This document discusses the physical, chemical, and biological treatment of fats and oils. It provides details on the history and production of cottonseed oil, as well as examples of products that often contain cottonseed oil. The document also discusses various techniques for treating waste oil, including acid-clay processing, dehydration methods, and hydro-treatment and cracking. Finally, it briefly outlines chemical processes for decomposing fats into glycerin and fatty acids and re-constituting fats from glycerin and fatty acids.

1. PHYSICAL,CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF
FATS AND OIL
PRSENTED BY:K.P SHABANA BIBI

2.  Cottonseed Oil
 Cottonseed oil: a seemingly harmless substance that you
may be eating every day of your life. It is found in a
variety of processed foods. It is so cheap, in fact that it
costs producers next to nothing to manufacture.
 The dirty past of this and other industrially-produced oils
like canola, soybean, sunflower, and safflower oils is not
so well-known. But once you understand about how it is
developed and manufactured, you might think twice
about ever eating it again.

3.  History of Cottonseed Oil
One of the world’s most well-known products, Crisco, is a
product pioneered by Procter & Gamble, a company
owned by William Procter – a candle-maker, and his
brother-in-law James Gamble, a soap-maker. The meat
packing monopoly began regulating the pricing of lard
and tallow, which had formerly been the primary
ingredient used in the manufacturing of candles and
soap. Another factor affecting candle sales was the
growing use of electricity.

4.  some products will find that contain cottonseed oil:
 peanut butter
 boxed cereals
 crackers
 cookies
 packaged breads
 salad oils
 mayonnaise
 dressings
 marinades
 margarine

5.  cottonseed and other industrial oils
 For cooking or frying:
Tallow (beef fat)
 Lard (pork fat)
 Coconut oil (use refined for high heat cooking or
frying)
 Palm oil
 Butter
Ghee

6. All of these should be from clean, sustainable (non-
GMO) sources. These are healthy fats because they are
saturated fats which are loaded with nutrients such as A,
D, E, and K2.
These fats are healthy to consume because they
are from natural sources that have not been altered. It’s
important to know what source your fats are coming from
to ensure they are produced sustainably and in harmony
with nature.

7.  WASTE OIL TREATMENT
Waste oil refers to the byproducts of oil
used in automobiles and other machinery. The oil
used for lubrication purposes in machines is
often replaced regularly since it gets
contaminated from deposits of dirt, water, metals
and antifreeze. If this waste oil is disposed off
without any treatment, then it poses a
considerable threat to the environment.

8.  Techniques
Many techniques are employed to treat waste oil.
Some of these include acid/clay treatment,
distillation processes, hydro treatment, solvent
treatment, cracking, blending and compounding.
To increase the purity of the treated oils, it is
further refined using a combination of
technologies such as decanting, settling and
filtering. Recycling of waste oil is very important
since in United States alone, it can annually save
the energy equivalent of 7 to 12 million bbl of
crude oil.

9.  Acid-Clay Process
Acid-clay process is one of the popular
treatment methods for waste oil. In this process, the
waste oil is treated with sulfuric acid. This acid reacts
conversely with oxygen compounds and some sulfur-and
nitrogen-based compounds to form sludge.
Further refining is done in order to remove paraffinic
and naphthenic hydrocarbons.

10. Even after refining, there would be still some color and
odor bodies present in the oil which is later removed by treatment
with activated clay. The problem with this method is that it produces
a large volume of acid--sludge that is contaminated with petroleum.

11.  Dehydration Method
Dehydration method is a process by which the
impurities are removed through low temperature
distillation. The oil thus refined is used as "cutter
stock" for combining with heavy bunker oils. This
process significantly reduces impurities in waste oil
such as antifreeze, water and other solvents. But, the
disadvantage is that this process does not reduce ash
and such other residues and this limits its use in other
markets.

12.  Hydro-Treatment and Cracking
Hydro treatment, cracking and high temperature
distillation are some of the other methods employed to
refine waste oil. But these methods are generally
uneconomic, unsafe and are inconceivable to be used
in a small scale. In hydro-treatment process, the waste
oil undergoes a process that includes distillation and
condensation.

13. CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF OIL
Evaluation of corrosion inhibitors, biocides,
scale inhibitors and oxygen scavengers for
the oil and gas industry.
 Intertek CAPCIS offers oil and gas chemical treatments
field sampling, laboratory studies and product selection to
field optimisation. Selecting appropriate and optimal
chemical inhibition systems is a key component of
corrosion management strategy. Standard tests are often
inadequate for this purpose.

14. CHEMICAL TREAMENT OF FAT
 fats may be decomposed into glycerin and fatty acids.
This manner of decomposition takes place only in the
presence of moisture. For each molecule of glycerin set
free there are set free three molecules of fatty acid.
 In the process three molecules of water are taken up,
partly to help re-form the glycerin and partly to help re-form
the fatty acids. Conversely (in the laboratory) the fat
may be reconstituted from glycerin and fatty acid, in
which event three molecules of water are set free for
each molecule of fat synthesized.