This is a ppt about surveying.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
SURVEYING
CE 404 : Fundamentals of Surveying
engr. jose henderson p. gaba

2. SURVEYING
• It is the art of determining the positions on or near the earth’s
surface by means of measurements in the three elements of
space; namely distance, direction, and elevation. (Rayner and
Schmidt)
• It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances
between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of
determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by
predetermined angular and linear measurements. (Davis,
Foote, Anderson and Mikhail)
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3. SURVEYING
• It is the art of making such measurements of the relative
positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing
them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in
their correct horizontal or vertical relationship. (Clarke)
• It is that branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of
determining the area of any portion of the earth’s surface, the
length and directions of the boundary lines, the contour of the
surfaces, and of accurately delineating the whole paper.
(Webster)
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4. SURVEYING
• It is the science or art of making such measurements as are
necessary to determine the relative position of points above, on,
or beneath the surface of the earth, or to establish such point.
(Breed, Hosmer, and Bone)
• It is the art and science of determining angular and linear
measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative
position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the
earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied
mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and
techniques. (La Putt)
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5. SURVEYING : IMPORTANCE
• Necessary for determining property boundaries and divide
sections of land into smaller pieces.
• Necessary for planning and laying out of projects.
• Subdivisions, highways, railroads, canal, piers, wharves, dams,
irrigation and drainage networks, etc.
• Industrial equipment, set machinery, hold tolerances in ships and
airplanes, forestry and geological maps, etc.
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6. SURVEYING : IMPORTANCE
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7. SURVEYING : IMPORTANCE
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8. CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYS
PLANE SURVEYING
• The Earth is considered to be
a flat surface
• The curvature of the Earth is
not taken into consideration
• Suitable for small area
surveying
GEODETIC SURVEYING
• Takes into account the
spheroidal shape of the Earth
• The curvature of the Earth is
taken into consideration
• Suitable for large area
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9. CLASSIFICATIONS OF SURVEYS
PLANE SURVEYING
• Survey accuracy is low
• Economic and easy survey
method
GEODETIC SURVEYING
• Survey accuracy is high
• Special instrument needed
and long survey method
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10. TYPES OF SURVEYS
CADASTRAL SURVEY
• These are closed surveys in
urban and rural locations to
determine and define
property lines and
boundaries, corners, and
areas.
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11. TYPES OF SURVEYS
CITY SURVEY
• These are surveys of the
areas in and near a city for
the purpose of planning
expansions or improvements,
locating property lines, fixing
reference monuments,
determining the physical
features and configuration of
the land, and preparing maps.
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12. TYPES OF SURVEYS
CONSTRUCTION SURVEY
• These are undertaken at
construction site to provide
data regarding grades,
reference lines, dimensions,
ground configuration, and the
location and elevation of
structures which are of
concern to engineers,
architects, and builders.
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13. TYPES OF SURVEYS
FORESTRY SURVEY
• These are surveys in
connection with forest
management and
mensuration, and the
production and conservation
of forest lands.
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14. TYPES OF SURVEYS
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY
• These are surveys made to
map shore lines, chart the
shape of areas underlying
water surfaces, and measure
the flow of streams.
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15. TYPES OF SURVEYS
INDUSTRIAL SURVEY
• These are the use of
surveying techniques in ship
building, construction and
assembly of aircraft, lay-out
and installation of heavy and
complex machinery, and in
other industries requiring very
accurate dimension layouts.
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16. TYPES OF SURVEYS
MINE SURVEY
• These determines the position
of all underground excavations
and surface mine structures, to
fix surface boundaries of
mining claims, determine
geological formations, to
calculate excavated volumes,
and establish lines and grades
for other related mining work.
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17. TYPES OF SURVEYS
PHOTOGRAMMETRIC
SURVEY
• These survey uses
photographs taken with
specially designed cameras
either from airplanes or ground
stations.
