An experimental study in using natural admixture as an alternative for chemical admixture

1. AN EXPERIMENTALSTUDY IN USING NATURALADMIXTURES AS ANALTERNATIVE
FOR CHEMICALADMIXTURES IN CONCRETE
AProject report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
K. DEVI 21NT5A0125
B. CHANDU 21NT5A0105
D. DINAKARAN 21NT5A0113
K. TULASI 21NT5A0123
M. DEMUDU 21NT5A0173
S. JAYANTH 21NT5A0177
Department of Civil Engineering
Visakha Institute of Engineering and Technology

2. ABSTRACT
Concrete is effectively used for construction work on a large scale, as it has basic characteristics such as high
compressive strength, high flexural strength, tensile strength, durability. Concrete may get easily hardened as it required a
proper water-cement ratio. The durability. workability, and compressive strength of the concrete are the focused
properties if the quality of the construction is taken into view. The concrete gets hardened due to the exothermic process
that takes place due to the reaction between water and ingredients in the concrete mix. As the concrete age grows strength
also increases. The cost of the cement is touching the sky every passing day. So, the cement is not eco- friendly and
harms the environment during the manufacturing of cement. This review paper expressed the significance of jaggery and
aloe vera on strength behavior of a new concrete composition. Experimentation carried out for determining strength
properties of a new concrete for M30 grade nominal concrete using jaggery and aloe vera as natural admixtures. Based
on previous study, jaggery is an unrefined sugar product and it is easily available market; the main function of jaggery is
to increase the initial setting time of concrete and it also influencing the properties of concrete. Aloe vera increase the
workability and compressive strength of concrete and this is crucial and most prominent material for designing and
construction, aloe vera mainly used as a water reducing agent in concrete. Natural admixtures are easily available and
cheap in cost when compared to chemical admixtures. Preferably this type of admixtures is used in different construction
sites like deep foundations, piers and long piles. Different percentages of admixture was chosen into the experimentation
at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight of cement, finally it is accomplished that the workability of concrete is being
superior with jaggery and aloe vera as admixtures.

3. CHAPTER 1
INTRUDUCTION
1. GENERAL
 Admixture is substances introduced into concrete mixes to alter or improve properties of fresh and/or hardened concrete. The admixture is generally
added in a relatively small quantity ranging from 0.005% to 2% by weight of cement. According to the ASTM C- 494 standard, admixture is a material
other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cement that is used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and is added to the batch immediately before or
during mixing. The widespread use of admixture is due to the many benefits made possible by their application. The usage of chemical admixtures in
concrete is a common practice in modern construction, and the addition is to reduce water demand or improve concrete properties. Although the use of
chemical admixtures provides better concrete properties, they are responsible for environmental pollution. The admixture can lead to pollution of the
environment by production, transport, storage, or handling, uses in concrete, service life of concrete structure, recycling of concrete from demolition, and
disposal of building waste and residues. Overuse of admixtures has detrimental effects on the properties of concrete. While the impact of chemical
admixture on the environment can occur when chemical admixtures are exposed to the environment or when dumping concrete granulate containing
admixtures after the demolition of a structure or when concrete granulate is used as gravel replacement in construction and as the concrete admixtures are
very readily soluble in water, hence create an environmental problem due to leaching besides the environmental pollution, some of the chemical
admixtures are
2. AGGREGATES
 Aggregates are the inert materials that are mixed in fixed proportions with a binding material to produce concrete these acts as fillers or volume
increasing components on the hand and are responsible for strength, hardness and durability of the concrete on other hand. Most important constituents of
the concrete which occupy 70 to 80% of the total volume of concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy, one of the
most important factors for producing workable concrete is good gradation of aggregates. Good grading implies that a sample fractions of aggregates in
required proportion such that sample contains minimum voids. So, we can say that one should know definitely about the aggregates in depth to study
more about concrete. Aggregates in concrete prove to be a valuable building material in technical, environment and economical respect. Aggregates can be
classified in many ways. But, classification of aggregates based on shape and size are as follows.
1. Coarse aggregate
2. Fine aggregate

