Albert Bandura was a leading researcher in observational learning theory. Observational learning occurs when an observer's behavior changes based on watching a model's behavior, without direct reinforcement. According to Bandura, observational learning does not require imitation of the model's exact behavior, and children in particular learn through observing and modeling others. Reinforcement theory also influences observational learning, as observers are more likely to replicate behaviors they observe being rewarded or punished.

2. (born on December 4, 1925 in Mundare, a small town in Alberta, Canada) He is the leading researcher and theorist in the area of observational learning.

3. is a type of learning that occurs as a function of observing, retaining and replicating novel behavior executed by others occurs when an observers behavior changes after viewing the behavior of a model also known as vicarious learning, social learning or modeling

4. According to Bandura, observational learning may or may not involve imitation. Social learning theory holds that children in particular, learn by observing and imitating models Children take an active part in their own learning The child’s own characteristics influence the choice of models.

5. It focuses on the learning that occurs within a social context. Observational learning does not require that the behavior exhibited by the model is duplicated.

6. The observer will imitate the model’s behavior if the model possesses characteristics. 2.The observer will react to the way the model is treated and mimic the models behavior. 3.A distinction between an observer’s “acquiring” a behavior and “performing “ a behavior.

12. (Presence of reinforcement or punishment)

13. Reinforcement theory of motivation was proposed by BF Skinner and his associates. It states that individual’s behavior is a function of its consequences . (based on law of effect)

14. Positive and Negative Reinforcement Positive Reinforcement Observer is likely to repeat behavior a model demonstrates Behavior doesn’t matter, reinforcement received matters. Negative Reinforcement Observer is less likely to repeat a beahavior a model demonstarets. Behavior doenst matter, reinforcement received matters.

15. - Anything that increase the behavior - is a consequence of behavior that decreases the likelihood of repetition.

16. The observer is reinforced by the model 2. The observer is reinforced by a third person 3. The imitated behavior itself leads to reinforcing consequences 4. Consequences of the model’s behavior affect the observers behavior vicariously (vicarious reinforcement)