are
provided in structural drawings. Finally, number and size of top; bottom; and extra
reinforcements, lap length and placement, hooks, spacers, and clear reinforcement cover shall
be checked after reinforcement placement is finished.
3. Pouring concrete: - Poured concrete shall be compacted adequately using vibration
equipment. Finally, the side-shutter of grade beam can be removed 24 hours after pouring
concrete. However, bottom shutter cannot be removed till concrete achieve its strength.
e) Lap length in Reinforced Concrete

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Lapping can be defined as the overlapping of two bars side by side to up to the design length.
During the placement of steel in Reinforced concrete structure, if the required length of single
bar may fall short. To get the desired design length, lapping of two bars side by side is done.
Usually, the stock length of steel bars is limited to 12m. Then the tension forces are required
to be transferred from one bar to the other bar at the location of discontinuity of the bar. So the
second bar is kept closely to the first bar and overlapping is done. This amount of overlapping
between two bars is called “lap length”. Lapping is usually done where minimum bending
stress is encountered. In general, lap length is 50d which means 50 times the bar diameter, if
both bars are of same diameter.
Figure 4 Over
lapping of rebar
f) Shear Wall
Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral forces i.e. parallel to the plane of the
wall. For slender walls where the bending deformation is more, shear wall resists the loads
due to Cantilever Action. In other words, Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal
force resisting system.
The main functions of a Shear Wall can be described as follows:

30
Providing Lateral Strength to building: Shear Wall must provide lateral shear strength to
the building to resist the horizontal earthquake forces, wind forces and transfer these forces to
the foundation.
Providing Lateral Stiffness to building: Shear Walls provide large stiffness to building in
the direction of their orientation, which reduces lateral sway of the building and thus reduces
damage to structure.
g) Slab
Slabs are structural part of a building that transmit loads act on it to beam or column. It used
for firm floors and roofs of the building to provide a level surface capable of supporting the
occupants of building equipment’s. In my site the conventional slab type is used.
In our case I was able to see construction of conventional slab. This type of slab is supported
with beams and columns and the load transferred to those elements. A conventional slab is
classified as either: One-way: Supported by beams on two opposite sides, and the ratio of
longer side to shorter is greater than 2, carrying the load along one direction. Two-way:
Supported by beams on all four sides and the ratio of longer side to shorter are less than 2,
carrying the load along both directions.
Concrete Floor Slab Construction Process
1. Assemble and Erect Formwork
2. Prepare and Place Reinforcement
3. Pour, Compact and Finish Concrete
4. Curing Concrete and Remove Formwork after 21 days
h) Electrical installation
All electric works will be made in order to meet the standard for quality as well as aesthetic
value of the entire project. And also I try to understand how to read electrical drawings and
interpreting to the site.
i) Sanitary installation
Sanitary and plumbing drawing is used for the layout of drainage system of toilets and
rainwater. The pipes will be put for drainage system before casting or making hole later for

31
that purpose. In case of our we put site pipes before casting slab and it is more better than
make hole later.
j) Column
Column is a vertical member which takes complete load of the beam, slabs and the entire
structure the building. The size of the columns, quantity of cement sand and aggregate to be
mixed, the number of steel bars to be placed, spacing between the stirrups is all mentioned in
the structural drawing which is designed by structural designer as per the actual load on the
column and considering the factor of safety.
Construction procedure:-
▶ Layout and alignment: - Layouts proceed by surveying instrument. I had been seen in our
site string is used to check alignment.
▶ Reinforcement work:- Check the numbers and diameter of vertical bars, The spacing
between vertical bars, Development length which depends on the diameter of the bar, Lapping
in alternate bars to come at the same height, Lapping of column, The spacing between stirrups,
The hook bends properly, and Check the stirrups corner
▶ Formwork: - Columns carry a load of the structure so it is critical. It is important to align
column for verticality so that load transmits properly. The column shuttering should strong
enough to take the pressure of fresh concrete and remain in position during concreting.
▶ Pouring of concrete:- Concreting of an RCC column is by two methods :Manually or With
the help of machine. In our site we have been pouring with help of crane.
k) Development length
Development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement (bar) length needed to be
embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the
concrete and steel. Development Length is provided to transfer the load from steel to concrete.
Development Length is also known as anchorage length. Such length will be provided in a
continuous beam, cantilever slabs and other critical joints (beam-column Reason for
providing Development length: - To develop a safe bond between the bar surface & the
concrete so that no failure due to slippage of bar occurs during the ultimate load conditions.
Also, the extra length of the bar provided as development length is responsible for transferring
the stresses developed in any section to the adjoining sections (such as at column beam
junction the extra length of bars provided from beam to column.