4. 1. COARSE AGGREGATES
 When the Aggregates is sieved through 4.75mm sieve, the aggregate retained on the sieve is called coarse aggregates. It is well recognized that
coarse aggregates play an important role in concrete, we have gravel, cobble and boulders come under this category. The maximum size aggregate used
may be Depend upon some conditions Coarse Aggregates typically occupies over one-third occupy of volume of concrete Coarse aggregates occupy 70 to
80% of the concrete. In general, 40 mm size aggregate used for normal strength and 20 mm size is used for high strength concrete. So, the aggregates have
to be strong and enough strength to bear the loads. And the quantity of the concrete increases because of the presence of the coarse aggregates. To predict
the behavior of concrete under general loading requires an understanding of the effects of aggregate type, aggregates size, and aggregates content. The size
ranges of various coarse aggregates. so, depending upon the type of construction the size of the coarse aggregates may be used according to the Indian
standards codes.
2. FINEAGGREGATE
 When the aggregate is sieved through 4.75 mm sieve, the aggregates passed through the sieve, it is called fine aggregates. Natural sand is generally
used as fine aggregates, sit and clay are also comes under this category the soft deposit consisting of sand, sit and clay are termed as loam. The main
purpose of the fine aggregates to fill the voids in the coarse aggregates and to act as a workability age, and also for economy as reflected by use of less
cement, the fine aggregate should have a rounded shape Fine aggregates content ally 35 to 45% by mass or volume of total aggregates. So, depending
upon the type of construction, the size of the fine aggregates may be used according to the Indian standards codes.
3. CEMENT
 Cement, in general is the binding material used in building and civil engineering works. cements are finely grounded powders that when mixed with
water set to hard mass. Concrete is a mixture of paste and aggregates, the paste composed of cement and water, coats the surface of coarse and fine
aggregates, through a chemical reaction called hydration, the paste hardens and gains strength to form the rock like mass known as concrete, cement
mainly consists of the following ingredients.
 Lime (calcium oxide, Cao)
 Silica (silicon dioxide, Sio2)
 Alumina (Aluminum oxide, A1203)
 Iron oxide (Fe203)
 2 to 3% of Gypsum

5. 1. TYPES OF CEMENT
 There are different types of cement and depending on the usage in the construction field these different types of cement are used:
 Rapid hardening cement
 Low heat cement
 White cement
 Portland pozzolana cement
 Hydrophobic cement
 High alumina cement etc.
 So, by using the above ingredients manufacturing of cement is done. Which is the main material used for the construction
purpose. It is always desirable to use the best cement in constructions. Therefore, the properties of a cement must be
investigated. Although desirable cement properties may vary depending on the type of construction, generally a good cement
possesses the following properties:
 Provides strength to masonry
 Stiffens or hardens early
 Possesses good plasticity
 An excellent building material
 Easily workable
 Good moisture resistant
4. WATER
 The water reacts with the cement, which bonds the other components together. When it is mixed with dry composite, which produces a
semi-liquid material that workers can shape into any form. Water is needed to chemically react with the cement and to provide workability with
the concrete, when the water is added the concrete solidifies and hardens to rock-hard strength through a chemical process called hydration The
amount of water in the mix compared with the amount of cement is called the water/cement ratio. The good quality of water should be used that
means potable water which is free from chemicals and organic materials.

6. 5. ALOE VERA
 Aloe vera pulp was made into liquid form by using a Mixer grinder. Aloe vera liquid and super plasticizer were added to gauged water. The
liquid mixture was then added to the dry mixture and mixed well till homogeneous consistent porous concrete mix was obtained. Mixture of
Aloe Vera Gel showed good results on the properties of concrete in both workability and compressive strength at 2.5% addition to the water.
workability of concrete up to 57% along with 10% increment in compressive strength of concrete.
 Advantages of aloe Vera using in concrete
1. environmentally friendly
2. present important attributes,
3. such as low density,
4. light weight,
5. low cost,
6. high tensile strength
Aloe vera

7.  1.6 JAGGERY
 Jaggery increases efficiency, durability, and compression strength as your volume in the concrete mix increases. After adding
jaggery to the concrete the hydration process is reduced and therefore the drying time of the concrete is increased. Increases
efficiency, durability, and compression strength as your volume in the concrete mix increases. After adding jaggery to the concrete the
hydration process is reduced and therefore the drying time of the concrete is increased.
 Advantages of jaggery using in concrete
1. Improved Workability
2. Retardation of Setting Time
3. Reduced Water Demand
4. Improved Resistance to Sulfate Attack
5. Potential for Cost Savings
Fig 1.6.1 jaggery powder Fig 1.6.2 jaggery

