This document summarizes a student project on the green synthesis of nanoparticles. It discusses various methods for synthesizing nanoparticles, emphasizing that green synthesis is more eco-friendly than physical or chemical methods as it does not require high temperatures, pressures, or toxic chemicals. The document then describes how plant extracts can be used to synthesize nanoparticles and the characterization techniques used to analyze the particles produced, including UV-vis spectroscopy, DLS, SEM, TEM and FTIR. It concludes by noting some applications of green-synthesized nanoparticles in fields such as medicine, environment and engineering.

1. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY
Department of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College, Shivamogga
Under the Supervision of :
Dr. Pradeepa.K
Assistant professor,
Dept of Biotechnology
Sahyadri Science College,Shivamogga
Submitted by:
Ms. Sanjana N S
Reg No- S1908425
Sahyadri Science College,Shivmogga
PROJECT ENTITLE
“GREEN SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES”

2.  Nanoparticles are particles which lie in dimensions between 1-100nm.
 Nano derived from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf or extremely small.
 It can be used as a prefix for any unit to mean a billionth of that unit.
 For example, nanoseconds(billionth of a second),nanometer(billionth of
meter),nanoliter(billionth of a liter).a
 They consist of micro molecular materials in which the active ingredients(drug or
biologically active material) is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, adsorbed or
attached.
Introduction:

3. Methods for synthesis of nano particles:
Physical method: Time and energy consuming, synthesis at high temperature, and pressure.
Chemical method: Simple, Inexpensive, and low temperature, use of toxic reducing and stabilizing agents make it harmful.
Green method: Easy efficient and eco friendly, eliminates the use of toxic chemicals, consume less energy and produce safer
products and by products'

4. Green synthesis of nano particles:
The green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) using living cells is a promising and
novelty tool in bio nanotechnology. Chemical and physical methods are used to
synthesize NPs; however, biological methods are preferred due to its eco-friendly,
clean, safe, cost-effective, easy, and effective sources for high productivity and
purity. High pressure or temperature is not required for the green synthesis of NPs,
and the use of toxic and hazardous substances and the addition of external reducing,
stabilizing, or capping agents are avoided. Intra- or extracellular biosynthesis of NPs
can be achieved by numerous biological entities including bacteria, fungi, yeast,
algae, actinomycetes, and plant extracts.

5. Techniques for synthesis of nano particles:
The methods for making nano particles can generally involve either a “top down” approach or “bottom up "approach

6. Plant
Seed
Gum
Leaf
Coir
Root
Peel
Bark
fruit
Useful plant materials to prepare nano particles:

7. Preparation of plant extract for synthesis of nano particle's:
 To prepare the plant extract take desired part (e.g. leaves) of plant.
 Wash it properly with tap water.
 Now sterilized it by washing 2-3 times with de-ionized water.
 Dry it now at room temperature.
 Boil 40gram of leaves with 200ml of deionized water for 20 minutes at 70-80 degree centigrade.
 During Boling color of solution changes to green yellow.
 Cool the resulting extract at room temperature.
 After that, the yellow colored extract must be filtered with Whatman filter paper no 1.
 Now cover the filtrate with aluminum foil and stored it in refrigerator for further use.

8. Use of plant extract in nano particle system:
 In producing nanoparticles using plant extracts, the extract is simply mixed with a solution of the metal salt at room
temperature.
 The reaction is complete within minutes.
 Nanoparticles of silver, gold and many other metals have been produced this way.
 The nature of the plant extract, its concentration, the concentration of the metal salt, the pH, temperature and contact time
are known to affect the rate of production of the nanoparticles, their quantity and other characteristics

10.  Nanoparticles are generally characterized by their size, shape, surface area, and dispersity.
 A homogeneity of these properties is important in many applications
 The common techniques of characterizing nanoparticles are follows:
 Uv – visible spectrophotometry.
 Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
 Dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
Characterization of nanoparticles:

11. Applications:

12.  Nanoscale metals are widely used in many fields such as environment, medicine, andengineering that synthesis of nanoscale
metals is a timely topic.
 At present, nanoscale metals are mainly synthesized by chemical methods that have unintended effects suchas
environmental pollution, large energy consumption, and potential health problems.
 In response to these challenges, green synthesis, which uses plant extracts instead ofindustrial chemical agents to reduce
metal ions, has been developed.
 Green synthesis is more beneficial than traditional chemical synthesis because it costs less, decreasespollution, and
improves environmental and human health safety.
 Green synthesis of nanoparticles using microorganisms, plants and fungi were made at room temperature.
 Green synthesis provides an environmentally friendly, simple, economical and reproducible approach for faster metal
nanoparticle production.
 Nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis method are used in many application fields such as cancer treatment, drug
transport, biosensor construction.
Conclusion:

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Reference: