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Commercial Building Construction Site
A TRAINING REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Civil Engineering)
RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA
SUBMITTED BY
Lakshit Joshi
16ESKCE053
24411
namanjoshi121@gmail.com
III B.Tech VI Semester (2016-20)
SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN
JULY 2019

Commercial Building Construction Site
A TRAINING REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
For the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
(Civil Engineering)
SUBMITTED TO
Nishant Sachdeva
Asst. Professor
SUBMITTED BY
Lakshit Joshi
16ESKCE053
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
SWAMI KESHVANAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
MANAGEMENT AND GRAMOTHAN
JULY 2019

Acknowledgement
We wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our training supervisor Er. Nishant Sachdeva
for guiding me from the inception till the completion of the summer training. We sincerely
acknowledge him/her for giving his/her valuable guidance, support for literature survey, critical
reviews and comments for our training.
We also express sincere thanks and gratitude to Er. Shivendra Singh (Global Buildestate
projects Pvt. Ltd.), for his kind cooperation and extendible support towards the completion of
our project.
Words are inadequate in offering our thanks to Dr.L.N.DuttH.O.D of CE Department, for
consistent encouragement and support for shaping our project in the presentable form.
We also like to express our thanks to all supporting CE faculty members who have been a
constant source of encouragement for successful completion of the project.
Also our warm thanks to Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management &
Gramothanwho provided us this opportunity to carryout, this prestigious Project and enhance our
learning in various technical fields.
Lakshit Joshi
Enrolment No. 24411

Abstract
As an undergraduate, this training program was an excellent opportunity for me to get to the
ground level and experience the things that I would have never gained through going straight
into a job. Industrial training was a very great opportunity I got to apply the theories that I learnt
with the real industry for the real situations. This also gave me the chance to move with different
types of people in the industry. Having exposed to such situations I was able to obtain lot of
experiences which will be definitely helpful to success my future career as an Engineer.
Finally, I can say with a great pleasure that 3 months of industrial training was a helpful period
of time for me to excel my skills.
The experiences I gained through this training program will be a strong foundation to my career
as an engineer. I hope that the university would continue to conduct such opportunities for us
even more.

LAKSHIT JOSHI 16ESKCE053 SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
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Table of Contents
1. Chapter 1: Introduction. Page 2
 Introduction of company 4.
 Introduction of project 6.
 Introduction of Other Visit 8.
 People on Site 9.
 People off the Site 9.
 Safety at Site 10.
2. Chapter 2: Construction methodology Page 11
 Excavation 11.
 Foundation 13.
 Column, Shear Wall 15.
 Beam 16.
 Capital & Slab 17.
 Retaining Wall 18.
 Side Ramp (PCC & RCC) 20.
 Fire Staircase 22.
3. Chapter 3: Machinery Used on Site. Page 24
4. Chapter 4: Specification. Page 30
 Architectural Drawing 30.
 Structural Drawing 31.
 Shuttering 32.
 Reinforcement Detail 35.
5. Chapter 5: Test and Material use on Site. Page 38
6. Chapter 6: Engineer’s work on Site. Page 41
 Project Engineer 41.
 Site Engineer 42.
7. Chapter 7: Conclusion Page 43

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Chapter1: INTRODUCTION
As a fulfilment of the requirement of the SKIT, Jaipur and as a part of curriculum of four
years Bachelor’s degree in Engineering & Technology, a student of third year has to do 45
days summer industrial training under the programme known an Industrial Training Seminar
(ITS) mentioned in the B. Tech program in order to obtain industrial experience in the field
of study and also to abreast oneself of the working environment of the company. This year,
this training period was scheduled from May 10,2019 to June 24,2019. So, this report
contains the data of the industrial training and consists of real work experience of an
individual in the company. The content of this report is genuine and this report is just for your
knowledge not for any purpose
1.1 AIM
This is a report of the Summer Training which I did with a clear aim of getting the exposure
of how the things used to happen in the industry at real time implementations and thus in the
process increase my knowledge. During the training, the main motive was to learn the actual
working and organization structure of an industry and to do the project in order to apply our
basic knowledge into the real world which ultimately enhanced our skills. The things that
were of extraordinary significance were cooperation, dynamic necessities in an undertaking
and the adaptability of the market. The emphasis was on improving useful abilities and their
live usage.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The main objectives of this industrial training are listed below:
1. To apply our theoretical knowledge into practical environment of an industry.
2. To perform the real time and value-based project in order to enhance the existing
working process of the industry and ultimately add feather of knowledge in the cap of
our skill sets.
3. Apart from technical knowledge, industrial training also builds an inner sense among
an individual of how to be well dressed, how to communicate with professionals and
how to shape strong formal and informal relationships in an industrial organization so
as to promote favourable human relations and team work.
4. To inculcate the good qualities of integrity, responsibility and self-confidence.