8.  1.7 NECCESSITY OFALOE VERA AND JAGGERY IN CONCRETE
 The use of aloe Vera and jaggery as admixtures in concrete is not a common or widely recognized practice in the construction industry.
Traditional concrete mixtures typically consist of cement, water, sand, and aggregate. Aloe Vera and jaggery are not known for their properties
that enhance the strength or durability of concrete. While there is ongoing research in the field of concrete technology to explore new and
innovative additives, these specific ingredients are not widely accepted or studied for concrete applications. It's essential to rely on proven and
established admixtures that have undergone rigorous testing and research to ensure the structural integrity and safety of concrete structures
 1.9 OBJECTIVES OFTHE WORK
 To study and test the properties of coarse aggregates, fine aggregates and cement.
 To study and test the properties of admixtures (aloe vera and jaggery) with concrete.
 To study different strength properties of M30 grade concrete that is mixed by adding of natural admixtures like aloe vera and jaggery and
chemical admixture. The obtained values are compared.
 1.10 SCOPE OFTHE WORK
 In this present study, an attempt is made by adding of natural admixture and chemical admixture. The concrete specimens of M30 grade
are casted by adding of natural admixture and chemical admixture at different mix proportions i.e., 0% ,0.5%,1% ,1.5%,2%. After curing, the
specimens are tested for compressive strength and split tensile strength. The obtained results are compared with conventional concrete mix to
know the strength characteristics.

9. CHAPTER II
LITERATURE SURVEY
S.NO Author Name Year Experimented on Final Result
1 S. Mani Raj et al. 2019
NATURAL ADMIXTURE AS AN
ALTERNATIVE FOR CHEMICAL
ADMIXTURE IN CONCRETE
TECHNOLOGY:
This project leads to the retired
traditional concept of additional
admixture of concrete. Our project
helps the construction industry
towards the sustainable development.
Portland cement was first used in
place of lime during the nineteenth
century due to the easy use, quick
setting and compressive strength. In
this study we utilized the ancient
admixture such as egg albumen,
jaggery powder, eggshell & aloe vera.
Concrete with natural admixtures
provides greater qualities such as
stickiness, ease of applications,
moisture resistance, natural antiseptic,
durability, low thermal conductivity,
solar production. Traditional eco
concrete not only improves the
strength but also proves its durability
for centuries.

10. S.NO Author Name Year Experimented on Final Result
2 Hersh.F.
Mahmood et al.
2023
Performance of Grape
Extract Addition as an
Admixture in
Concrete Construction
There is a general belief that admixture
can improve some important properties of
concrete, and different kinds of admixtures
are in use worldwide. In the current
investigation, a comparative experimental
study has been performed on using grape
and mulberry extracts as a natural admixture
and chemical admixture for concrete.
Increasing of workability and reduction in
water absorption were observed due to the
addition of natural admixtures to concrete.
There was an enhancement of concrete
compressive strength tested at 3, 7, and 28
days and the 28 days modulus of elasticity as
a result of using different admixtures, but
reduction of splitting tensile strength was
observed. In general, using the two natural
admixtures has a beneficial effect to improve
both fresh and hardened properties of
concrete and they have a superiority on the
chemical admixture with regard the cost and
producing environmental-friendly
construction material

11. S.NO Author Name Year Experimented on Final Result
3 SuhailAhmed et al. researchAloe Vera
Gel is used in
concrete
. In this research Aloe Vera Gel is used in concrete
at the proportion of 0% ,0.5%,1% ,1.5%,2%,2.5% to
analyze its promising effects on workability and
compressive strength of concrete. Mixture of Aloe Vera
Gel showed good results on the properties of concrete in
both workability and compressive strength at 2.5%
addition to the water. workability of concrete up to 57%
along with 10% increment in compressive strength of
concrete.
4 R. Sathvika et al. 2021 new non-conventional
concrete
studied about a new non-conventional concrete
which should be with easily available and accessible
materials presented in this concrete system. A composite
material is made up of two or more constituent materials.
The constituent materials differ in their physical and
chemical composition. Aloe Vera fibers are
environmentally friendly and present important
attributes. This kind of waste has a greater chance of
being utilized for different applications in construction
and building materials. This focused on the use of aloe
Vera gel and its effect on the compressive and
workability of concrete.

