1) Climate change is projected to negatively impact agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa through decreased crop production and yields under both rainfed and irrigated systems.
2) This would reduce GDP and increase food prices, exacerbating issues like child malnutrition.
3) Strategies like expanding irrigation capacity and improving agricultural productivity through investments in research and development could help the region adapt to climate change by increasing food production and lowering prices.
A presentation by Bioversity International scientist Maarten van Zonneveld about diversification for climate change adaptation. Different strategies may work for different communities. It is important to discuss with relevant stakeholders and determine the most appropriate actions to take. This was presented at the VII Inter-American scientific Henry A.Wallace Conference Series in CATIE, Costa Rica. Read more about Bioversity International’s work on climate change:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change
AN OVERVIEW of the CHALLENGES of AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:...Premier Publishers
This study, analyzes the challenges of national agricultural research institutions (NARIs) in Eritrea from organizational perspective. It examines the institutional and research capacities, and the human and financial capabilities of NARIs. The data for this study was taken from a study conducted in June 2017 in the Ministry of Agriculture. The study used both survey and case study methodologies. The study seeks to answer the following two research questions: what are the challenges of NARIs in Eritrea? What can be learned from the experience of SSA countries NARIs? In this study, it is found that NARI has inadequate human, material and financial resources and limited research agenda. NARI has shortage of operational funding and trained personnel in specialized areas, which require higher education level. The current agricultural research system under NARI is less responsive to the various challenges and constraints of agricultural production and development in Eritrea. NARI should focus on participatory demand driven research methodology and integrate the needs of small-scale and commercial farmers, and improve its management, planning, monitoring and evaluation systems, including physical and human capital, and its research agenda. There is a need for the development of strategy that integrates elements that reinforce and build the present capacity of the agricultural research system.
A presentation by Bioversity International scientist Maarten van Zonneveld about diversification for climate change adaptation. Different strategies may work for different communities. It is important to discuss with relevant stakeholders and determine the most appropriate actions to take. This was presented at the VII Inter-American scientific Henry A.Wallace Conference Series in CATIE, Costa Rica. Read more about Bioversity International’s work on climate change:
http://www.bioversityinternational.org/research-portfolio/adaptation-to-climate-change
AN OVERVIEW of the CHALLENGES of AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH in SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA:...Premier Publishers
This study, analyzes the challenges of national agricultural research institutions (NARIs) in Eritrea from organizational perspective. It examines the institutional and research capacities, and the human and financial capabilities of NARIs. The data for this study was taken from a study conducted in June 2017 in the Ministry of Agriculture. The study used both survey and case study methodologies. The study seeks to answer the following two research questions: what are the challenges of NARIs in Eritrea? What can be learned from the experience of SSA countries NARIs? In this study, it is found that NARI has inadequate human, material and financial resources and limited research agenda. NARI has shortage of operational funding and trained personnel in specialized areas, which require higher education level. The current agricultural research system under NARI is less responsive to the various challenges and constraints of agricultural production and development in Eritrea. NARI should focus on participatory demand driven research methodology and integrate the needs of small-scale and commercial farmers, and improve its management, planning, monitoring and evaluation systems, including physical and human capital, and its research agenda. There is a need for the development of strategy that integrates elements that reinforce and build the present capacity of the agricultural research system.
The Role of Agricultural Policy Reform and Investment in meeting Future Food...ICARDA
Mark W. Rosegrant
COP Session November 16, 2016
Session Title: Coping with Climate Change in MENA Region: Meeting future food demand through science and innovation
Time & Location: 15:00 – 16:30, Room 1, Green Zone
Partners: ICARDA (Leading Role) & INRA Morocco
Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agricultureILRI
Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Agro climatic zones of jharkhand, rainfall patterns & abiotic stresses VIJAYKUMARSHRIVASTAV2
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Agroclimatic zones of jharkhand, rainfall patterns and abiotic stressesVIJAYKUMARSHRIVASTAV2
Jharkhand, agro-climatic zones, rainfall patterns, abiotic stresses, food security index, central north plateau zones, western plateau zones, south eastern plateau zones
Background
Water stress poses serious threats to human lives, livelihoods and business stability.