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Figure 2.5 Development length
2.6 The procedure I have been used while performing my activity.
The site work I performed was controlling how the work was going on and supervising the
works based on the given checklist which was given to me from the company's office. The
checklist for site
supervisors is issued in order to ensure a uniform system of supervision of building
construction. Simultaneously, I mostly used procedure is asking questions where there is
ambiguity on site observation and performing activities.
The duty of mine was to ensure that the construction works are executed in accordance with
the contract requirement. Therefore, I worked most of my time at the site to become more
familiar with site works and to get more practical knowledge. The site work in general

33
includes every kind work executed at the site from starting to finishing work based on the
given specification and methodology. The site work that I have been involved in the four
months internship period was in superstructure work.
Super structure is the part of a building which extends above the grade beam or everything
above the sub structure includes the slab, columns, walls, roofs etc. The purpose of
superstructure is to in close and divide space as well as spread load safely in to sub structure.
2.7 Challenges that I faced.
The construction industry is typically divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring
different skills, resources, and knowledge to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate
and work closely invested in each section it is challenging task to one person especially for
beginner.
During the course of the four months internship period at the company, it was expected that I
faced some sort of difficulties. Indeed I was challenged to some extent. These challenges were
not due to lack of my initiation toward performing the task I was given instead it was a matter
of experience in the field. But there were also some challenges that could have been corrected
by the company and what I did or should have done wouldn't have brought that much
difference.
While I attending my routine site visit, I had to interact with the professionals that were
stationed at those sites. And these professionals, even though their knowledge of construction
world was to a great extent, had to use these layman terms while performing their usual
activities that were not clear to me at the time. Almost every construction machines had its
own name and process was identified with a description different from what I have previously
learned.
During those site visits, I had troubled engaging the attention of the working men while I was
trying to inquire about the different things I had observed. While I was faced with such speed
bumps, I obviously had to look for alternatives that may the challenge I was facing. And these
measures did help in way that made work flow easier to conduct;
➢Through time, I had to bring myself to learn the manners by which activities were
conducted so that there won't have any gap created.
➢Regarding to the arrival time to the company, I simply brought myself to get used to the fact
and engaged myself in activities so that I didn't have to waste time just sitting around.

34
➢ Developing my confidence in the matter of accepting a responsibility by volunteering to
execute different tasks and managing to complete these tasks to the requirement set by my
superiors.
In general I have faced the following challenges in the internship period.
➢ Communication problem;
➢ Shortage of working drawing;
➢ Weather condition;
➢ Shortage of knowledge some portion of the work at the site;
➢ Underestimation by workers;
➢ Unsatisfactory answers for question and
➢ Safety facility
2.8 Measures I took to overcome challenges
Communication problem was the biggest challenges I have every faced. It blocks me from
finding more knowledge from skilled workers and other person's those are familiar to the
work. In addition to this they use local words at the site and it was uneasy to know words
within a few days. Thus, considering myself as part of the construction, I improved my
communication skills with others and built confidence step by step by engaging myself in the
work. After studying those words, it paved away to communicate easily with workers. These
words are in the table below.
table2. 5 List of non-technical terms used in the site
Technical word Word used in site Meaning
Stirrup Staffa Shear resistance member of beam, column, and
shear wall
Plumb bob Tumbi Check verticality of structural members
Bottom soffit Phondo Used as from work for beams and slabs at the
bottom.