12. S.NO Author
Name
Year Experimented on Final Result
4 A.S.Shalini et
al.
2023
Performance of Grape
Extract Addition as an
Admixture in
Concrete Construction
Have studied the behavior of concrete by adding Aloe vera
as a natural admixture in it. They scrapped the pulp from
aloe vera plant and extracted the gel by scooping it by a
spoon. Then they grinded it and made juice without any
addition of water. This extracted juice was then measure
using a measuring jar in 0.5%, 0.7% and 1.0% of cement
weight and kept aside. They mixed the concrete in 3 batches
with each concentration of aloe vera per batch. The concrete
mixture was tested for workability using a slump cone. This
test was done for each batch of varying proportion. The
slump values for various mix ratios were noted. The main
aim of the slump test is to show how the different
concentration of Aloe Vera juice alters the workability of
concrete. Thus, from the above analysis and results
workability of concrete increases with but as they increase
the concentration of aloe vera gel, the compressive strength
of the concrete decreases which can be inferred from the
graphical result analysis. It is observed that at 0.5%
proportion of aloe vera gel, we can see a high compressive
strength of 34.63 N/mm2. at 28th day observation, but as the
concentration of aloe vera juice increases there is a slight
and steady decrease in the compressive strength. This
experiment with Aloe Vera juice in the concrete is done to
study that the natural ingredients can also be used to
increase the workability of the concrete They are
ecofriendly and not harmful to the environment.

13. S.NO Author Name Year Experimented on Final Result
5
S.
THIROUGN
ANAME &
Dr.G.RAMA
KRISHN
2019
Effect of Sisal Leaf
Extract as an
Admixture in Concrete
have said that several additives and admixtures are used to
change the composition of concrete or to accelerate or retard
its hardening, curing, workability etc., Chemical and mineral
admixtures commonly used in production of concrete are too
expensive and also polluting the environment. Sisal is a fiber
yielding plant whose botanical name is Agave Sisalana. It
occupies sixth place among fiber plants, representing 2% of
the world’s production of plant fiber. A vast quantity of sisal
leaf juice (Extract) is generated during processing of sisal
leaves for fiber production, which remain unutilized. It has
caused negative environmental impact from its disposal.
Research programmers already done to utilize the sisal leaf
extract in medical industry, but not in the construction
industry so far, even though it is produced large in quantity.
This study aims to use the extract of Sisal leaf, as bio-
admixtures in making concrete. The properties of concrete,
namely workability, compressive strength, split tensile
strength and flexural strength for the three grades viz., M20,
M25 and M30 were determined in the presence of 0.50 to
2.0% of sisal leaf extract as admixture in concrete. As the
SLE percentage increases, workability increases in all the
three concrete grades M20, M25 and M30.Compressive
strength (cube and cylinder) of SLE cement concretes for all
four percentage (0.50%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) at 28 days, yields
more strength than that of reference concrete, for all grades of
concrete M20, M25 and M30. It is due to presence of lignin,
cellulose and hemi cellulose that improves the binding
properties

14. S.NO Author Name Year Experimented on Final Result
6 V. Ganesan et al. 2022
STUDY ON ALOE
VERA GEL AS A
WATER REDUCING
ADMIXTURE IN
CONCRETE
. has learned about exploratory investigations on strength of
concrete by somewhat supplant cement with sugarcane stick
bagasse fiery debris. The examination program incorporated
the incomplete replacement of cement by bagasse powder by
10%, 15% and 20% and found that expansion in compressive
strength and flexural strength of RC concrete for 15 %
replacement of cement with bagasse slag.
7 Mani Raj et al. 2019
Study on Eco-
Concrete using
Natural
Admixtures
. in their project lead to the retired traditional concept of
additional admixture of concrete. Their project helps the
construction industry towards the sustainable development.
Portland cement was first used in place of lime during the
nineteenth century due to the easy use, quick setting and
compressive strength. The rapid development of construction
industry led to huge utilization of cement, this leads to
emission of greenhouse gas (CO2) into environment and that
causes the global warming. To reduce the emission of CO2,
the supplementary cementitious material was introduced and
vast investigation is going on over those materials. In the
ancient times they had utilized the materials like egg, blood,
animal fat, cactus extract in the concrete as admixtures.
Generally, the admixtures having specific characteristics as
accelerating, retarding, air entraining and water reducing
abilities. In this study we utilized the ancient admixture such
as jaggery powder.