As per WRI, more than 61 countries face high to extreme levels of water stress a narrow gap between supply and demand leaves countries vulnerable to fluctuations like droughts or increased water withdrawals, which is why we’re seeing more and more communities facing their own “Day Zeros” and other crises.
It is important to understand cascading effects of climate change and how it impacts food security and nutrition among vulnerable smallholder farmers and build resilience.
Rainfed agriculture in jharkhand and major crops, rain water harvesing and fi...VIJAYKUMARSHRIVASTAV2
Jharkhand, rainfed agriculture, rainfed agriculture of Jharkhand, conventional food and horticultural cops of Jharkhand, crop diversification, nutritional security, wake of climate change, rice fallow management, horticulture, rain water harvesting, conservation, water use efficiency, fish farming in Jharkhand, steps towards profitable and sustainable agriculture, crop diversification in upland
Agricultural technological innovation in MENA in the context of climate chang...ICARDA
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Director General ICARDA
COP22 Session - November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
Ensuring climate resilience of agro-ecosystems and sustainable management of ...ICARDA
Dr. Rachid MRABET
Research Director
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Cop 22 - Session November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
The Role of Agricultural Policy Reform and Investment in meeting Future Food...ICARDA
Mark W. Rosegrant
COP Session November 16, 2016
Session Title: Coping with Climate Change in MENA Region: Meeting future food demand through science and innovation
Time & Location: 15:00 – 16:30, Room 1, Green Zone
Partners: ICARDA (Leading Role) & INRA Morocco
Achievements and challenges in Ethiopian agricultureILRI
Presented by Dr. Abera Deresa (State Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) at the 'Dialogue on Ethiopia’s Agricultural Development', 12 November 2015, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Agro climatic zones of jharkhand, rainfall patterns & abiotic stresses VIJAYKUMARSHRIVASTAV2
Jharkhand, agro climatic zones, rainfall patterns, abiotic stress, Jharkhand food security index, central north eastern plateau zones, western plateau zones, south eastern plateau zones
Agroclimatic zones of jharkhand, rainfall patterns and abiotic stressesVIJAYKUMARSHRIVASTAV2
Jharkhand, agro-climatic zones, rainfall patterns, abiotic stresses, food security index, central north plateau zones, western plateau zones, south eastern plateau zones
Background
Water stress poses serious threats to human lives, livelihoods and business stability.
As per WRI, more than 61 countries face high to extreme levels of water stress a narrow gap between supply and demand leaves countries vulnerable to fluctuations like droughts or increased water withdrawals, which is why we’re seeing more and more communities facing their own “Day Zeros” and other crises.
It is important to understand cascading effects of climate change and how it impacts food security and nutrition among vulnerable smallholder farmers and build resilience.
Rainfed agriculture in jharkhand and major crops, rain water harvesing and fi...VIJAYKUMARSHRIVASTAV2
Jharkhand, rainfed agriculture, rainfed agriculture of Jharkhand, conventional food and horticultural cops of Jharkhand, crop diversification, nutritional security, wake of climate change, rice fallow management, horticulture, rain water harvesting, conservation, water use efficiency, fish farming in Jharkhand, steps towards profitable and sustainable agriculture, crop diversification in upland
Agricultural technological innovation in MENA in the context of climate chang...ICARDA
Aly Abousabaa
Director General ICARDA
COP22 Session - November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
Ensuring climate resilience of agro-ecosystems and sustainable management of ...ICARDA
Dr. Rachid MRABET
Research Director
INRA Rabat
Cop 22 - Session November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
John Ulimwengu
GLOBAL FOOD POLICY REPORT
Africa Discussion of IFPRI’s 2022 Global Food Policy Report Climate Change & Food Systems
IFPRI Africa Regional Office
Agriculture in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation in order to meet the related challenges of achieving food security and responding to climate change. Projections based on population growth and food consumption patterns indicate that agricultural production will need to increase by at least 70 percent to meet demands by 2050. Most estimates also indicate that climate change is likely to reduce agricultural productivity, production stability and incomes in some areas that already have high levels of food insecurity. Developing climate-smart agriculture is thus crucial to achieving future food security and climate change goals. This seminar describe an approach to deal with the above issue viz. Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) and also examines some of the key technical, institutional, policy and financial responses required to achieve this transformation. Building on cases from the field, the seminar try to outlines a range of practices, approaches and tools aimed at increase the resilience and productivity of agricultural product systems, while also reducing and removing emissions. A part of the seminar elaborates institutional and policy options available to promote the transition to climate-smart agriculture at the smallholder level. Finally, the paper considers current gaps and makes innovative suggestion regarding the combined use of different sources, financing mechanism and delivery systems.
