Nanotechnology Nanomaterials Nanostructures Nanoparticles Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles Synthesis of Nanoparticles Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation MTT Assay Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay Median lethal dose (LD 50) Experimental design FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro Biochemical investigations Conclusion Applications of Nanoparticles in cancer treatment Nanoshells Nano X-Ray therapy Drug Delivery by Nanoparticles

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Nanotechnology and its
Application in Cancer Treatment
B y H asnat Tariq

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Table of Contents
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• Nanotechnology
• Nanomaterials
• Nanostructures
• Nanoparticles
• Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
• Synthesis of Nanoparticles
• Characterization of Nanoparticles
• Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
• Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
• Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
• Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
• Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
• MTT Assay
• Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
• Median lethal dose (LD 50)
• Experimental design
• FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
• SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
• EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
• XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
• Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
• Biochemical investigations
• Conclusion

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Nanotechnology
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• The art and science of manipulating
matter at the nanoscale.
• Range = 1-100 nm

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Nanomaterials
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• These are an arrangement of molecules and atoms that when combined create
stable building blocks that can be made into larger, more complex materials and
structures.
• In nanomaterials the surface area to volume ratio increases with decrease in
characteristic dimensions of the material and vice versa.
• Nanomaterials have high reactivity .

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Nanostructures
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• A nanostructure is an object
that have at least one
dimension in the range of 1-
100 nm.
• There are 4 dimensions in
nanostructures: (0D, 1D, 2D,
3D).

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Nanoparticles
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• Radius in the range of 1-100 nm
• Large surface area
• Nano/quantum physical
phenomenon present
• Unexpected optical properties

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Unexpected Optical Properties of Nanoparticles
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• The color of NPs changes at
nanometer scale.
• They are small enough to confine
their electrons and to produce
quantum effects.
• Spherical Gold NPs with diameter of
25 nm look green
• Gold NPs with 100 nm in diameter
look orange

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Synthesis of Nanoparticles
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Laser Ablation Method
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Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
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Characterization of Nanoparticles
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UV-Vis Spectroscopy
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X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
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Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR)
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment
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• Nanotechnology can be used for
a) better cancer diagnosis
b) more efficient drug delivery to tumour cells
c) molecular targeted cancer therapy

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Role of Sulfur NPs in Cancer Treatment
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• Sulfur is an interesting element for tumour uptake because it plays an important role in
cellular metabolism.
• Sulfur is an essential part of many enzymes and antioxidant molecules like glutathione
and thioredoxin.
• Sulfur-containing antioxidant systems showed decrease the levels of harmful ROS.
• DATS can be bioreduced in cancer cells and thereby influencing the transmission of
signals regulating cell proliferation.

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Human Tumour Cell Lines Used in Research
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• Breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7)
• Liver carcinoma cell line (HEPG2)
• Colon carcinoma cell line (HCT116)
• Prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC3)
 These cell lines were obtained from ATCC.

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Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)
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• Referred to as undifferentiated carcinoma.
• Maintained in female Swiss albino mice, through serial
intraperitoneal (I.P.) inoculation.

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Sulfur Nanoparticles Preparation
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• Quick precipitation method of sulfur nanoparticles was by redox
comproportionation of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O) in concentration
HCL and using tetramethylammonium bromide (TMAB) as stabilizer according
to equation following:
 Na2S2O3.5H2O → nmS-NPs (Stirred at 40 degree centigrade, TMAB at Conc.
HCL)

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MTT Assay
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• Colorimetric Assay
• Used to find out the viability of the cell.
• Tetrazolium dye
• NADPH dependent oxidoreductase produce by mitochondria when the cell is
viable. This enzyme converts terazolium dye into a purple colored compound.
• The effect of S-NPs on growth of cancer cells (MCF-7, HepG2, HCT116 and
PC3 ), was assessed by MTT assay.

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Sulphorhodamine-B (SRB) Assay
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• It is used for cell density determination, based on the measurement
of cellular protein content.
• SRB is a bright pink protein staining dye.
• Cytotoxicity was assessed by this method.

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Median lethal dose (LD 50)
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• The value of LD50 for a substance is the dose required to kill half the members
of a tested population after a specified test duration.
• To determine the LD50 of S-NPs, a group of 10 mice were injected with doses 1,
1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 6, 8, 10 mg/Kg of S-NPs; respectively. Another group of 5
mice was injected with doses 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/Kg of S-NPs.

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Experimental design
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• The total number of 75 mice was divided into the three groups:
a) Group (I): Negative Control: mice injected intraperitoneal (I.P.) with
sterile saline for 10 days (day after day).
b) Group (II): Positive Control (EAC bearing group): mice were injected
with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC).
c) Group (III): Therapeutic group: mice were injected I.P. with S-NPs (5
mg/Kg) after EAC injection.

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FT-IR Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
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• The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR for the
evaluation of their composition and purity.

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SEM Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
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• The shape and size of S-NPs were investigated by SEM techniques.