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18. TYPES OF SURVEYS
ROUTE SURVEY
• These involves the determination
of alignment, grades, earthwork
quantities, location of natural and
artificial objects in connection
with the planning, design, and
construction of highways,
railroads, pipelines, canals,
transmission lines, and other
linear projects.
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19. TYPES OF SURVEYS
TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
• These surveys determine the
shape of the ground, the location
and elevation of natural and
artificial features upon it.
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20. TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
DIRECT MEASUREMENT
• Comparison of measured
quantity with a standard
measuring unit (makes use of
instruments to measure the
quantity)
INDIRECT MEASUREMENT
• Made when it is not possible
to apply a measuring
instrument directly to a
quantity.
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21. TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
• Linear, Area, and Volume Measurements
• Angular Measurements
• Radians – SI unit for plane angles (the angle subtended by
an arc of a circle having a length equal to the radius of a
circle).
• Sexagesimal Units – the degree, minute, second
• Centesimal Units – use grads (360° = 400 grads) –the grad
is divided into 100 centesimal minutes and the minute is
divided into100 centesimal seconds.
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22. SURVEYING FIELD NOTES
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23. TYPES OF NOTES
1. Sketches
2. Tabulations
3. Explanatory Notes
4. Computations
5. Combination of the above
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24. INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD
NOTEBOOKS
1. Title of the Field Work or Name
of Project
2. Time of Day and Date
3. Weather Conditions
4. Names of Group Members and
their Designations
5. List of Equipment
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25. FIELD SURVEY PARTY
CHIEF OF PARTY
• Responsible for the overall
direction, supervision and
operational control of the survey
party.
• Responsible for submitting
survey reports and records, and
sees to it that these are
complete, accurate and adheres
to prescribed technical
standards and specifications
ASSISTANT CHIEF OF PARTY
• Assists the chief of party in the
accomplishment of the task
assigned to the survey party.
• Responsible for employment of
surveying equipment,
instruments and accessories
used in the survey operation.
• Prepares field and office reports
and survey plans for submission
to chief of party.
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26. FIELD SURVEY PARTY
INSTRUMENTMAN
• Person whose duty is to set up,
level, and operate surveying
instruments.
• Sees to it that instruments to be
used are in good working
condition and in proper
adjustment.
TECHNICIAN
• Person responsible for use and
operation of all electronic
instruments required in a field
work operation.
• Has a duty to see to it that the
equipment are functioning
properly, are regularly
calibrated, and are in proper
adjustment.
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27. FIELD SURVEY PARTY
COMPUTER
• Person whose duty is to
perform all computations of
survey data and works out
necessary computational
checks required in a field work
operation
RECORDER
• Person whose duty is to keep a
record of all sketches, drawings,
measurements and
observations taken or needed
for a field work operation
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28. FIELD SURVEY PARTY
HEAD TAPEMAN
• Person responsible for accuracy
and speed of all linear
measurements with tape.
• Determines and directs the
marking stations to be occupied
by instruments and directs
clearing of obstruction along the
line of sight.
• Responsible for eliminating or
reducing possible errors and
mistakes in taping.
REAR TAPEMAN
• Person whose duty is to assist
the head tapeman during taping
operations and in other related
work.
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29. FIELD SURVEY PARTY
FLAGMAN
• Person whose duty is to hold
the flagpole or range pole at
selected points as directed by
the instrumentman.
• Responsible for setting up
reflectors or targets where
electronic distance measuring
instruments are used.
RODMAN
• Person who holds the stadia or
levelling rod when sights are to
be taken on it.
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30. FIELD SURVEY PARTY
AXEMAN / LINEMAN
• Person whose duty is to clear
the line of sight
• Responsible also for the safety
and security of members of the
survey party at the survey site.
AIDMAN
• Person whose duty is to render
first aid treatment to members of
the survey party who are
involved in accidents involving
their health, safety, and well
being.