Effectiveness of Adaptation Measures Taken by Farmers in the Field of Effects...IJEAB
It is evident that climate change affects the well being of farmers and increases their vulnerability in the future if no action is taken into account by them. In fact, Various adaptation measures, such as crop diversification, changes in the dates of semi and crops, use of seed and fertilizer varieties, irrigation, use of tractors etc. are carried out by Farmers. However, these different measures have not yet had the same effect in reducing the negative effects of climate change on agriculture. Thus, this paper aims at evaluating empirically assess the effectiveness of these measures or strategies of adaptations on the performance of farms in Benin. Using the estimation technique of MCO, estimating the technical efficiency of farmers' production reveals that the use of improved seeds and fertilizers also reduces the negative impact of climate change In addition, land irrigation and the number of weeding remain influential factors for which we do not have the necessary statistics to assess their efficiencies
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
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What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
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The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
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- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
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Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...
Climate
1. INTERNATIONAL FOOD
POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG
sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty
Supported by the CGIAR
IFPRI Research Brief 15–15
HOW CAN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE ADAPT TO CLIMATE CHANGE? INSIGHTS FROM ETHIOPIA AND SOUTH AFRICA
Economywide Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
in Sub-Saharan Africa
Alvaro Calzadilla , Tingju Zhu, Katrin Rehdanz, Richard S. J. Tol, and Claudia Ringler
A pproximately 80 percent of poor people in Sub-Saharan
Africa continue to depend on the agricultural sector for
their livelihoods, but—unlike in other regions of the
complementary inputs, poor market access, unfavorable
topography, low-quality soils, and low incentives for agricul-
tural intensification.
world—agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is characterized Despite these constraints, Sub-Saharan Africa has the
by very low yields due to agroecological features, poor access potential to expand irrigation and increase agricultural
to services, lack of knowledge and inputs, and low levels of productivity. A new generation of better designed irrigation
investment in infrastructure and irrigation. In addition, high projects and large, untapped water resources generate
population growth rates, especially in rural areas, intensify opportunities for irrigation investment in the region. In
pressure on agricultural production and natural resources addition, with observed yields of less than one-third of the
and further complicate the challenge of reducing poverty. maximum attainable, the potential for productivity enhance-
Against this background, potential climate change poses a ment is significant. Finally, new investments in irrigation
significant additional challenge to the future of agriculture and improvements in agricultural productivity need comple-
in the region. Climate change could cause serious deteriora- mentary investments in roads, extension services, and access
tion of rural livelihoods and increase food insecurity in to markets.
Sub-Saharan Africa. Given these multiple challenges, the This brief describes the results of a modeling exercise to
region’s smallholders and pastoralists must adapt, in partic- forecast the economywide impacts of expanding irrigation
ular by adopting technologies to increase productivity and and increasing agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan
the stability and resilience of their production systems. Africa modeled under a relatively moderate SRES (Special
Improvements to agricultural productivity, often Report on Emission Scenario) B2 climate change scenario,
involving irrigation development, promote economic growth which was developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on
and provide a pathway out of poverty. Irrigation increases Climate Change. The results were generated using a combi-
returns to poor households in terms of their physical, nation of economic models capable of assessing the security
human, and social capital and enables smallholders to implications of a variety of development pathways under
achieve higher yields and revenues from crop production. climate change for the period 2000–50.
