2. ELEMENT
• An element is a substance that cannot be
broken down further either by physical or
chemical means. It is made up of only one
kind of atom.
• Each element has a unique properties. No
two elements have the same properties.
3. Elements cannot be broken down using
chemical methods. However, they can be
changed into other elements through
nuclear reactions. Research about the
different types of nuclear reactions that
change the identity of the elements.
4. A compound always contains the same
ratio of its constituent elements. For
example, one molecule of water always
contains one atom of oxygen and two
atoms of hydrogen.
The properties of a compound are
different from its constituent elements. For
example sodium is a reactive metal while
chlorine is a poisonous gas. However,
when they combine, a safe and stable
sodium chloride, (table salt) is formed.
Water (H2O), Ammonia (NH3), and table salt (NaCl)
are examples of compounds.
5.
6. COMPOUND
• A compound is a substance that can be broken
down into its constituent elements only by
chemical means. It is a combination of two or
more elements bound by chemical bonds. For
example, elements X and Y may combine to
form to a compound. If one atom of element X
forms a compound with two atoms of element Y,
then the resulting compound is XY2
7.
8. MIXTURE
• A mixture forms when two or more
elements or compounds are mixed but are
not combined chemically. Therefore, no
new chemical bonds are formed when a
mixture is prepared. For example, elements
X and Y may combine to form a mixture,
but these elements would not be linked in a
bond.
9.
10. Each of the constituents of a mixture retains its
characteristic properties. They can be separated
by physical methods such as distillation, dialysis,
electrophoresis and chromatography. These
methods are based on the difference in the boiling
point, size, solubility, density and electrical charge
of the components.
11. • There are two kinds of mixtures, namely,
heterogeneous mixtures and homogeneous
mixtures. A homogeneous mixture is
characterized by having a single phase while a
heterogeneous mixture has more than one
phase.
12. • Heterogeneous mixtures: sand and water,
iron fillings and sand
• Homogeneous mixtures: air, mineral
water, orange juice
13. CLASSIFY THE FOLLOWING MIXTURES AS
HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENEOUS.
• sand and oil
• sugar and water
• sand and alcohol
• fruit salad
• orange juice
• rubbing alcohol
14.
15.
16. PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
• Dmitri Mendeleev
• A table that shows the elements arranged
systematically
33. Element Symbol Latin Name
Antimony Sb Stibium
Copper Cu Cuprum
Gold Au Aurum
Iron Fe Ferrum
Lead Pb Plumbum
Mercury Hg Hydragyrum
Potassium K Kalium
Silver Ag Argentum
Sodium Na Natrium
Tin Sn Stannum
Tungsten W Wolfram
35. INDICATOR
• A dye that changes into a specific color depending on
whether it is placed on acidic or basic solution.
LITMUS
• A dye taken from the lichen plant. It turns red in acidic
mixtures and blue in basic mixtures.
37. • pH and the Human Body
• If the pH in the body is too basic, you will hyperventilate
• If the blood becomes to basic, you will breathe slowly
38. • Changes in pH affect the growth of microorganisms , which
cause food spoilage.
• Most bacteria grows best at or near pH 7. To prevent this,
pickling is an effective food preservation method because it
lowers pH.
• Use of pH in Food Processing and Fruit Preservation
39. • Control of pH in Soil
• Some plants grow in acidic soil while others prefer basic soil.
• Useful plants in the Philippines that grow in acidic soil
• banana, kaimito, durian, pineapple, soy bean, coffee,
eggplant, squash, kamote and rice.
• Useful plants in the Philippines that grow in basic soil
• grapes and pechay,
• Useful plants in the Philippines that grow in neutral soil
• orange, peanut, watermelon, beans, cabbage, tomato, corn,
garlic and onion.
40. • The average pH of rain is 5.6. This slightly acidic pH is due to
the presence of carbon dioxide in the air.
• Rain with a pH below 5.6 is called acid rain. The acidic
pollutants in the air come from the burning of fuels used in
power plants, factories and vehicles produce gasses which are
acidic.
pH of Rainwater
41. • Most personal care products have pH kept at a specific levels to
avoid harmful effects on the body.
• pH 12 will dissolve hair
Maintaining pH of Personal Care Products
43. HYDROCHLORIC ACID (MURIATIC ACID)
• Used in construction to remove excess mortar from
bricks and in the home to remove hardened deposits
from toilet bowls.
• Concentrated solutions of HCl (about 38%) cause
severe burns , but dilute solutions can be used safely in
the home.
44. CAUTION FOR MURIATIC ACID
• Harmful or fatal if swallowed.
• Strong irritant to eye, skin, and mucous membrane.
• Do not take internally
• Avoid contact with eyes, nose an
• Keep tightly sealed.
• Keep out of reach of children.
45. SODIUM HYDROXIDE (LYE OR LIQUID SOSA)
• Used to open clogged kitchen and toilet pipes, sinks and drains.
• WARNING
• Avoid contact with any part of the body
• Causes severe eyes and skin damage and burns
• Store in cool dry place and locked cabinet
• Harmful or fatal if swallowed