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31. FIELD SURVEY PARTY
UTILITYMAN
• Person whose duties are to
render other forms of
assistance needed by the
survey party or as directed by
the chief of party.
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32. ERROR VS MISTAKE
ERROR
• Difference between the true
value and the measured value
of a quantity
• Can be caused imperfection of
a person’s senses, by the
imperfection of the equipment,
or by weather effects.
MISTAKE
• Difference from a true value
caused by the inattention of the
surveyor.
• Inaccuracies in measurements
which occur because some
aspect of a surveying operation
is performed by the surveyor
with carelessness, poor
judgment, and improper
execution.
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33. TYPES OF ERRORS
SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
• This type of error is one which
will always have the same sign
and magnitude as long as field
conditions remain constant and
unchanged
ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
• These errors are purely
accidental in character. The
occurrence of such errors are
matters of chance as they are
likely to be positive o negative,
and may tend in part to
compensate or average out
according to laws of probability.
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34. SOURCES OF ERRORS
• Instrumental Errors – due to imperfections of the instrument
used.
• Natural Errors – caused by variations in the phenomena of
nature.
• Personal Errors – arise from the limitations of the senses of
sight, touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely
to be erroneous or inaccurate.
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35. PRECISION VS ACCURACY
PRECISION
• Refers to the degree of
refinement or consistency of a
group of observations and is
evaluated on the basis of
discrepancy size
ACCURACY
• Denotes the absolute nearness
of observed quantities to their
true values.
Neither precise nor accurate
Precise but not accurate Precise and accurate
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36. MOST PROBABLE VALUE
• It refers to a quantity which, based on available data, has more
chance of being correct than has any other
𝑀𝑃𝑉 = ത
𝑋 =
𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3 + ⋯ + 𝑋𝑛
𝑛
STANDARD ERROR
• Estimates the likely accuracy of a number based on the sample
size
𝐸 = ±
Σ(𝑀𝑃𝑉 − 𝑥)2
𝑛 − 1
= ±
Σ𝑣2
𝑛 − 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑣 = 𝑀𝑃𝑉 − 𝑥
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37. STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN
• Indicates the size of the likely discrepancy compared to that of
the largest population
PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN
• Probability of true error being less or greater than the probable
error is 50%
𝐸𝑚 = ±
Σ(𝑀𝑃𝑉 − 𝑥)2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= ±
Σ𝑣2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= ±
𝐸
𝑛
𝑃𝐸𝑚 = ±0.6745
Σ(𝑀𝑃𝑉 − 𝑥)2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
= ±0.6745
𝐸
𝑛
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38. RELATIVE PRECISION
• Ratio of the precision of a given measurement and the value of
the measurement itself.
𝑅𝐸 =
𝑃𝐸𝑚
𝑀𝑃𝑉
ERROR OF A SUM
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑛
𝐿1 ± 𝐸1 𝐿2 ± 𝐸2 𝐿3 ± 𝐸3
𝐿𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ± 𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ± (𝐸1)2 + (𝐸2)2 + (𝐸3)2 + ⋯ + (𝐸𝑛)2
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39. ERROR OF A PRODUCT
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ± (𝐴 × 𝐸𝐵)2+(𝐵 × 𝐸𝐴)2
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40. WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS
• The weight is DIRECTLY proportional to the NUMBER OF
OBSERVATIONS OR MEASUREMENTS
• The weight is INVERSELY proportional to the SQUARE OF
PROBABLE ERRORS
• The weight is INVERSELY proportional to the DISTANCE
• The weight is INVERSELY proportional to the NUMBER OF
SET-UPS
• The correction (C) is inversely proportional to the weight (W)
𝐶 =
%𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟.
Σ %𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟.
× 𝐸
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41. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
STEEL TAPE
• Also called the engineer’s or
surveyor’s tape
• Graduated in feet or meters
together with decimal parts
and lengths may vary from 15
to 100 m.