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1.3 SCOPE
The scope of industrial training means scope of construction is good as it is wide area for a
civil engineer to show his/her skills to the organization and surplus the attention. And
showcase his skills on a wider level in front of the world. It is a bigger, wider, and reputed
organization, which can create a benchmark for my upcoming career.
1.4 DURATION OF TRAINING
1. The duration of industrial training was 45 days from May 10, 2019 to June 24, 2019
in which we were supposed to complete our industrial training.
2. During this industrial training the working hours in industry was 9:00 AM to 4:00
PM.
1.5 CONCLUSION
As an undergraduate, this training program was an excellent opportunity for me to get to the
ground level and experience the things that I would have never gained through going straight
into a job. Industrial training was a very great opportunity I got to apply the theories that I
learnt with the real industry for the real situations. This also gave me the chance to move with
different types of people in the industry. Having exposed to such situations I was able to
obtain lot of experiences which will be definitely helpful to success my future career as an
Engineer.
Finally, I can say with a great pleasure that 45 days of industrial training was a helpful period
of time for me to excel my skills.
The experiences I gained through this training program will be a strong foundation to my
career as an engineer. I hope that the university would continue to conduct such opportunities
for us even more.

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1.6 INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY.
 Global Project Pvt. Ltd.
Global Projects Pvt. Ltd. is a premier Consultancy and Construction Organization offering
comprehensive & expert services in the field of Construction. The Organization comprises of
qualified and experienced professionals, handling wide range of projects in Jaipur and other
cities. These include Residential buildings, Commercial Buildings, Industrial buildings,
Hotels, Malls etc.
The principal objective of the organization is to continually innovate, develop and adopt
state-of-the-art technology in methods and materials to enhance productivity and cost
effectiveness and perform the optimized planning to meet the client specifications. In turn
becoming the Client’s most preferred choice by attaining excellence in quality and timely
completed projects.
Global Projects believes that progress must be achieved in harmony with the environment. A
Commitment to community welfare and environmental protection are an integral part of the
organization’s vision.
The Company has all the required registrations with State Government / Central Government
i.e. PAN, TAN, TIN, Service Tax, Import Export Code, Provident Fund and ESI etc.
Current Project (14 Ongoing Project)

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 Vijaytech Consultant (Structural Designer)
Vijaytech Consultants Pvt. Ltd. is a premier Consultancy Organization offering
comprehensive & specialized service in the fields of Structural Designing.
The Organization comprises of qualified and experienced professionals who have handled
wide range of projects in India and Abroad. These include high rise Residential buildings,
Hotels, Commercial Buildings, Multiplexes, Cinemas, Hospitals, Intuitional buildings,
Industrial Buildings, Resorts etc.
The principal objective of the organization is to evolve Innovative and cost reduction
techniques to encounter the problems in design and construction engineering field & do the
optimized planning to meet the client specification. It has proved substantial cost saving in
various projects.
Software used for Designing.
Ongoing Projects.

