V3 iAGRI - SAS - Sophy - CC- conference 4th June 2015 Final

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE AND MULTI-DIMENSIONAL
SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE
Its causes, consequences and management efforts
International Conference on Climate Change and Multi-dimensional
Sustainability in African Agriculture
June 3 – 5, 2015
Sophia Kashenge – Killenga (PHD),
MAFSC - ARI – CHOLIMA, Dakawa - Morogoro

OUTLINE
1. Introduction - Rice production potential and needs
2. Rice production agro-ecologies and associated challenges
3. Spatial distribution of salt affected soils in Tanzania
4. What causes salt accumulation in soils (Tz context)
5. Consequences of salt affected soils in Tanzania
6. salt affected soils mitigation efforts
7. Summary

Rice is everywhere in the country ( 2010)
Mali
877
Guinea
900
C,dIvoir
1150
Nigeria
3542
DRC 315
Mzq 201
Mdgsc
3030
TZ 1.3Mt
NRDS, 2010
720 ha under
rice, 2010

Rice Production in ESA in 2010
Country Production Area Yield
Madagascar 4,737,970 1,350,000 3.51
Tanzania 1,485,305 720,000 2.30
Uganda 218,111 140,000 1.56
Mozambique 180,000 185,000 0.97
Malawi 144,200 58,500 2.47
Burundi 83,019 21,900 3.79
Kenya 80,042 20,181 3.97
Rwanda 67,253 12,975 5.18
Zambia 51,656 26,000 1.99
Ethiopia 25,200 13,300 1.89
Sudan 23,350 6,400 3.65
Somalia 14,600 3,600 4.06

About 1.7 million households
engaged in rice farming in 2012
Total area under rice cultivation
has increased from 557,991 Ha in
2007 to 799,361 Ha in 2012.
The production of paddy has also
increased by about 22.8%
from 1,341,846 tons to 1,800,551
tons (FAO Statistics on Crop Production
(http://faostat3.fao.org); referred on 28 June 2014)
The national average productivity
is 2.5 t /Ha The increments in cultivated area and total production of rice
suggest that the yield has not been increasing and therefore
recent advances made in rice production in Tanzania reflect
changes in area under rice cultivation rather than productivity.
Paddy Production and area harvested

Evolution of rice consumption and production in SSA (million tonnes)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006
PRODUCTION (MT) TOTAL CONSUMPTION
SSA - Production VS Consumption

Production-Consumption Gap
The demand for rice consumption is also growing fast in Tanzania at a per capita
consumption rate of 25.4 Kg
Tanzania’s local rice production falls short of the rice consumption with a rice self
sufficiency ratio of about 91% in 2010.
Currently , the gap between local production and consumption has widened from
about 178,097 tons of milled rice in 2007 to about 321,883 tons in 2012
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) predicts that at the present consumption
trends, the national rice consumption would triple and that the deficit could grow
into 2.84 million tons by 2020.

Production ecologies and associated challenges
71% Production
20% Production
9%
Salt affected soils

Salt affected soil problem
(SASs)
(An increasing silent killer threatening
irrigated rice productivity in Tanzania
and Sub-Saharan Africa

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
(some species)
Salt bush
Piccinellia
Cotton
Wheat
Tall wheat grass
Triticale
Rice
Tomatoes
Sunflower
Sorghum
Potatoes
Maize
Faba beans
Clover
Beans
Salinity (dS/m)
Cropsandpastures
a b c
Relative tolerance of crops and pasture to soil salinity; a) Sensitive,
b) Tolerant c) Highly tolerant (Adapted from Maas, 1990)

Description of Salt affected soils
Classification Electrical
Conductivity(ECe)
(mmhos/cm)
Sodium
Adsorption
Ratio (SAR)
pH
Saline > 4.0 < 13 < 8.5
Sodic < 4.0 > 13 > 8.5
Saline - Sodic > 4.0 > 13 < 8.5
11
Saline - sodic in Ndungu; 2014
(Ece 8.9 dS/m2; pH 9; SAR 23)
Saline area in Mombo, 2012
(Ece 7.6 dS/m2; pH 6.2)
SAR 23.3
Sodic in Ndungu; Dec 2013
(Ece 1.9 dS/m2; pH 9.0:
SAR 30)