15. S.NO Author Name Year Experimented on Final Result
8 Yogesh. R.
Suryawanshi et al
2021
STUDY ON EFFECT
OF SUGAR POWDER
ON STRENGTH OF
CEMENT”
Have studied on impact of sugar powder on
Strength of cement. Sugar powder content is taken in
different proportions as 0, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2
% by weight of cement. The cubes of various
proportions have been casted and was water cured and
testing is improved the situation 3 days, 7 days and 28
days. The measure of sugar powder 0.1% of the
aggregate weight of cement gives expanded introductory
and last setting time. The measure of sugar powder 0.1%
of the aggregate weight of cement gives enhanced
outcomes in compressive strength. The compressive
strength of cement and concrete is expanded up to 15 -
20%.
9
A. V. Pavan Kumar et
al. 2015
STUDY ON EFFECT
OF SUGAR POWDER
ON STRENGTH OF
CEMENT”
) has perform about effect of Sugar, Jaggery and
Sugar Cane Ash on Properties of Concrete. The
admixtures (sugar and jaggery) are incorporated into
concrete at the estimation levels of 0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1%
with 5.10,15, 20, 25% Ash is and cement up to 15% to
improve the distinctive properties of concrete. Collapse
To slump was seen in both the admixtures at a
measurement of 0.1%. Workability increments when the
measurement of admixture was increased. Compressive
strength of concrete improves when dose of mixture is
expanded.

16. CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
 3.1 INTRODUCTION
 In this chapter, methodology, materials and their properties used in concrete and tests conducted on different materials were observed and
mentioned.

17. Collection of materials
Cement Coarseaggregates Fine aggregates Water Natural admixture
Mixing of concrete by adding of natural admixture
0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0%
Casting of cubes & cylinders
Curing of specimens
Water Curing

18. Testing of specimens
Compressive strengthtest Split tensile strength

19. 2. MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIE
 The Raw materials that are used in the production of concrete are mentioned below.
1. Coarse aggregates
2. Fine aggregates
3. Cement
4. Water
 3.2.1 COARSE AGGREGATE
 The material whose particles are of size are retained on IS sieve of size 4.75mm is termed as coarse aggregate and containing only so
much finer material as is permitted for the various types described in IS: 383-1970 is considered as coarse aggregate. Aggregates are the
major ingredients of concrete. They constitute 70-80% of the total volume, provide a rigid skeleton structure for concrete, and act as
economical space fillers. Because at least three- quarters of the volume of the concrete is occupied by aggregate, it is not surprising that its
quality is of considerable importance. The properties of aggregate greatly affect the durability and structural performance of concrete.
 Aggregate was originally viewed as an inert material dispersed throughout the cement paste largely for economic reasons. It is
possible, however, to take an opposite view and to look on aggregate as a building material connected in to a cohesive whole by means of the
cement paste, in a manner similar to masonry construction. In fact, aggregate is not truly inert and its physical, thermal and sometimes also
chemical properties influence the performance of concrete. Aggregate is cheaper than cement and it is, therefore, economical to put in to the
mix as much of the former and as little of the later possible. But economy is not only the reason for using aggregate, it confers considerable
technical advantages on concrete, which has a higher volume stability and better durability than hydrated cement paste alone. Aggregates
should be of uniform quality with respect to shape and grading. The size of coarse aggregated depends upon the nature of the work. The
coarse aggregate used in this experimental investigation is 20mm and 10mm size, crushed and angular in shape as shown in Figure 3.4. The
aggregates are free from dust before used in the concrete.