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1.7 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT.
 Commercial Building
 Plot Size 40m x 63m
 Buildup Area: 160000 sqft
 Floor Height = 3225 mm
 NO. of Floor = 8+2(Basement)
 Total Cost = 40 crore
 Clint: Nirmal Kumar Agarwal
 Builder: Mr. Mohan luster
 Construction company: Global Buildestate .
Project. Pvt.Ltd
 Architect: Design Esprit
 Structural Designer: Vjaytech Consultants Pvt. Ltd.
 Shuttering Contractor: Vidhan Shuttering
 Steel Contractor: Hasan Steel

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FIG 1: Project Image
FIG 2: LOCATION (Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur)

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1.8 INTRODUCTION OF OTHER VISIT.
 JK Lakshmi Cement (RMC plant)
On Day 14th
of the Internship we have Mezzanine floor casting on the site. So,
before that we visit the RMC plant of JK Lakshmi cement and doing some test of
the concrete on the plant before it is ready for transport on the site.
Our Site Engineer Er. Hansraj sir is with us. They do some paper work before
testing.
120 M3 of M35 with Fly Ash is order that time.
Single Shipment consists of 6M3 RMC at a time.
FIG 3: RMC PLANT

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1.9 PEOPLE ON SITE.
Designation Name
• Project manager
• Site Engineer
• Clint Engineer
• Electrical Engineer
• Quality Engineer
• Constructor Forman
• Store Man
• Company Supervisor
• Steel Forman
• Shuttering Forman
1.10 PEOPLE OFF SITE.
GLOBAL COMPANY
1. Director: Er. Vikas Garg
2. General Manager: Er. Sandeep Sharma
3. Procurement Manager: Mr. Amber Kr. Sharma
4. Quantity Surveyor: Mr. S.R. Bishnoi
5. Site Accountant: Mr. Kushal Singh
Design Esprit (Architect)
1. Drawn By: Anurag
2. Checked By: Vimal Sharma
Vjaytech Consultants. Pvt. Ltd ( Structural )
1. Drawn By: Shankar Yadav
• Er. Shivendra Singh
• Er. Hansraj Saini
• Er. Deepak Sharma
• Er. Mantosh
• Er. Manoj Kumawat
• Er. Subhash, Er. Bajrang
• Mr. Aman, Mr. Sunil
• Mr. Bablu Singh
• Minaaz Khan
• Vijay Sahu

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1.11 SAFETY AT SITE.
FIG 4: Gloves FIG 5: Helmet
FIG 6: Shoes FIG 7: Jacket

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Chapter2: CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY
2.1 EXCAVATION: -
Excavation is mainly done by the JCB Machines on site and by the help of dumpers transfer
excavated soil.
2.1.1 Drawings Required for Excavation:
1. Centreline Drawing or Gridline Drawing: Gridline drawings represent the grids
marked in numbers and alphabets whose measurements are shown for site marking
out reference. These grid lines are so aligned that the line falls on the excavation and
footing.
2. Excavation Drawing: length, width and depth of the excavation is under the drawing
of excavation. Excavation line is shows by dotted line.
2.1.2 Scope of the work for Excavation:
The major works done before while and after excavations are as follows:
1. Setting out of corner benchmarks.
2. Survey for ground levels.
3. Excavation to approved depth.
4. Dressing of loose soil.
5. Making up to cut off level
6. Constructing dewatering wells and interconnecting trenches.
7. Marking boundaries of the building.
8. Constructing protection bunds and drains.
2.1.3 Following measures should be prevented while excavations work:
1. There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement area.
2. Dewatering should be done before construction work.
3. During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.

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FIG 8: Excavation

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2.2FOUNDATION: -
 A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to
the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow
foundations and deep foundations. A tall building must have a strong foundation if it
is to stand for a long time.
 To make a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground, digging deeper and
deeper until we come to subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil that is used to
grow plants and crops. When the trench is deep enough, we fill it with any strong,
hard material we can find. Sometimes we pour in concrete into the trench, which we
strengthen even more by first putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench.
When the concrete dries, the steel acts like the bones in our body to tie the foundation
together. We call this reinforced concrete.
2.2.1 Mat foundation: -
o Mat footings are used when the building load is so high that spread or
strip footings could not bear the weight or their employment would be
inefficient. Furthermore, mat footings are helping to reduce the
varying settlements caused by construction on non-homogenous soils
or uneven load distribution on the footing.
FIG 9: MAT FOUNDATION