35
Side board Sponda Used as a formwork for beams and slabs on
vertical sides.
Brace Mekesecha Support a vertical side formwork of a beam and
column diagonally.
Z-bar Kebeleto Used as a support of slab reinforcement
Trowel Shuka Used to apply and spread mortar or plaster.
Those are the main site language I able to understand but there are some others language they
used to communicate.
Drawing shortage: Since I have worked in the consultant side we, asked together the site
engineer. And he gives us in hard copy.
Weather of the site: Since I'm beginner to such work I have been in a big nuisance
particularly in the first month to adopt this kind of working environment. The main problem
was the sun light; I wear a cap to combat the hot condition. Also, sometimes rain interrupts us
at that time we shift our program for noon.
Regarding to Shortage of knowledge some portion of the work at the site, I overcome it
through asking respective personnel any unclear and vague ideas.
The underestimation and the answer were not solved throughout the month with some workers
but through trying to communicate friendly and making myself clear, I know more knowledge
from workers. Questions regarding to the structural design, I hadn't got enough answers due to
that the owner of design is not my hosting company. I ask the design supervision team when
they come for supervision and know how the structural design was designed
CHAPTER THREE
OVERALL BENEFITS I GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP
3.0 Introduction
The internship time has been the most educating and challengeable time we all had our own
expectation about working in actual construction site. Internships provide invaluable
professional experience and allow you to test the theories and concepts you’ve been
introduced to throughout your college. I learned a lot about myself and what I want to pursue

36
during my time here. I’ve been introduced to knowledge that I never knew about. I’ve
expanded my knowledge and I’ve become more confident in myself and my potential.
In my four months attend in Tesfaye Tsegaye BC, there were lots of benefits that I have
gained and I again experience that helps me after the graduation in the upcoming working era
of mine. I mentioned the benefits in terms of:
 Practical skills
 Theoretical knowledge
 Interpersonal communication skills
 Team playing
 Leadership skills
 Work ethics
 Entrepreneurship skill
3.1 Improving my practical skills
The aim of internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. To make theoretical
knowledge applicable and to make it practical skill there should be a chance like this. This
program helps me to build and improve my confidence in construction tasks. So, I found a
practical knowledge as the site much possible within the four months. Some of practical
knowledge I gain from internship class was:
➢ I able to read drawing and understood what drawings said and how to change engineering
drawings to practical works.
➢ Construction of formwork; the construction stage of formwork was new to me now I gained
practical knowledge about how it is worked.
➢ Bar bending, positioning, spacing, and tying, according to the specified drawing. This work
is done based on structural drawing. In most case it was new for me to see such work since it
is practical work performed at construction site.
➢ Surveying on the building construction
➢ Casting and pouring of concrete structural members; I got practical skills of how it is
mixed, poured, treated and equipment used for those works.

37
➢ Different construction and their use; Machines are capable of handling tough work which
may be beyond the scope of human labor to be performed. I generally know how machines are
used in the site.
3.2 Upgrading my theoretical knowledge.
The internship program helps me to strengthen my knowledge on theory that I already have.
The entire course I have had taken except some of them, focused on theoretical part. Since the
practice depends first on the theory, it is easy to work for the one having good theoretical
base. I learned some of theories that I haven't understand clearly in the class. In addition to
that when I was practicing I relate the theory with the practical matter, so at this time it helps
to me in upgrading my theoretical knowledge. Some of those are:
➢ Understand how concrete could be produced and used.
➢ Mix proportion
➢ Visualizing the structural drawing.
➢ Quantity surveying
➢ Structural design of staircase and
➢ Report writing
3.3 Improving my interpersonal communication skills
Communication is the act process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills and sharing
what we know. A basic understanding of communication system is beneficial to all building
professionals and trades as they play a part in the success of the construction. Construction is
one of the places that require a good communication skill either managing every trade of work
or asking what is going on over there. In the site most things I gain is improve my
communication skills, in some cases due to personal behavior of interns it become difficult to
communicate with peoples, but thanks to resident engineers of our site and afterwards I see
that my interpersonal communication skills was improved. I have seen communication skills
are key for getting experience and knowledge require for the internship program. Based on
this I tried to change my approach to the people at the work place and through time I was able