International Conference on Climate Change and
Multi-dimensional Sustainability in African Agriculture
June 3 – 5, 2015
OVERVIEW OF SALT AFFECTED SOIL IN RICE
IRRIGATION SCHEMES OF TANZANIA
2014 SITUATION

Major rice growing irrigation schemes
surveyed for salt affected soils
200,000+
160-200,000
120-160,000
80-120,000
40-80,000
0-40,000
Rice Production(MT)
Source: Ministries of Ag/Statistics Bureaus
East Uganda: 8%
Lake zone: 34%
Southern Corridor: 30%
Major rice Producing areas

Central corridor
5 region (Shinyanga
Tabora, Singida, Dodoma Morogoro),
10 districts
27 rice growing schemes
Southern corridor
4 regions ( Katavi,Rukwa, Mbeya and
Iringa)
8 districts
19 irrigation schemes
Observation
> 100 % of visited schemes are salt
affected showed symptoms
More effect observed in the Southern
corridor than central corridor
Abandoned area (5 -50%)
Yield loss up 100% reported
No suitable management applied
Major rice producing areas were the main focus

Findings in southern rice growing corridor
SAS effects observed in
Mbeya>Rukwa>Iringa and Katavi in that
order.
160 samples collected from 19 rice
irrigation schemes all four regions of
southern highland areas
64 samples (41%) had salt affected soils
characteristics
Saline – Sodic soil were the dominant
problem

The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from rice irrigation schemes
in Katavi Region
Scheme
Na
(meq/100g) SAR
pH
(water) ECe dS/m
Remarks
Mlele 0.26 1.25 6.6 0.08 Normal
Mlele 0.26 1.06 6.4 0.04 Normal
Kamsisi 0.12 0.91 6.3 0.03 Normal
Kamsisi 0.35 2.55 5.7 0.04 Normal
Mwalukulu 0.14 0.70 8.5 0.44 Slight Alkaline
Mwalukulu 0.09 0.24 8.2 12.15 Strong Saline
Mwalukulu 0.09 0.50 8.2 0.33 Normal
Ikaka 0.32 1.69 8.5 0.39 Slight Alkaline
Ikaka 0.24 1.25 5.6 0.07 Normal
Mwamapuli 40.78 151.91 8.2 12.80 Strong Saline - Sodic
Mwamapuli 13.02 50.04 8.4 5.50 Strong Saline - Sodic
Mwamapuli 2.51 13.17 8.5 4.98 Slightly Saline - Sodic
Mwamapuli 8.45 29.84 7.8 6.75 Saline - Sodic
Mwamapuli 12.55 49.22 8.5 9.43 Strongly Saline - Sodic
Mwamapuli 33.68 203.88 8.1 15.20 Strongly Saline - Sodic
Mwamapuli 4.24 27.70 7.8 6.43 Saline - Sodic
Mwamapuli 3.77 15.80 8.8 0.73 Slightly Sodic
Rice tolerate
up to 3 ECe dS/m