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42. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
RANGE POLES
• Used as guides or markers
when sighting points, and for
lining up tapemen in order to
keep them going along the
correct direction.
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43. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
CHAINING PINS
• Used for marking the ends of
tapes or intermediate points
during taping.
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44. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
TAPE THERMOMETER
• Attached to the tape for the
purpose of determining the
temperature during actual
taping.
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45. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
SPRING SCALE
• Used at the end of a tape for
reading the pull applied to the
tape during measurement
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46. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
TAPE CLAMPING HANDLE
• Used to apply tension by a
strong grip using a scissor-type
action on any part of a steel
tape.
• Device to provide a tapeman’s
hands from injury when
handling steel tapes with sharp
edges
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47. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
PLUMB BOB
• Used to project a point on the
tape down to the ground, or to
project a point on the ground
up to the tape.
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48. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
TAPE LEATHER THONGS
• Attached to the forward end of
a steel tape to allow the
tapeman a better hold on the
tape during measurement.
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49. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
WOODEN HUB / PEG
• Used in surveying to establish
points on the ground.
• Driven to the ground and used
in staking out a building, to run
road center lines, and in
staking out lines or grades.
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50. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
BRUNTON POCKET COMPASS
• Combines the main features of
a sighting compass, a
prismatic compass, a hand
level, and a clinometer.
• An accurate and convenient
device for topographic and
preliminary surveys of all
kinds.
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51. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
DUMPY LEVEL
• Most widely used direct
levelling instrument.
• Name originated from the fact
that formerly this instrument
was usually equipped with an
inverting eyepiece and was
shorter than other levels of the
same magnifying power.
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52. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
WYE LEVEL
• Its telescope tube is supported
by two Y-shaped uprights fixed
to a horizontal bar and in turn
attached to the vertical spindle
about which the instrument
rotates.
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53. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
AUTOMATIC LEVEL
• Incorporated with self-levelling
features.
• Very useful under conditions of
unstable ground and wind, and
where speed in levelling work
is an important consideration.
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54. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
LEVELLING RODS
• Used in conjunction with an
instrument such as a transit or
a level to determine distances
or differences in elevation.
• Can be self-reading or target
rods.
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55. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
LEVELLING RODS
• Philadelphia Rod is the most
commonly used type of rod
wherein it is a combination
self-reading and target rod and
consists of two sliding sections
so that it can be extended to a
length about twice the length of
one section.
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56. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
ENGINEER’S TRANSIT
• Essentially a telescope and
two large protractors, one
mounted in a vertical plane
and the other in a horizontal
plane, fixed to measure the
angle of rotation of the
telescope about the horizontal
and vertical axes, respectively.
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57. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
THEODOLITE
• Precision instrument for
measuring angles.
• Two general classes of
theodolites : repeating
theodolites and direction
theodolites
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58. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
PLANE TABLE
• Composed of a drawing board
mounted on a tripod so that it
can be set up in the field and
levelled.
• Used in field compilation of
maps.
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59. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
ALIDADE
• Combination of a straight edge
and a sighting device.
• Can be used to plot angles
graphically, determine
horizontal, vertical, and
inclined distances by stadia
method
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60. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
SUBTENSE BAR
• Device used for determining
distances indirectly.
• Consists of a bar made from
an alloy having a low
coefficient of expansion.
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61. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
SEXTANT
• An angle measuring
instrument, held in the hand of
the user.
• Functions by the physical
principle that a light ray striking
a plane mirror causes the
angles of incidence and
reflection to be equal.
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62. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
GEODETIC TOTAL STATION
• Consists of an electronic distance
measuring instrument, an
electronic digital theodolite, and a
microcomputer.
• Has the capability to
simultaneously measure distance,
as well as direction, and transmit
the results automatically to a
microcomputer.
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63. SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
REFLECTORS AND TARGETS
• Device used with an EDM
instrument when a continuous
beam of light needs to be
transmitted during the
measurement of distances.
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