38
to saw progress on myself. Within a month I was able to communicate effectively with
different classes of workers in the site.
Good communication is the important in the real construction world and it can appear in
different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. Generally, construction work is team work
by its nature professions and personalities come up together and communicate with each other
to solve different problems and run the whole work, so here good interpersonal
communication skill will bring success.
So as a conclusion I can say that I have got good lesson regarding communication skill while
my stay in the company for the internship program. I used to have different discussions with
my friends who are intern students and the workers at site. Through such team work it was
easier to address problem emerging. Therefore it becomes easy for me to improve my
interpersonal communication skills.
3.4 Improving team work skill
Team work skill for construction work, especially for engineers, involve in every piece of task
and achieving good team work skill is essential for effective completion of tasks and
increasingly productivity. Team work is the way of success and strength. In the construction
site the work is already a team work and it needs more closeness of workers to solve problems
arise in different aspects. I learnt that as part of a team, an engineer should have to works with
a positive attitude within a group for the success of a project. Confident engineers are able to
succeed by gaining the trust of co-workings. We the students at the site also works together as
a team to get more understanding and share ideas. More or less I improved my team work
status by working together with different professionals, student and workers as a whole in the
civil engineering works and consulting.
The most important point in team playing skill is just reach an agreement from different points
on the work to be done. Team work especially for engineers, involve in every piece of task.
Thus, generally some qualities of a good team working skill I gained are as follows:
➢ Communicates constructively
➢ Listens actively
➢ Co-operative and help other
➢ Active participant

39
➢ Demonstrates reliability
➢ Functions as an active participant
➢ Shares idea openly and willingly
3.5 Improving my leadership skill
Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an organizational
goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day to
day activities. Among all other management's I have seen that human resource management is
the most important one. I have actually observed the method of controlling the working time
and amount of work done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work
plan. I grasp a lot of knowledge concerning different issues such as how to treat different
persons and how to control the overall activity on the site. Leadership is a skill to guide,
control and monitor people. For effective leadership I understood that personal values like
confidence, effective communication and devotion are very important. In order to be good
leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.
Those are:-
➢ Skilled with different knowledge
➢ Seeking self-improvement
➢ Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions
➢ Make sound and timely decisions
➢ know your people and look out for their well being
➢ Keep your workers informed
➢ Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers
➢ Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished
➢ Use full capacity of your organization.
➢ Listening to others.
➢ Being organized.

40
➢ Communicate clearly and efficiently.
Generally I have got a good experience and have learned how to become a good leader. In
addition I have learned main characters of a good leader. Being a leader isn't easy, but anyone
who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.
3.6 Understanding the Work Ethics
Ethics defines morality and determines the meaning and rational justification of the right way
to live, correct values as well as correct ways of treating others. Work ethics refers to the
standards or a set of moral principles for regulating behaviors of a certain defined profession.
In order to consider that an activity to be profession, it should be carried out by one who has
advanced education, knowledge, and skills. Thus, for developing healthy working
environment and increase productivity, ethical work conducts are the important medium.
Since we are acting like one of the member staffs we need to act and having work ethic is
crucial.
Personal ethics
Personal ethics is a category of philosophy that determines what an individual believes about
morality and right and wrong. All human beings as rational creatures are expected to exhibit
certain personal principles of ethics. These principles of personal ethics are values which are
expected to be possessed by all individuals in the life, and contribute a lot for a smooth
interaction among individuals and peaceful coexistence of a society. Principles of personal
ethics include:
➢ Concern for the wellbeing of others,
➢ Honest,
➢ Reliability,
➢ Fairness and
➢ Obeying to law
Work ethics
The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one's behavior
towards appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather well on the job so that
work flow will not be jeopardized in the long run. During my internship program, I could say

41
that I have managed to do my side of the job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm so
that there was a smooth flow of activities on construction site.
When during my four months internship program I understand the following ethical
principles: these are:
➢ Punctuality,
➢ Confidentiality,
➢ Teamwork,
➢ Transparency and openness,
➢ Managing conflict of interest, and
➢ presenting the report on time
Punctuality: - It is the characteristic of being able to complete a required task or fulfill an
obligation before or at a previously designated time. It is important to workers being punctual
for strengthens and reveals one's integrity, to be a dependable, to builds one's self-confidence.
Confidentiality: - Is the employee's responsibility to treat all the information in the workplace
with care and caution. Maintaining confidentiality in the workplace is important for building
and maintaining trust, and for ensuring an open and honest communication between
customers, clients and employees. An employee should be prudent enough not to disclose any
information that the organization considers sensitive and confidential, to a third party, until
and unless the employee has consulted and taken permission from his supervisor regarding the
same.
Teamwork: - It is vital that employees work as a team. It is important not only to their
personal success and advancement, but also to that of their co-workers and to the company.
Teamwork involves the following aspects:
➢ Respecting the rights of others
➢ Being a team worker
➢ Being cooperative
➢ Being assertive
➢ Seeking opportunities for continuous learning