Mwamapuli – Mpanda – Katavi, 2014

Scheme
Na
(meq/100g) SAR
pH
(1:2.5)
ECe
mS/cm
Remarks
Ngongo 0.42 2.12 7.8 4.72 Slightly Saline
Ngongo 0.07 0.25 8.0 0.77 Normal
Ngongo 0.33 1.12 8.0 4.6 Slightly Saline
Ng'ongo 0.01 0.02 8.2 0.46 Normal
Sakalilo 0.29 0.67 8.2 0.45 Normal
Sakalilo 4.72 17.71 8.2 5.32 Slight Saline-Sodic
Sakalilo 12.86 101.88 8.4 7.81 Saline -Sodic
Sakalilo 21.72 196.54 8.0 > 19 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Sakalilo 28.16 201.54 8.5 10.45 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Sakalilo 7.08 17.51 8.7 8.43 Saline-Sodic
Sakalilo* 4.25 17.70 8.7 > 19 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Mpete 102.29 396.48 8.2 11.67 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Mpete 66.86 170.93 8.1 12.04 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Mpeta 10.00 44.49 8.7 11.71 Saline-Sodic
Mpeta 0.84 7.24 7.9 0.50 Normal
Mpeta 0.25 1.60 8.0 0.47 Normal
Mpeta 0.06 0.15 7.9 0.27 Normal
Mpeta 0.53 2.59 7.0 0.86 Normal
Mpeta 1.46 8.75 8.1 5.65 Saline
Mpeta 1.46 9.07 8.3 4.65 Saline
Rukwa Region

Sakalilo - SumbawangaSakalilo – Sumbawanga – Rukwa, 2014

Abandoned rice field in Mpeta – Rukwa, 2014

District Scheme
Na
(meq/100g) SAR
pH
(water)
ECe
mS/cm Remarks
Kyela Ngana 3.72 23.25 7.8 0.42 Normal
Ngana 0.08 0.08 8.0 0.28 Normal
Ngana 16.27 29.40 9.0 0.70 Sodic
Tenende 0.69 0.81 8.1 0.30 Normal
Tenende 0.58 0.70 5.4 0.04 Normal
Mbarali Gwiri 90.15 208.82 8.4 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Gwiri 39.54 114.77 8.2 7.61 Saline-Sodic
Gwiri 14.23 71.05 8.8 0.44 Sodic
Gwiri 11.22 74.07 8.7 0.64 Sodic
Ruanda Majenje 7.65 51.59 8.5 5.45 Saline-Sodic
Ruanda Majenje 37.60 434.15 7.8 8.22 Saline-Sodic
Ruanda Majenje 1.43 14.33 82 6.73 Saline-Sodic
Luanda -Majenje 2.93 7.54 8.2 8.78 Saline-Sodic
Luanda -Majenje 0.22 14.50 8.5 0.26 Slightly Sodic
Bethania 35.53 63.11 10.3 0.17 Strongly Sodic
Bethania 400.06 1156.35 8.7 >19 Extremely Saline-Sodic
Bethania 0.48 0.70 7.8 0.49 Normal
Mbeya Region

District Scheme Na SAR pH ECe Remarks
Mbarali Mbarali 20.19 33.33 9.8 15.8 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Mbarali 37.58 117.03 8.1 8.92 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Mbuyuni 20.15 20.29 7.4 6.51 Saline-Sodic
Mbuyuni 35.36 125.04 8.3 7.76 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Mbuyuni 20.75 47.85 9 5.88 Saline-Sodic
Mbuyuni 5.66 6.42 6.8 0.10 Normal
Mbuyuni 22.19 44.76 8.4 6.01 Saline - Sodic
Mbuyuni 1.10 2.53 6.7 0.45 Normal
Mbeya Manyanga 3.34 14.10 8.9 0.52 Slightly Sodic
Manyanga 3.60 16.71 8.4 6.76 Slightly Sodic
Manyanga 9.43 47.63 8.5 5.56 Saline-Sodic
Manyanga 0.38 0.30 8.2 0.09 Slightly Alkaline
Manyanga 0.11 0.04 8.6 0.18 Slightly Alkaline
Manyenga 1.37 3.92 6.2 0.06 Normal
Manyenga 1.34 3.73 6.4 0.11 Normal
Madibira 26.23 152.91 9.5 0.76 Sodic
Madibira 4.76 40.21 8.7 5.64 Saline-Sodic
Madibira 21.63 83.54 9.6 0.79 Sodic
Madibira 2.64 14.48 8.3 5.87 Slightly Saline-Sodic
Madibira 13.84 22.03 10 0.52 Sodic
Madibira 18.22 122.99 8.5 5.98 Saline-Sodic
Madibira 73.56 453.76 7.6 14.88 Extremely Saline Sodic
Madibira 11.28 264.53 7.9 >19 Extremely Saline Sodic
The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from - Mbeya Region