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FIG 10: Footing Plan

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2.3 COLUMN & SHEAR WALL
2.3.1 A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural
element that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to
other structural elements below. In other words, a column is a compression
member. The term column applies especially to a large round support (the shaft of
the column) with a capital and a base or pedestal which is made of stone or
appearing to be so. A small wooden or metal support is typically called a post, and
supports with a rectangular or other non-round section are usually called piers. For
the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist
lateral forces. Other compression members are often termed "columns" because of
the similar stress conditions. Columns are frequently used to
support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest.
2.3.2 Shear wall is a structural member used to resist lateral forces i.e. parallel to the
plane of the wall. For slender walls where the bending deformation is more, Shear
wall resists the loads due to Cantilever Action. In other words, Shear walls are
vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system.
2.3.3 In building construction, a rigid vertical diaphragm capable of transferring lateral
forces from exterior walls, floors, and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction
parallel to their planes. Examples are the reinforced-concrete wall. Lateral forces caused
by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement loads, in addition to the weight of structure
and occupants, create powerful twisting (torsional) forces. This leads to the failure of the
structures by shear.
FIG 11: Site Column and Shear wall

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2.4 BEAM
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to
the beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads
applied to the beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The
total effect of all the forces acting on the beam is to produce shear
forces and bending moments within the beam, that in turn induce internal
stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams are characterized by their
manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), equilibrium conditions,
length, and their material.
2.4.1 Beam Detailing: -
FIG 12: Beam Detailing

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2.5FLAT SLAB
The flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that usually does not have beams and
girders, and the loads are transferred directly to the supporting concrete columns. ... Using a
drop panel and a column capital in flat slab. Using a drop panel without a column capital in
flat slab.
Flat slab construction can deeply reduce floor-to –floor height especially in the absence of
false ceiling as flat slab construction does act as limiting factor on the placement of
horizontal services and partitions. This can prove gainful in case of lower building height,
decreased cladding expense and pre-fabricated services.
In case the client plans changes in the interior and wants to use the accommodation to suit the
need, flat slab construction is the perfect choice as it offers that flexibility to the owner. This
flexibility is possible due to the use of square lattice and absence of beam that makes
channeling of services and allocation of partitions difficult.
FIG 13: Flat Slab and Capital

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2.6RETAINING WALL: -
Retaining walls are relatively rigid walls used for supporting soil laterally so that it can be
retained at different levels on the two sides. Retaining walls are structures designed to
restrain soil to a slope that it would not naturally keep to (typically a steep, near-vertical or
vertical slope). They are used to bound soils between two different elevations often in areas
of terrain possessing undesirable slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped
severely and engineered for more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway
overpasses. A retaining wall that retains soil on the backside and water on the front side is
called a seawall or a bulkhead.
A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of
soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of
repose of the soil.
A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually refers to a
cantilever retaining wall, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its
top.These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain a
higher level grade on the opposite side. The walls must resist the lateral pressures
generated by loose soils or, in some cases, water pressures.
FIG 14: Retaining wall FIG 15: Framework

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FIG 16: Retaining Wall Prototype

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2.7SIDE RAMP (PCC&RCC)
An inclined plane, also known as a ramp, is a flat supporting surface tilted at an angle, with
one end higher than the other, used as an aid for raising or lowering a load.The inclined plane
is one of the six classical simple machines defined by Renaissance scientists. Inclined planes
are widely used to move heavy loads over vertical obstacles; examples vary from a ramp used
to load goods into a truck, to a person walking up a pedestrian ramp, to an automobile or
railroad train climbing a grade.
Ramp can be used to connect different levels or floors. Ramps are especially useful when
large numbers of people or vehicles have to be moved from floor to floor. So they are
frequently adopted for public buildings, such as railroad stations, stadiums, and exhibition
halls.
Ramps are of great importance in any high-rise building. Ramps provide safe access to the
building for heavy materials such as heavy machineries.
2.7.1 PCC
Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is a construction material generally used as a binding
materials and is composed of cement, (commonly Portland Cement) and other cementitious
materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of
gravels or crushed rocks such as limestone or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand),
water, and chemical admixtures.
2.7.2 RCC
Reinforced concrete (RCC) (also called reinforced cement concrete or RCC) is a composite
material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by
the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. The reinforcement
is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars (rebar) and is usually embedded
passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing schemes are generally
designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete that might cause
unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Modern reinforced concrete can contain
varied reinforcing materials made of steel, polymers or alternate composite material in
conjunction with rebar or not. Reinforced concrete may also be permanently stressed
(concrete in compression, reinforcement in tension),