20.  The following tests have been conducted on coarse aggregates.
 Specific Gravity
 Fineness modulus
 Sieve analysis
1. SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COURSE AGGREGATE
 Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same volume of water at the stated temperature. The experiment
was conducted as per IS 2386-1963 and the values are tabulated in Table
2. SIEVEANALYSIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE
 The process of dividing a sample of aggregate into fraction of same particle size is known as a sieve analysis and its purpose is to find
fineness. The sieve analysis was carried out using locally available river sand and tabulated in Table.
Table 3.1: properties of coarse aggregates
 3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE
 The size of the fine aggregate is below 4.75mm. Fine aggregates can be natural or manufactured. The grade must be throughout the work.
The moisture content or absorption characteristics must be closely monitored. The fine aggregate as shown in Figure 3.2 used is natural sand
obtained from the river Godavari conforming to grading zone-II of Table 3 of IS: 10262-2009. The results of various tests on fine aggregate are
given in Table 3.2. The fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand or, subject to approval, other inert materials with similar characteristics, or
combinations having hard, strong, durable particles. The use of concrete is being constrained by urbanization, zoning regulations, increased cost
and environmental concern.

21. The following tests have been conducted on fine aggregates.
 Specific Gravity
 Sieve analysis (fineness modulus)
 3.2.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINEAGGREGATE
 Specific Gravity is defined as the ratio of mass of material to the mass of the same volume of water the stated temperature. The experiment
was conducted as per IS: 2386- 1963 and the values are tabulated in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2: properties of fine aggregates
Fig 3.2.2: Fine aggregates

22. 3. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT
 Ordinary Portland cement is used for general
constructions. The raw materials required for manufacture of
Portland cement are calcareous materials, such as Time stone or
chalk and argillaceous materials such as shale or clay. The
manufacture of cement consists of grinding the raw materials,
mixing them intimately in certain proportions depending upon
their purity and composition and burning them in a kiln at a
temperature of about 13000C to 15000C at which temperature,
the material sinters and partially fuses to form nodular shaped
clinker. The clinker is cooled and ground to a fine powder with
addition of about 2 to 3% of gypsum. The product formed by
using the procedure is a "Portland Cement". In the present
experimental work KCP 53 grade ordinary Portland cement was
used.
1. CEMENT
 The cement is to be tested in the laboratory for its quality
The cement used was ordinary Portland cement of OPC 53
grade (KCP 53 grade) as shown in Figure 3.1 requirement
limitations as per Indian Standards. firming to IS: 12269-2013.
Various tests are conducted to know the physical properties of
cement and the results are tabulated below in Table 3.1. All 16
the tests conducted are as standard specifications.
2. TESTING OFCEMENT
 The following tests as per IS: 4031-1988 is done to
ascertain the physical properties of the cement. The results of
the tests are compared to the specified values of IS: 4031-1988.

23. 3. CONSISTENCY
 The standard consistency of cement paste is defined as consistency, which will permit the Vicat pinger to penetrate to a point 5-7 mm from
the bottom of the could this test is done to determine the quantity of water required to produce cement paste of standard consistency. For
determining the setting in compressive strength and soundness, the percentage of water required to produce cement paste of normal consistency is
used. Consistency depends upon the composition of cement; this test was conducted as per the procedure given in IS: 4031-1988. The consistency
value obtained is shown in Table 3.1.
4. INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME
 Lower the needle gently and bring it in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release. Allow it to penetrate into the test block.
In the beginning, the needle will completely pierce through the test block. But after some time when the paste starts losing its 17 plasticity, the
needle may penetrate only to a depth of 33-35mm from the top. The period elapsing between the times when water is added to the cement at the
time of which the needle penetrates the test block to a depth equal to 33-35mm from the tup is taken as initial setting time. Replace the needle of
the Vicat apparatus by a circular attachment. The cement shall be considered as finally set when, lowering the attachment gently cover the surface
of the test block, the center needle makes an impression, while the circular edge of the attachment bills to do so. In other words, the paste has
attained such hardness that the center needle does not pierce rough the paste more than 0.5mm.
 Table 3.3: properties of cement
 3.2.4 POTABLE WATER
 This is the least expensive but most important ingredient of concrete. The quantity and quality of water is required to be looked in to
very carefully. In practice very often great control on the properties of all other ingredients is exercised, but the control on the quality of
the water is often neglected. Since quality of the water effects strength,

24. it is necessary for us to go in to the purity and
quality of water. The water, which is used for making
solution, should be clean and free from harmful
impurities such as oil, Akali, acid, etc. in general, the
distilled water should be used for making solution in
laboratories. Water containing less than 2000
milligrams per liters of total dissolved solids can
generally be used satisfactorily fr making concrete.
Although higher concentration is not always harmful,
they may affect certain cements adversely and
should be avoided where possible. A good thumb
rule to follow is, if water is pure enough for
drinking it is suitable for mixing concrete and the
physical prosperities of the water as shown in Table.
Table3.4: physical properties of water