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EDS Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
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• The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by EDS for the
chemical identification of elements and their concentration.

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XRD Characterization of Sulfur Nanoparticles
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• XRD technique was used to determine the structure (Spatial
arrangement of atoms) and the size of the S-NPs.

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Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
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 Cytotoxicity
Minimum Inhibitory concentrations of synthesized sulfur nanoparticles
were found to be 10.7 ng/ml, 3.7 ng/ ml, 10.6 ng/ml, and 3.34 ng/ml against MCF-
7, HepG2, HCT116, and PC3 cell lines; respectively.

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Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
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 Toxicity study and dose response curve
For determination of the median lethal dose (LD 50) of sulfur
nanoparticles, all doses up to 200 mg/ Kg mice were found to be nontoxic. For
dose-response curve it is clear that 5 mg S-NPs/Kg mice was found to be the
most effective dose.

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Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
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 Viability count and volume
Sulfur nanoparticles displayed anticancer activity as they decreased
EAC count and EAC volume by (82.5%, 73.3%); respectively in treated group as
compared to positive control.

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Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
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 Life span prolongation
The life span showed a significant increase in theraputic group
by (63.63%) compared to positive control group.

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Chemical Studies on Sulfur Nanoparticles In Vitro
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• Effect on hematological parameter
In EAC-bearing mice, RBC count were marked declined, whereas total WBC count was
enhanced as compared to the normal mice. Sulfur nanoparticles to diseased animal have restored
the above alterations to a significant extent.
There was a significant drastic fall in the hemoglobin content of the EAC control group as
compared to a normal control group. Administration of sulfur nanoparticles significantly reverted
the above changes to normal.

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Biochemical investigations
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 Liver function tests
S-NPs administration in mice:
a) lowered AST, ALT activities and bilirubin levels in therapeutic compared to positive
control group.
b) Insignificant increase in T.P and albumin levels in therapeutic group as compared to
positive control group.
c) Significant increase in globulins compared to positive control group
d) Significant decreased in A/G ratio in plasma levels compared to positive control
group.

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Biochemical investigations
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Biochemical investigations
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 Kidney function tests
The mean value of urea and creatinine shown significant increase in EAC
bearing tumour group compared to negative control group. While, they are
significantly decreased in treated group compared to EAC bearing tumour group.

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Biochemical investigations
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 Heart functions
The mean value of CK-MB and LDH shown significant increase in EAC
bearing tumour group compared to negative control group. While, their significant
decreased in treated group compared to EAC bearing tumour group.

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Conclusion
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• S-NPs play an important role in improving liver, kidney and the heart functions
of resulted insignificantly increase activity against tumour and shows high
antiproliferation activity against (MCF-7, HepG2, HCT116 and PC3) cell lines,
and significantly increase with S-NPs reduced most of the hematological
parameters in the treated group compared to the positive control group.

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Nanotechnology Potential in Oncology
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Nanoparticles have great potential due to their exclusive properties like small size, large
surface-to-volume ratio, tunable surface chemistry, and the ability to encapsulate various
drugs, the nano-sized carriers provide longer circulation time; easy penetration into
cellular membranes; efficient site-specific targeting.
1. Diagnosis
2. Medical Imaging
3. Drug delivery
4. Therapy

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Diagnosis and Medical Imaging
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• Tiny tumors in mice can be detected
with the injection of nanoprobes
which are light-emitting
nanoparticles that emit short-wave
infrared light as they travel through
the bloodstream.

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Drug Delivery
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• Nanoparticles (NPs) are the new identified tools by which we can deliver drugs
into tumor cells with minimum drug leakage into normal cells.
• Conjugation of NPs with ligands of cancer specific tumor biomarkers is a potent
therapeutic approach to treat cancer diseases with the high efficacy.
• It has been shown that conjugation of nanocarriers with molecules such as
antibodies and their variable fragments, peptides, vitamins, and carbohydrates
can lead to effective targeted drug delivery to cancer cells and thereby cancer
attenuation

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Drug Delivery
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Therapy
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• Nanoshells kill tumor cells selectively.
Nanoshells can be designed to absorb light of different frequencies,
generating heat (hyperthermia). Once the cancer cells take up the nanoshells (via
active targeting), scientists apply near-infrared light that is absorbed by the
nanoshells, creating an intense heat inside the tumor that selectively kills tumor
cells without disturbing neighboring healthy cells.

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Therapy
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• Nano X-ray Therapy
Nanoparticles are injected into tumour site directly. Nanocrystals
accumulate there and wait for activation. Standard X-rays activate the X-ray
particles in the patients tumour. The nanocrystals are optimized to absorb
more X-rays and produce many more free radicals from water, damaging
the tumour cells more severly than the surrounding healthy tissue.

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Reference
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• Faten Z, Mustafa H, Muayad ALD (2018) Synthesis of Nano Sulfur
Particles and their Antitumor Activity J Microb Biochem Technol 10:
56-68. DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000397

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Thank You