Irrigated farms also generate new employment opportunities
through higher demand for farm labor. Poor consumers
THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
outside the agricultural sector also benefit from lower food
prices because irrigation enables farmers to obtain more ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION,
output per unit of input. Gains in agricultural productivity THE ECONOMY, AND WELFARE
through irrigation can also stimulate national and interna- The results of a scenario assuming no climate change
tional markets, improving economic growth. Nevertheless, (Scenario 1) project increased crop harvested area and crop
rainfed farming continues to dominate agricultural produc- production to the year 2050. Under this scenario, harvested
tion in Sub-Saharan Africa, covering around 97 percent of area increases globally by about 3 percent between 2000 and
total cropland, which exposes agricultural production to 2050, which is equivalent to a total area of 1.35 billion
high seasonal rainfall variability. Although irrigation systems hectares in 2050, 36 percent of which would be under
have been promoted in the region, irrigation infrastructure irrigation. In Sub-Saharan Africa, irrigated area is projected
has not expanded as expected mainly due to lack of demand to grow more than twice as fast as rainfed area over the same
for irrigated products, lack of access to affordable period, (79 compared with 34 percent), but the share of
2033 K Street, NW • Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA • T. +1-202-862-5600 / Skype: IFPRIhomeoffice • F. +1-202-467-4439 • ifpri@cgiar.org www.ifpri.org
2. irrigated area is still only 4.5 percent in 2050 compared with five years old increases by almost 2 million in the region
3.4 percent in 2000. Total agricultural production in under this scenario.
Sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by 158 percent In addition to the negative impacts described above,
between 2000 and 2050, whereas the share of irrigated under a moderate climate change scenario without appropriate
production is projected to increase from 9 to only 14 percent adaptation, the prices of agricultural commodities are
over the same 50-year period. projected to increase in both domestic and world markets.
By comparison, a scenario of moderate climate change Real commodity prices for all cereals are projected to rise by
(Scenario 2) indicates that the world’s crop harvested area 2050 due to increased land and water scarcity, as well as the
and food production would decrease by 0.3 and 2.7 percent, impacts of climate change, biofuel development, increased
respectively, by 2050. Under this second scenario, both population, and income- and growth-driven demand for food
irrigated area and irrigated production decrease, whereas diversification. Meat prices are also expected to increase as a
rainfed production declines despite an increase in rainfed result of increased demand and higher animal feed prices.
area. Hence, without proactive adaptation, climate change
has a significant negative impact on agriculture. Both rainfed
and irrigated harvested areas decrease in Sub-Saharan Africa STRATEGIES FOR ADAPTATION
under climate change, whereas rainfed production increases TO CLIMATE CHANGE
by 0.7 percent, and irrigated production drops by Adaptation by the agricultural sector can form a buffer
15.3 percent. This sharp decrease in irrigated productivity against the negative impacts of climate change. Two
occurs because some irrigated crops, such as wheat and different adaptation scenarios were used to evaluate the
sugarcane, are more susceptible to heat stress and reduced impact of adaptation on production and income. The first of
availability of water for irrigation. Under climate change, these additional scenarios (Scenario 3) assumes expanded
only 4.4 percent of the total crop harvested area is expected irrigated capacity, doubling the irrigated area in Sub-Saharan
to be under irrigation by 2050, whereas irrigated production Africa, whereas the second of these adaptation scenarios
is expected to constitute 12.1 percent of total agricultural (Scenario 4) considers productivity improvements in both
production in the region by 2050. rainfed and irrigated agriculture without expanded irrigated
Climate change also has negative implications for gross area, increasing Sub-Saharan African yields by 25 percent
domestic product (GDP) and child malnutrition. At the through investments in agricultural research and develop-
global level, GDP is expected to decrease by US$87 billion ment and enhanced farm management practices.