42
Communication: - Is how we interact with each other. Communication whether it is verbal or
nonverbal must be clear, to the point, empathetic, and one must keep in mind that we must
always treat others as we would like others to treat us.
Transparency and openness: - It is about being receptive to new ideas and feedback. Sharing
information, feelings and concerns builds trust and is a primary key in any venture, activity or
project involving more than one person. Employee openness, trust and transparency also
ensures that people are kept informed of issues as they arise and that everyone receives current
knowledge about an ever-changing situation. Lack of transparency and openness can create
miss-trust, lead to hidden agendas and be detrimental to the team, attitude, work and
productivity. Company owners who value the thoughts and opinions of their staff stand a
much better chance of being successful.
Avoiding and Managing conflict of interest:- It a situation in which a person, such as an
employee, or a professional, has a private or personal interest sufficient to appear to influence
the objective exercise of his or her official duties. When a person is headed into a conflict of
interest situation, the ethical responses are straightforward: get out of the situation, or, if he
can’t, make known to all affected parties his private interest. These responses will preserve the
trust essential to professional objectivity.
No matter what the reason is of the conflict the real challenge is dealing with it and reaching a
amicable resolution. First things first, it is important to resolve conflicts timely, because these
can lead to: decreased productivity, project failure, increased stress, and higher employee
absenteeism rate and work dissatisfaction among workers
Effective conflict management is crucial for a workplace so that happiness prevails in the
office and employees work in harmony. For leaders it is important to timely mitigate conflicts
with their know-how and expertise. In fact, a project managers’ job is not only to handle
project related tasks but to resolve conflicts that occur between employees due to work related
or any personal reasons. Mechanism to manage conflict:
➢ don’t avoid, deal with it
➢ don’t let stress overpower you
➢ Conduct basic conflict resolution training
➢ Train in interpersonal communication

43
3.7 Entrepreneurship Skills
Entrepreneurship is a system of operating business in which opportunities existing within the
scope of a market are exploited. Self-employment necessitates that any available opportunities
within the economic system should be utilized in the creatioen and functioning of new
organizations. Entrepreneurship can be defined a process of involving the creation of new
enterprise. Entrepreneurship can also be defined as the process of involving the creation of
new enterprise and that the entrepreneur is the founder. Entrepreneurship is the special human
talent that helps manage those factors of production such as labor machinery and capital and
takes risks of making loses. An entrepreneur is required to establish meaningful relationship
between activity and authority which is intimately related to planning function. A construction
project mainly requires large human, financial, material and equipment resources. An
entrepreneur is required to establish meaningful relationship between activity and authority
which is intimately related to planning function. Equipment utilization and management
helps a person to plan implement and monitor construction equipment to:
▶ Enhance optimum utilization
▶ Increase efficiency or productive of inputs to the products of the construction
▶ Harmonize standards and enhance the quality of work.
During my staying in TTBC-1 P.L.C for four months, I have learned problem solving,
adaptability, flexibility and influencing skills which are entrepreneurial skills. In addition, I
grasp the following information about common characters of successful entrepreneurs. These
are:
➢ Personal characteristics
➢ Interpersonal skills
➢ Critical thinking
➢ Practical skills
Personal Characteristics:
➢ Optimism,
➢ Vision,
➢ Initiative,
➢ Desire for Control,

44
➢ Drive and Persistence,
➢ Risk Tolerance and
➢ Resilience
Interpersonal skills:
➢ Leadership and Motivation,
➢ Communication Skills,
➢ Listening,
➢ Personal Relations,
➢ Negotiation and
➢ Ethics
Critical and Creative Thinking Skills:
➢ Creative Thinking,
➢ Problem Solving,
➢ Recognize Opportunities.
Practical Skills:
➢ Goal Setting,
➢ Planning and Organizing and
➢ Decision Making,