Madibira water drainage canal – Mbeya, 2014

Bethania - Mbarali, Mbeya -2014
Salt accumulation close to the source of irrigation water

District Scheme
Na
(meq/100g) SAR
pH
(Water)
ECe
mS/cm Remarks
Mlenge Pawaga 138.49 2472.97 8.2 >19 Extremely Saline-Sodic
Mlenge Pawaga 3.89 16.27 8.5 9.21 Saline - Sodic
Mlenge Pawaga 25.78 142.11 8.4 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Mlenge Pawaga 12.15 129.82 8.9 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Iringa Idodi 66.67 377.07 8.7 >19 Strongly Saline-Sodic
Iringa Idodi 0.48 1.78 5.3 6.78 Saline
The SAR, pH and ECe values for soils from rice irrigation schemes -
Iringa Region

SAS status in Pawaga irrigation scheme Iringa 2014

RootZone

How to Manage the Salt-affected Areas ?
1. Environment modifying approach :
Change the environment for the
normal growth of plants
2. Crop based approach : Select or develop
crop variety which can withstand the
salt stress
3. Hybrid Approach : is the combination of
environment modifying and plant
based approach.
We need ST
cultivars !
Rice has
enormous
variability
ST cultivars

June 3 – 5, 2015
IMPROVEMENT OF FARMERS PREFERRED RICE
VARIETIES FOR SALT TOLERANCE

SUSTAINABILITY IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE 31
Genotype Source Characteristics
Pokkali (IR – 4595-4-1-
1-3)
IRRI - A traditional donor for saline tolerance – developed by pedigree
breeding method. Saline tolerant, local pureline, early maturing
(Chaubey and Senadhira, 1994).
IR67076-2B-21-2 IRRI Moderately salt tolerant & aromatic pureline
CSR 27 (CSR 88IR-7) IRRI A fine grained high yielding variety developed from Nona
Bokra/IR 5657-33-2, , tolerant to saline and sodic soil
environment, and known to tolerate pH 9.6 – 9.9 and adaptation
of ECe(dSm-1) < 10. Released variety (Chaubey and Senadhira,
1994).
TXD 306 (SARO 5) NRI Semi-aromatic cultivated variety, resistant to lodging, medium
maturing, high vigour, good milling and cooking qualities, released
,
IR 64 NRI Local preferred cultivar (highly grown in Mombo irrigation
schemes), tolerant to P and Zn deficiency, iron and boron toxicity,
Early maturing, high yielding.
IR 56 NRI - Local preferred cultivar (highly grown in Mkomazi and Moshi)
irrigation schemes High yielding, medium maturing variety.
Thailand NRI Local preferred cultivar (highly grown in Mkomazi and Moshi)
irrigation schemes High yielding, medium maturing variety.
Seven parents use to develop salt tolerant population

x
RYMV & Salt – stress
50 Promising lines
Planted Mombo/Mkomazi/Dakawa
5lines selected for RYT
DUS Breeder’s trial
F1
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
Parents
F2
Generations Year
Y1
Y2
Y3
2012
2015
2009
34 Promising lines
Planted Mombo/Mkomazi/Dakawa
13 saline 10 sodic 7 Saline-sodic 1 4 Yield 5 Earliness
4 lines- PVS Scientists/Farmer26 Mombo/Ndungu/dakawa
On the pipe line for
Release request
3 lines under NPT –
TOSCI TRIALS Y4

Ndungu screening site after harvesting
Ndungu screening site during harvesting
Some good performing
lines selected