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FIG 17: Ramp plan

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2.8STAIRCASE
A stairway, staircase, stairwell, flight of stairs, or simply stairs, is a construction
designed to bridge a large vertical distance by dividing it into smaller vertical distances,
called steps. Stairs may be straight, round, or may consist of two or more straight pieces
connected at angles.
Special types of stairs include escalators and ladders. Some alternatives to stairs
are elevators (also called lifts), stair lifts and inclined moving walkways.
2.8.1 Fire Escape
A fire escape is a special kind of emergency exit, usually mounted to the outside of
a building or occasionally inside but separate from the main areas of the building. It provides
a method of escape in the event of a fire or other emergency that makes the stairwells inside a
building inaccessible. Fire escapes are most often found on multiple-
story residential buildings, such as apartment buildings. At one time, they were a very
important aspect of fire safety for all new construction in urban areas; more recently,
however, they have fallen out of common use. This is due to the improved building codes
incorporating fire detectors, technologically advanced firefighting equipment, which includes
better communications and the reach of firefighting ladder trucks, and more importantly fire
sprinklers. The international building codes and other authoritative agencies have
incorporated fire sprinklers into multi-story buildings below 15 stories and not just
skyscrapers.

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FIG 18: Staircase Detailing

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Chapter3: MACHINERY USED ON SITE
3.1 RM 800 MIXER
800-liter capacities
A concrete mixer (often colloquially called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously
combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical
concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works,
portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction
site, giving the workers ample time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a
machine is mixing concrete by hand. This is usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several
companies have recently begun to sell modified tarps for this purpose.
 Self-loading concrete mixers are unique machines designed to batch, mix and
transport concrete. They consist of a rotating drum mounted on an operator-
driven cab-mounted chassis frame fitted with a loading bucket.
 The operator of the self-loading concrete mixers batches and introduces the
ingredients required for mixing concrete (cement, stone aggregates etc.) into
the drum using the loading bucket. The drum is usually reversible type, tilt
type or a combination of both. A predetermined volume of water is
discharged to the drum via a water dispensing unit. The mixture is rotated at
mixing speeds within the drum until the concrete discharges via a fitted chute.
 Self-loading concrete mixers are suited for construction sites where concrete
batching plants are unavailable, underfoot conditions are not suited for
concrete transit mixer trucks or labor availability is scarce or constrained.
Applications include urban and rural construction, concrete pavement
maintenance, bridge and tunnel construction, township-level highways
construction, foundation construction, national defense facilities, construction
of high-speed railways, etc.

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FIG 19: Rotating Drum
FIG 20: Weight Meter FIG 21: Hopers
FIG 22: Operator FIG 23: Water Tank

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3.2 MONKEY HOIST.
A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-wheel
around which rope or chain wraps. It may be manually operated, electrically
or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The most
familiar form is an elevator, the car of which is raised and lowered by a hoist mechanism.
Most hoists couple to their loads using a hook. Today, there are a few governing bodies for
the North American overhead hoist industry which include the Hoist Manufactures Institute
(HMI), ASME, and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). HMI is a
product counsel of the Material Handling Industry of America consisting of hoist
manufacturers promoting safe use of their products.
Also known as a Man-Lift, Buck hoist, temporary elevator, builder hoist, passenger hoist or
construction elevator, this type of hoist is commonly used on large scale construction
projects, such as high-rise buildings or major hospitals.There are many other uses for the
construction elevator. Many other industries use the buck hoist for full-time operations, the
purpose being to carry personnel, materials, and equipment quickly between the ground and
higher floors, or between floors in the middle of a structure. There are three types: Utility to
move material, personnel to move personnel, and dual-rated, which can do both
FIG 24: Monkey Hoist