under a scenario of moderate climate change, which is Under Scenario 3, the expansion of irrigated area in the
equivalent to 0.09 percent of global GDP. For Sub-Saharan region from a very small base helps farmers achieve higher
Africa, GDP losses due to climate change are estimated to be yields per hectare. This is followed by an increase in total
US$3.3 billion, equivalent to 0.2 percent of regional GDP. crop production and a small decrease in the price of some
Furthermore, the number of malnourished children under agricultural commodities. Under this scenario, the expansion
Table 1 The impact of climate change on agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
Scenario 1: Scenario 2:
no climate change, moderate climate
Indicator 2000 baseline 2050 change, 2050
Harvested area (thousand hectares) 181,618 246,363 244,585
Irrigated area (thousand hectares) 6,243 11,194 10,801
Rainfed area (thousand hectares) 175,375 235,169 233,784
Production (thousand metric tons) 484,199 1,250,491 1,231,158
Irrigated production (thousand metric tons) 43,398 175,561 148,701
Rainfed production (thousand metric tons) 440,800 1,074,930 1,082,457
Share of irrigated production (%) 9 14 12
SOURCE: IFPRI IMPACT model (2008).
NOTE: Scenario 2 is based on the Special Report on Emission Scenarios B2 scenario, developed by the Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change. Results from the Hadley Global Circulation Model were used.
2
3. of irrigated area in Sub-Saharan Africa increases cereal sectors, but the domestic and world prices of nonagricultural
production in the region by 5 percent, and meat production products increase under this scenario. An exception is food
by 1 percent. No change was observed for root and tuber products, for which prices decline because production is
production. Even though Sub-Saharan Africa is not a key promoted by higher supply and lower crop prices.
contributor to global food production, world food prices are Under Scenario 4, improvements in agricultural produc-
projected to decline under the expanded irrigation adapta- tivity in both rainfed and irrigated agriculture enable farmers
tion scenario, which also leads to a small increase in GDP in to obtain higher levels of output per unit of input and
Sub-Saharan Africa (0.007 percent, equivalent to therefore total crop production increases (although the
US$113 million). This slight increase, however, is insufficient magnitude differs by crop type). Higher levels of agricultural
to counteract the regional GDP losses expected under productivity also result in a decline in production costs and
climate change without proactive adaptation. Results show consequently a decline in market prices. A 25 percent increase
that doubling irrigated area also reduces the number of in agricultural productivity leads to significant reductions in
malnourished children under the age of five years by a small domestic and world market prices for most agricultural
amount (0.3 million children). commodities compared with projections without proactive
Adaptation also has an impact on the factors of produc- adaptation (that is, Scenario 2). This adaptation scenario
tion, such as land, labor, and capital. Market prices for labor (Scenario 4) promotes GDP growth by 1.5 percent
and capital increase as the economy expands. Changes in (US$26 billion), which more than offsets the initial reduction
total crop production have a mixed effect on nonagricultural of 0.2 percent in GDP due to climate change as projected
Table 2 The impact of climate change and adaptation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2050
Scenario 4:
Scenario 3: moderate
moderate climate
Scenario 2: climate change, 2050,
moderate change, 2050, with a 25%
Scenario 1: climate with a increase
no climate change, 2050 doubling of in irrigated
change, (without irrigated and rainfed
Indicator 2050 adaptation) a areab crop yieldsb
Total production (thousand metric tons) 1,250,491 –1.5% 0.1% 18.0%
Rainfed production (thousand metric tons) 1,074,930 0.7% –0.6% 17.9%
Irrigated production (thousand metric tons) 175,561 –15.3% 99.5% 23.4%
Total area (thousand hectares) 246,363 –0.7% 0.0% 0.0%
Rainfed area (thousand hectares) 235,169 –0.6% –4.8% 0.0%
Irrigated area (thousand hectares) 11,194 –3.5% 100.0% 0.0%
Change in welfare (US$ millions) -- 1,786 119 15,435
Change in GDP
US$ millions -- –3,333 113 25,720
Percentage -- –0.2% 0.0% 1.5%
Malnutrition (million children under age five) 30.2 32.0 31.7 30.4
SOURCE: IFPRI IMPACT and GTAP-W results (2008).
NOTE: Scenarios 2, 3, and 4 are based on the Special Report on Emission Scenarios B2 scenario, developed by the Intergovern-
mental Panel on Climate Change. Results from the Hadley Global Circulation Model were used.
a Indicates the percentage change with respect to Scenario 1.
b Indicates the percentage change with respect to Scenario 2.
3