Surveying is the technique, profession, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. Surveying is used to prepare military map, geological map, archaeological map.

2. SERVEYING
• Surveying is the art of determining
relative positions of objects on the surface
of the earth by taking measurements and
drawing them to convenient reduced size
on papers.
• The measurements taken may be s
horizontal or vertical.
• In case of horizontal measurements, the
papers on which they are drawn are
known as maps or plans and in case of

3. SERVEYING
• The main object of surveying is to obtain a map
or a plan of the area surveyed.
• The earliest surveys known to were performed
only for the purpose of establishing the
boundaries of land, but their application has
become increasingly important as the time has
progressed.
• The part of surveying which deals with the
measurements in the vertical plane is known as
levelling Surveying and levelling are sometimes
considered to be two different operations but in
the wider sense, the term surveying includes

4. DIVISION OF SERVEYING
SERVEYING
PLANE
SURVEYING
GEODETIC
SURYEYING

5. PLANE SURVEYING
• The earth is somewhat elliptical in nature but is
generally assumed to be a spheroid.
• Therefore, a line joining any two points on the
surface of the earth is an arc of a great circle and
not a straight line.
• But a survey plan is a projection upon a horizontal
plane, and in its construction all linear and angular
measurements drawn must be horizontal.
• When the surveys extend over limited areas, the
difference in length between the arc and the
subtended chord for any two points on the earth is
very small and can be neglected.
• The surveys, where the effect of curvature of the
earth is neglected assuming the earth's surface to
be plane, are called plane surveys.

6. PLANE SURVEYING

7. GEODETIC SURVEYING
• Geodetic Surveying is generally adopted to
locate the widely distant.
• When the surveys extend over large areas or
the degree of accuracy required is great , the
curvature of the earth cannot be ignored .
• Those surveys, where the curvature of the
earth is taken into account , are called
Geodetic Surveys .
• They are also known as Trigonometrical
surveys as they involve the knowledge of
Trigonometry during different operations .

8. GEODETIC SURVEYING

9. CLASSIFICATION OF
SURVEYING
SERVEYI
NG
ACCORDIN
G TO THE
INSTRUME
NT
ACCORDIN
G TO THE
PURPOSE
ACCORDIN
G TO THE
METHOD
ACCORDIN
G TO THE
PLACE OF
WORK

10. CLASSIFICATION OF
SURVEYING
ACCORDING TO
THE
INSTRUMENT
CHAIN
SURVEY
COMPASS
SURVEY
PLANE
TABLE
SURVEY
THEODOLITE
SURVEY

11. CHAIN SURVEY
• It is a simplest kind of surveying.
• It is the method of surveying in which the
area is divided into network of triangles
and the sides of the various triangle.
• It is unsuitable for large areas and for
areas crowded with many details.

12. CHAIN SURVEY

13. COMPASS SURVEY
• In compass surveying , the compass is
used to determine the direction of survey
lines.
• Compass surveying is suitable –
• When the area cannot be divided into
triangles such as in town.
• The compass surveying is unsuitable in
places abounding in magnetic rock or iron
ore.

14. COMPASS SURVEY

15. PLANE TABLE SURVEY
• Plan table surveying also called plan
tabling ,is a method of surveying in which
field work and office work are done
simultaneously on a plane table.
• It is most suitable for the survey of details
between station which have already been
fixed by theodolite or any other accurate
method of surveying.
• It is one of the most rapid method of
surveying.

16. PLANE TABLE SURVEY

17. THEODOLITE SURVEY
• A theodolite is a precision instrument for
measuring angles in the horizontal and
vertical planes.
• Theodolites are used mainly
for surveying applications, and have been
adapted for specialized purposes such as
meteorology and rocket launch.
• A modern theodolite consists of a
movable telescope mounted within two
perpendicular axes: the horizontal or

18. THEODOLITE SURVEY

19. CLASSIFICATION OF
SURVEYING
ACCORDIN
G TO THE
PURPOSE
MINE
SURVEY
GEOLOGIC
AL SURVEY
ARCHAEOL
OGICAL
SURVEY
MILITATRY
SURVEY

20. • Mine surveying is a branch
of mining science and technology.
• It includes all measurements, calculations
and mapping which serve the purpose of
ascertaining and documenting information
at all stages from prospecting to
exploitation and utilizing mineral deposits
both by surface and underground working.
MINE SURVEY

21. MINE SURVEY

22. • A geological survey is the systematic
investigation of the geology beneath a
given piece of ground for the purpose of
creating a geological map or model.
• Geological
surveying employs techniques from the
traditional walk-over survey, studying
outcrops and landforms, to
intrusive methods, such as hand augering
and machine-driven boreholes, to the use
of geophysical techniques and remote
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

23. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

24. • In archaeology survey or field survey is a
type of field research by which archaeologists
(often landscape archaeologists) search for
archaeological sites and collect information
about the location, distribution and
organization of past human cultures across a
large area.
• Archaeologists conduct surveys to search for
particular archaeological sites or kinds of
sites, to detect patterns in the distribution of
material culture over regions, to make
generalizations or test hypotheses about past
cultures, and to assess the risks that
development projects will have adverse
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

25. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY

26. • It has a very important and critical
applications in the military.
• Aerial surveys are conducted for this
purpose.
• It is conducted to locate strategic positions
for the purpose of army operations.
MILITATRY SURVEY

27. MILITATRY SURVEY

28. CLASSIFICATION OF
SURVEYING
ACCORDING
TO THE PLACE
OF WORK
LAND SURVEY
HYDROGRAPHI
CAL SURVEY
AERIAL
SURVEY

29. • Land Survey is done on land to prepare
plan and maps of a given area.
Topographical, city and cadastral survey
are some of the example of land
surveying.
LAND SURVEY

30. LAND SURVEY

31. • This survey is conducted on or near the
body of water such as lake, river, coastal
area.
• This survey consists of locating shore line
of water bodies.
HYDROGRAPHICAL SURVEY

32. HYDROGRAPHICAL SURVEY

33. • An Aerial survey is conducted from
aircraft. Aerial cameras take photographs
of the surface of the earth in overlapping
strip of land.
AERIAL SURVEY

34. AERIAL SURVEY

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