25. CHAPTER 4
MIX DESIGN
1. INTRODUCTION
 In this chapter concrete mix design calculations for M30 grade concrete in detail were presented.
2. REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
 The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients are
The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration
The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipmentavailable.
Maximum water-cement ratio to give adequate durability for the particular site conditions.
Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in massconcrete.
3. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN
The grade designation, (the characteristic strength requirement of concrete) The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength
of concrete.
Maximum nominal size of aggregates to be used in concrete may be as large as possiblewithin the limits prescribed by IS: 456-2000
The cement content is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size, shape, quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used
for transportation, placing and compaction.
4.3.1Design of M30 Grade Concrete Stipulations for Proportioning
a) Grade designation M30
b) Type of cement OPC53gradeconfirmingIS:12269
c) Minimum Cement content 320kg/m³
d) Maximum nominal size of aggregate 20 mm
e) Maximum water–cement ratio 0.45
f) Workability 70 mm(slump)
g) Exposure condition Moderate
h) Method of concrete placing Non-Pumpable
i) Degree of supervision Good
j) Type of aggregate Crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement content 450kg/m3

26.  Test Data for Materials
 a) Cement used : OPC53gradeconfirmingIS:12269(1987)
(Confirming to grading Zone of Table 2 of IS:3831970)

27.  Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
 f¢
ck =fck+1.65S
= 30+1.65×5
= 38.25N/mm²
 Where
f'ck = target average compressive strength at 28days
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S = standard deviation
From Table 1 of IS 10269:2009, standard deviation (s) =5N/mm²
Target strength =38.25N/mm²
Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
FromTable5 of IS 456-1959, maximum water cement ratio=0.45
Selection of Water Content
From Table2 of IS 10262:2009
maximum water mm Slump range) for
20 mm aggregate Estimated water
content for 100 mm slump
= 186liters (For 25 to 50
= 186+ (6/100) X186
=197.16 liters

28. As super plasticizer is used, the water content can be reduced upto18%percent and above.
Calculation of Cement Content
Based on experience we have adopted as Water-cement ratio = 0.44
Cement content = 161.67/0.44=367kg/m³
From Table 5 of IS 456 minimum cement content for ‘Moderate’ exposure condition is
=320kg/m³, (367kg/m³>320kg/m³) hence, O.K
 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate and Fine Aggregate Content From Table 3 of IS: 10262-
2009 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to 20 mm size aggregate & fine aggregate (Zone II) For water-cement
ratio of 0.50 = 0.62 But our water content is 0.44 Therefore water cement ratio lowers by 0.06, the proportion of
Volume of coarse aggregate is increased by 0.02 (@ of -/+ 0.01 for every change in w/c ratio)
Corrected volume of coarse aggregate for the water-cement ratio 0.44 = 0.632
Volume of fine aggregate = 1-0.632 = 0.368
Actual water content for 100mmslump =197.16X0.82
=161.67itres

29.  MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows:
a) Volume of concrete = 1m³
b) Volume of cement = Mass of cement
c) Volume of water = Mass of Water
d) Volume of admixture = Mass of Admixture
= (7.34/1.145) X (1/1000) =0.006m3
e) Volume of all in aggregate = [a– (b +c + d)]
= 1-(0.116+0.161+0.006)
= 0.717m3
Specific gravity of cement
X
1
1000
= (367/3.14) X1/1000 =0.116m3
Specific gravity of Water 1000
X 1
= (161.67/1) X (1/1000) =0.161m3
Specific gravity of admixure 1000
X
X 1

30. f) Mass of coarse aggregate = f × Volume of CA × Specific gravity of CA x 1000
g) Mass of fine aggregate =f × Volume of FA× Specific gravity of FA× 1000
= 0.717×0.368×2.60×1000= 686.02kg
Mix Proportions 1m3 Concrete for Trail
Cement =367.00 kg/m³
Water = 161.67litre
Fine aggregate: = 686.02kg
Coarse aggregate = 1209.89kg
Water Cement ratio = 0.44

32. Thank you