0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
TXMs1
TXMs2
TXMs3
TXMs4
TXMs5
TXMs6
TXMs7
TXMs8
TXMs9
TXMs11
TXMs14
TXMs15
TXMs16
TXMs17
TXMs18
TXMs20
TXMs21
TXMs22
TXMs23
TXMs24
TXMs27
TXMs26
TXMs19
TXMs12
TXMs37
SARRo
IR 91477-1-1-1
IR 91477-5-1-1
IR 91477-6-1-1
IR 91477-12-1-1
IR 91477-48-1-1
IR 91477-51-1-1
IR 91477-56-1-1
IR 91477-61-1-1
IR 91477-85-1-1
IR 91477-94-1-1
IR 91477-105-1
IR 91477-107-1-1
IR 91477-118-1-1
IR 91477-124-1-1
IR 91477-125-1-1
IR 91477-137-1-1
IR 91477-148-1-1
IR 91477-164-1-1
IR 91477-176-1-1
IR 91477-190-1-1
IR 91477-202-1-1
IR 91477-235-1-1
IR 91477-236-1-1
IR 91477-241-1-1
ton/ha

SAS management experiments
Three different experiments were set:
1 – Use of different rates of gypsum in combination with FYM
2 - Use of different rates of rice husks
3 - Use of different rates of sawdust
+ flooding

Abandoned field Ec 8-14dS/m, pH = 9.5 and SAR = 26

EXP 1: Eight treatments with three replication using
2 varieties
Treatments combinations for Sodic condition
Treatments Common variety
TXD 306
Tolerant variety
(SATO 1)
TR1: (0FYM+0GYP) V1 V2
TR2:(0FYM+50%GR) V1T1 V2T1
TR3:(0FYM+75%GR) V1T2 V2T2
TR4:(0FYM+100%GR) V1T1T2T3 V2T1T2T3
TR5: (2.5FYM+0GYP) V1 V2
TR6:(2.5FYM+50%GR) V1T1 V2T1
TR7:(2.5FYM+75%GR) V1T2 V2T2
TR8:(2.5FYM+100%GR) V1T1T2T3 V2T1T2T3

Field layout

Plant survival under GR + FYM experiment
(2WAP)
Gypsum and FYM were
characterized to understand its
quality
The GR were calculated based
on the amount of sodicity
(SAR) available in the soil
Rate of 0, 4, 6 and 8 t/ha
incorporated with 2.5t/ha FYM
were used
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
SARRO 5
SATO 1

Abandoned field brought into use
( gypsum rates + FYM)
EC up to 14dS/m
EC 4-6 dS/m
EC 3-4 dS/m

EXP 2&3: Use of different rates of rice husks and
sawdust + Flushing
Two treatments (saw dust and rice husks) were set at Ndungu
irrigation scheme to establish suitable rates for soil structure
and infiltration improvement.
Rice husks treatments:(0, 6, 12 and 18 t/ha)
Saw dust treatment:( 0, 2, 4 and 6t/ha) under a complete
randomised block design and three replications

Rice husk (2 WAP)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Control (0 t/ha) 6 t/ha 12 t/ha 18 t/ha
Plant Survival
EC 8 – 14 dS/m
EC 1.2 – 2.7dS/m

Sawdust experiment (2 WAP)
80.0
85.0
90.0
95.0
100.0
105.0
Control (0 t/ha) 2 t/ha 4 t/ha 6t/ha
Plant Survival

June 3 – 5, 2015
PRESENTER: MR B. MFUPE
Awareness creation on salt affected soils and the
use of tolerant varieties
Farmers exchange visits

Farmer field school, March 2014 at Ndungu irrigation scheme, Same district

Creating awareness – Training MATI students
(Ilonga, KATRIN, Mlingano and KATC) and SUA students

Conclusion and Recommendations
• Studies shows the magnitude of the problem and the urgency to
develop technologies that can improve rice productivity in areas affected
by soils salts.
• Poor irrigation infrastructures contributes to the problem
• Can turn into a disaster if not addressed properly and very soon
Recommendations:
• Joint efforts needed in mitigation of the problem
• Strong awareness creation at all levels and especially to Policy makers

Situation can be changed
and prevented, it needs joint efforts and
strong commitments
ASANTENI

V3 iAGRI - SAS - Sophy - CC- conference 4th June 2015 Final

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