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3.3 BAR BENDER
Rebar (short for "reinforcing bar") is used to reinforce concrete in construction work.
Because it's made of steel, rebar expands at roughly the same rate as concrete during
temperature changes. Often rebar must be bent to fit specific architectural forms. This can be
done with machinery, both industrial and handheld, but it can also be accomplished manually.
All you need to bend rebar is a vise, steel pipe and a blowtorch. This approach requires more
physical labor, but it's an effective method for those on a tight construction budget.
Step 1: - Clamp the rebar tightly in a vise. The vise's jaws should be positioned just below
the point where you want to bend the rebar.
Step 2: - Put on a pair of leather work gloves to protect your hands.
Step 3: - Heat the rebar at the bending point with a blow torch for 30-60 seconds. Heating
the metal slightly will make it bend more easily.
Step 4: - Slip a steel pipe onto the rebar. The pipe's diameter should be slightly larger than
that of the rebar, and it should be several inches longer than the portion of the rebar extending
from the vise.
Step 5: - Pull the rebar toward you with steady pressure to begin bending it.
Step 6: -After you've bent the rebar a few inches, stop and check the angle with a protractor.
Step 7:- Heat the rebar again and continue bending it until it reaches the desired angle.
Step 8: - If you require multiple bends, open the jaws of the vise and adjust the position of
the rebar. Repeat this process until all required bends are complete.
FIG 25: Bar Bender

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3.4 BAR CUTTER
In the context of machining, a cutting tool or cutter is any tool that is used to remove
material from the work piece by means of shear deformation. Cutting may be
accomplished by single-point or multipoint tools. Single-point tools are used
in turning, shaping, planning and similar operations, and remove material by means of
one cutting edge. Milling and drilling tools are often multipoint tools. It is a body having
teeth or cutting edges on it. Grinding tools are also multipoint tools. Each grain of
abrasive functions as a microscopic single-point cutting edge (although of high
negative rake angle), and shears a tiny chip.
 Cutting tool materials must be harder than the material which is to be cut, and
the tool must be able to withstand the heat generated in the metal-cutting
process. Also, the tool must have a specific geometry, with clearance
angles designed so that the cutting edge can contact the work piece without
the rest of the tool dragging on the work piece surface. The angle of
the cutting face is also important, as is the flute width, number of flutes or
teeth, and margin size. In order to have a long working life, all of the above
must be optimized, plus the speeds and feeds at which the tool is run.
FIG 26: Bar Cutter

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3.5 PLATE VIBRATOR
Vibratory plate compactor compact the material through its vibration and weight and are used
for compaction of granular soils. Vibratory plate compactor series has been specially
designed for easy, effective compaction of asphalt, soil and other non-cohesive (or less-
cohesive) materials. Vibratory plate compactor decreases the number of air voids through
vibration and then compact the layer with its own light weight. Due to small size, it allows
you to done compaction in confined areas where turning would otherwise impossible. During
operation this machine generates a horizontal force to propel themselves in forward motion.
This feature makes it easier to operate and handle.
FIG 27:
3.6 NEEDLE VIBRATOR
Immersion or Needle Vibrators are most commonly used vibrator for concrete. It consists of a
steel tube (with one end closed and rounded) having an eccentric vibrating element inside it.
This steel tube called poker is connected to an electric motor or a diesel engine through a
flexible tube. They are available in size varying from 40 to 100 mm diameter. The diameter
of the poker is decided from the consideration of the spacing between the reinforcing bars in
the form-work.
FIG 28:

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Chapter4: SPECIFICATION
4.1 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING: -
Architectural drawing is simply the technical drawing of a house, a building or any kind of
structure. Technical drawings are graphic representations such as lines and symbols that
follow specific conventions of scale and projection. They are used in architecture,
construction, engineering, or mapping. In other words they are a set of sketches, diagrams,
and plans, used to design, construct, and document buildings. It's a schematic representation
of a building.
4.1.1 Architectural Drawing Available at site: -
FIG 29: Ramp Drawing FIG 30: Site Layout