45
CHAPTER 4

46
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
4. INTRODUCTION
This section elaborates the recommendation to the organization and the university, and the
conclusion of the entire internship report.
4.1. CONCLUSION
In conclusion the internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or
the reality work at the field of construction or civil engineering work. This program played an
important role to break the conventional thought that field works can be only implemented by
people who have an experience in building construction. We were able to acquire a high level
of confidence to deal with problems that arise in a building construction.
The field practice has played a tremendous role in equipping students with the practical
knowledge of understanding and implementing field exercises. It helped us to develop self-
confidence and to introduce us to the world of construction. It helps the student to practically
understand the theory they learned in the class. It also acquainted us with an opportunity to
think "In what way should we learn and what type of knowledge we should have to gather
before graduate." The program opens space to have some relation with some personnel and
company which in turn minimize the number of joblessness in our country Ethiopia.
Tesfaye Tsegaye BC-1 is building construction company in Hawassa, with different projects
and operates in construction development. Behind every company's construction projects,
there is a strong commitment and promise of a dedicated management and professional team
that strive to meet the highest level of quality construction. Since I was working with this
construction company, I grasp the knowledge about:
➢ Overall organizations of the company and work flow
➢ Tasks of the engineers and other employees.
➢ Challenges of the works that will face the engineers and their solutions.
➢ Management of overall site
However internship is not free from challenges. The most challenge was the shortage of
resource for student like drawing, computer, and class room for purpose of intern students.
The interesting part of my internship program was that the atmosphere I was doing was
suitable. Some of benefits that I gain due to internship program are:
➢ Practical skills
➢ Upgrading of the theoretical knowledge and was able to use it for practical work.

47
➢ Communications skill
➢ Got skill of team work
➢ Improve personal ethics and knowing work ethics.
➢ was able to do different tasks.
Overall the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are proud
to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely critical period
of the history. Finally, internship was interesting and therefore I would encourage the
university to continue giving students this opportunity to do their academic requirement of
internship from their organization.
4.2 RECOMENDATION
4.2.1 Recommendation for the Company
In the site there are works which are performed in the way that were not to be performed. Such
works leads to safety problems, loose of human power of its degree high and economy. Thus I
would recommend for the company the following:
➢ should organize their material management.

48
➢ should place reinforcement bars in convenient area for protection from corrosion and they
should work for minimum waste during cutting reinforcement.
➢ should store documents with reliable arrangement and they shall provide enough hard copy
for interns including 3D view for the project.
➢ To use steel formwork rather than wood formwork, as it is very repetitively used, stiff, not
flammable easily and removed easily without damaging the structure.
➢ To continue giving internship placements to as many students as they can because some
miss this experience to work at company like this due to the fact that they failed to get
acceptance.
➢ To give allowances to interns most especially transport allowances for transport cost most
students stay far from the internship places hence increasing my expenses. Therefore, I
recommend the Organization to put that in to action in order to motivate interns and boost
their productivity levels in performing their tasks during the field attachment.
4.2.1.1 Safety work around the site
Human life is irreplaceable, which is susceptible of minor infections. Now days it has become
common to hear accidents on the construction industry. Therefore, it cannot be denied to work
on increasing the safety condition of the site. The most effective way of avoiding risks is the
preventive strategy. Safety of all working staffs should be observed to a higher care. Inflection
of injury shall be minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. Safety of the workers
and visitors will be managed in the Preventive strategy.
Success would only be possible if there are workers, who can give their potential output
without fear of any unforeseen risks. While they are striving to achieve the targeted results,
they may not be focused on their safety matters.
The preventive strategy involves the following elements;
Orientation: - All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety and the care
they have to take once they are within the territory of construction. Falls from scaffolding,
suspended slabs, stairs, lift holes and the like are the potential risks that the workers should be
aware of. Orientation must include on how to work with machines and equipment, the possible
accident they may inflict and what rules and procedures they have to follow when working
with.
Signage: - Important signs that could remind people who are moving within the working
location should be situated in a place where everybody can see or look.

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