Complete information about axial skeleton

1. AXIAL SKELETON

2. Axial Skeleton
 Axial skeleton – forms long axis of body
Consists;
 Skull
 Hyoid
 Auditory ossicles
 Vertebral column
 Thoracic cage

3. SKULL
Bony framework of head
Consists ;
 Cranial bones
 Facial bones

4. SKULL
 Cranial bones – form cranial cavity
 Enclose and protect brain
 Also called cranium
 Facial bones- form framework of head
 Form cavities for sense organs
 Provide openings for passage of food and air

5. SKULL
 Cranial bones – eight in total
2 paired- 4 unpaired
 Frontal bone (1)
 Parietal bones (2)
 Temporal bones (2)
 Occipital bone (1)
 Sphenoid bone (1)
 Ethmoid bone (1)

6. SKULL
 Facial bones – fourteen in total
 2 unpaired – 6 paired
 Nasal (2)
 Maxillae (2)
 Zygomatic (2)
 Mandible (1)
 Lacrimal (2)
 Palatine (2)
 Inferior nasal conchae (2)
 Vomer (1)

7. Hyoid bone
 U – shaped bone
 Does not articulate with any other bone
 Location – anterior neck between
mandible and larynx
 Supports tongue
 Attachment sites of muscles
of tongue, pharynx and neck

8. Auditory Ossicles
 3 paired bones – malleus , incus , stapes
 Location – middle ear
 Serve to transmit sounds from air to cochlea

9. Vertebral column
 Composed of bones (vertebrae) and connective tissue
 Protect spinal cord
 Point of attachment for ;
 Ribs
 Pelvic girdle
 Muscles of the back and upper limbs

10.  7 cervical vertebrae (cervic- neck) in the neck region.
 12 thoracic vertebrae (thorax-chest) posterior to the thoracic
 cavity.
 5 lumbar vertebrae (lumb-loin) supporting the lower back.
 1 sacrum (Sakrum- sacred bone) consisting of five fused sacral vertebrae.
 1 coccyx consisting of four fused coccygeal vertebrae

11. Intervertebral Disks
 Intervertebral disks- from 2nd cervical vertebra to sacrum
 Each disk has ;
 Outer fibrous ring (fibrocartilage) – annulus fibrosus
 inner soft, pulpy, mucoid substance –nucleus pulposus
 Permit various movements of the vertebral column
 Absorb vertical shock

12. Thoracic cage
Thoracic region consists on ;
 Sternum
 Ribs

13. Bones of Thorax
Sternum
 Manubrium
 Body
 Xiphoid process
Ribs
 True ribs 1-7
 False ribs 8-12
 Floating ribs 11-12

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