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4.2 STRUCTURAL DRAWING:-
A structural drawing, a type of engineering drawing, is a plan or set of plans for how a
building or other structure will be built. Structural drawings are generally prepared by
registered professional structural engineers, and informed by architectural drawings. They are
primarily concerned with the load-carrying members of a structure. They outline the size and
types of materials to be used, as well as the general demands for connections. They do not
address architectural details like surface finishes, partition walls, or mechanical systems. The
structural drawings communicate the design of the building's structure to the building
authority to review. Structural drawings are also included with a proposed building's contract
documents, which guide contractors in detailing, fabricating, and installing parts of the
structure.
4.2.1 Structural Drawing at Site:-
FIG 31: Column Detailing FIG 32: Beam Detailing

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4.3 SHUTTERING AND FRAMEWORK: -
Formwork is temporary or permanent molds into which concrete or similar materials are
poured. In the context of concrete construction, the false work supports the shuttering molds.
1. Traditional timber formwork. The formwork is built on site out
of timber and plywood or moisture-resistant particleboard. It is easy to produce but
time-consuming for larger structures, and the plywood facing has a relatively short
lifespan. It is still used extensively where the labor costs are lower than the costs for
procuring reusable formwork. It is also the most flexible type of formwork, so even
where other systems are in use, complicated sections may use it.
2. Engineered Formwork System. This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules
with a metal frame (usually steel or aluminum) and covered on the application
(concrete) side with material having the wanted surface structure (steel, aluminum,
timber, etc.). The two major advantages of formwork systems, compared to
traditional timber formwork, are speed of construction (modular systems pin, clip, or
screw together quickly) and lower life-cycle costs (barring major force, the frame is
almost indestructible, while the covering if made of wood; may have to be replaced
after a few - or a few dozen - uses, but if the covering is made with steel or aluminum
the form can achieve up to two thousand uses depending on care and the
applications). Metal formwork systems are better protected against rot and fire than
traditional timber formwork.
4.3.1 Column Framework:-
FIG 33:

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4.3.2 Beam Framework: -
FIG 34:
4.3.3 Slab Framework:-
FIG 35:

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4.3.4 Stairs Framework:-
4.3.5 Retaining Wall Framework:-

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4.4 REINFORCEMENT DETAIL: -
By contrast, 'Shop/Placing Drawings' apply the intent of the 'Design drawings' for the
ironworker. They call out the quantity, description, placement, bending shapes with
dimensions and laps of the reinforcing steel. Various applications are used to produce bar
bending schedules which can be directly fed into CNC machines that cuts and bends the rebar
to the desired shapes.
The fabrication of the bars are scheduled and the placing/fixing sequence indicated, adding
the elements required to support those bars during construction.
Shop/Placing Drawings' are submitted to the A/E for review of compliance with design
drawings before construction can proceed. These drawings must be detailed using the IS code
4.4.1 Slab Reinforcement Detailing:-
Reinforcement detailing of a slab is done based on its support conditions. Slab may be supported on walls
or beams or columns. Slab supported directly by columns are called flat slab.
 Slab supported on two sides and bending takes place predominantly in one direction
only is called One Way Slab. On the other hand, when slab is supported on all four
sides and bending take place in two directions are said to be Two Way Slab.
 Slabs could be simply supported, continuous or cantilever. In two way slab the
corners may be held down by restraints or may be allowed to lift up. Additional
torsion reinforcement is required at corners when it is restrained against uplifting as
shown in Fig.1.

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4.4.2 Column Reinforcement Detailing
Generally, concrete columns consist of square, rectangular or circular cross sectional area.
Columns are essentially required with the primary longitudinal reinforcement and lateral ties
to avoid buckling of the primary bars.
The details of minimum and maximum limits of reinforcements, minimum no. of bars, the
size of bars, cover requirements, diameter, and spacing are given in the above picture.
In case of RC columns consisting helical ties, 6 basic longitudinal reinforcement must be
given to the helical support. The spacing of the longitudinal reinforcement should not be
more than 300 mm.
The maximum and minimum values of the pitch of helical reinforcement is restricted to 75
mm and 25 mm. Helically reinforced portions have considerably greater load conveying limit
than those have common lateral ties because of higher degree control of concrete in the center
.
FIG 36: Column Detailing

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4.4.3 Beam Reinforcement Detailing:-
 Beam carries transverse external loads that cause bending moment, shear forces and
in some cases torsion
 Concrete is strong in compression and very weak in tension.
 Steel reinforcement counter act tensile stresses in reinforced concrete beams.
 Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield strength deformed bars (HYSD) used.
 HYSD bars have ribs on the surface and this increases the bond strength at least by
40%
When a beam is designed with slab, called slab beam or Tee-beam, reinforcements are
provided as shown in figure below. The beam is generally designed as simple beam but
additional reinforcement provided on top with slab to make it behave like a Tee-beam.
FIG 37: Beam Detailing

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Chapter5: Test and Material use on Site.
5.1 TEST ON SITE: -
5.1.1 Slump test
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets.
It is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore
the ease with which concrete flows. It can also be used as an indicator of an
improperly mixed batch. The test is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus
used and simple procedure. The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for
different loads of concrete under field conditions
 The test is carried out using a metal mould in the shape of a conical frustum
known as a slump cone or Abrams cone, that is open at both ends and has attached
handles. The tool typically has an internal diameter of 100 millimetres at the top
and of 200 millimetres at the bottom with a height of 305 millimetres. The cone is
placed on a hard-non-absorbent surface. This cone is filled with fresh concrete in
three stages. Each time, each layer is tamped 25 times with a 2 ft (600 mm)-long
bullet-nosed metal rod measuring (16 mm) in diameter. At the end of the third
stage, the concrete is struck off flush with the top of the mould. The mould is
carefully lifted vertically upwards, so as not to disturb the concrete cone.

FIG 38: Slump cone

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5.1.2 Cube Test
 Compressive strength of concrete cube test provides an idea about all the
characteristics of concrete. By this single test one judge that whether Concreting
has been done properly or not. Concrete compressive strength for general
construction varies from 15 mpa (2200 psi) to 30 mpa (4400 psi) and higher in
commercial and industrial structures
 Compressive strength of concrete depends on many factors such as water-cement
ratio, cement strength, quality of concrete material, quality control during
production of concrete etc.
 Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube or cylinder. Various
standard codes recommend concrete cylinder or concrete cube as the standard
specimen for the test.
FIG 39: CTM

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5.2 MATERIAL ON SITE

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Chapter6: Engineer’s work on Site.
6.1 PROJECT MANAGER
6.1.1 Good project managers are people with an excellent entrepreneurial
mindset. This allows them to think about a project beyond the basic
skill set needed to manage it., it is the project manager’s job to direct
teams and team members to the finish line. At the end of the day, the
project’s success or failure rests solely on the project manager’s
shoulders, and he or she is the one responsible for the end result.
6.1.2 Project managers keep knowledge and information flowing
seamlessly. They need both technical know-how and first-hand
knowledge of the tasks they assign to others to keep the project
moving forward.

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6.2 SITE ENGINEER
The role of site engineer and what exactly they do vary enormously from project to
project – a housing development, for example, will have very different needs to a
shopping center. But most site engineer jobs will include technical, supervisory and
organizational elements.

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Chapter7: CONCLUSION
The conclusion of the overall training that I attended during these three months is that I got a
great exposure of how the real-life environment in the industry goes on. I got to learn how to
impose the theories that I learned in the college in real life applications and how to handle
dynamic requirements during a project. This training also provided me an opportunity to
work on live devices as to understand their working clearly and clear my knowledge and
learn from it. Overall, it was a great experience and I enjoyed doing the winter training at
GLOBAL BUILDESTATE Pvt.Ltd.
7.1 CHALLENGES/WEAKNESSES/LIMITATION
Overall the experience was overwhelming and much exploring. It was very much unexpected
for me that I sustained in the training very well. The challenges which I faced during the
training where my basics for logical reasoning. And the technical was also not up to the
mark, for previous semesters.
According to my own knowledge and hope I will be better as construction engineering out in
the industry.
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
The scope from my side will be excellent as it is one of the leading cage manufacturers in
India and also exports in many foreign countries. There will be more opportunities with
working in the Global Buildestate and it is overwhelming for me to be trainee in this
company.

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