The document provides information about the agricultural research activities of BARI in the Khulna region of Bangladesh. It discusses the establishment and mandate of BARI and its On-Farm Research Division (OFRD). It then describes the four MLT sites where OFRD Khulna performs research - providing details on location, soil properties, cropping patterns, and major challenges faced. The constraints of coastal agriculture are highlighted as soil salinity, lack of fresh water, and biotic and social factors. BARI is working to develop saline tolerant crops and technologies like relay cropping of mustard with T. Aman rice. Opportunities mentioned include protective embankments, fruit cultivation, and production of crops like wheat, maize

1. WELCOME
Presented in AAS Hub Scoping at Khulna

2. AGRICULTURAL RRESEARCH IN
KHULNA REGION:
ACHIEVEMENTS, CONSTRAINTS
AND OPPORTUNITIES
Dr. Proshanta K. Sardar
Principal Scientific Officer
OFRD, BARI, Khulna

3. Established in 1976
The largest multi crop research institute
Conducts research on more than 105
crops (Except Rice, Sugarcane, Jute,
Cotton and Tea)
Developed 615 different technologies
BARI

4. ORGANOGRAM OF BARI
Director
Support Service
Director
Research
Director
Training &
Communication
CSO
Planning &
Evaluation
Administration
Finance
Common service
Research Centres (7)
Research Division(14)
Regional Stations (6)
Sub-stations (30)
Training
Communication
Editorial and
Publication
Library
FSRD Sites (9)
MLT Sites (66)
Buildings & Grounds
Director General

5. Crop Research Centre
Wheat Research Tuber Crops Research
Horticulture Research
Spices Research
Oilseed Research
Pulses Research Plant Genetic Resource

6. Research Division
Agronomy Plant Breeding Irrigation and
Water Management
Plant Pathology
On-Farm Research
Farm Division
Vertebrate Pest
Post-harvest
Technology
Farm Machinery and
Post-harvest Proc. Eng.
Seed Technology
Entomology
Soil Science
Agricultural Economics
Biotechnology

7. On-Farm Research Division
 Conducts location specific research at the
farmers’ field
 Validates the technologies
 Disseminates the technologies
 Sends the feed back to the Research Institutes
 Helps in designing problem oriented research
 Works for income generation for the farmers
through integrated approach

8.  To conduct research for the improvement of existing
farming system
 Testing and validation of on-station technologies under a
wide range of agro-climatic station for the fine tuning of the
technologies.
 Development of location specific technology based on the
local problems and needs.
 Improvement of existing cropping systems through
introduction of improved varieties, crop management as
well as soil fertility management practice.
Mandate of OFRD

9. OFRD STATIONS
1. OFRD, Tangail 10. OFRD, Kushtia
2. OFRD, Narshindi 11. OFRD, Comilla
3. OFRD, Mymensingh 12. OFRD, Faridpur
4. OFRD, Kishoreganj 13. OFRD, Sylhet
5. OFRD, Pabna 14. OFRD, Khulna
6. OFRD, Bogra 15. OFRD, Patuakhali
7. OFRD, Rajshahi 16. OFRD, Noakhali
8. OFRD, Barind, Rajshahi 17. OFRD, Banderban
9. OFRD, Rangpur

10. Aims of OFRD, Khulna
1. Undertake research to ensure a sustainable and productive
agriculture through scientific management and development of
problem based technologies.
2. Carryout demonstration and adaptive trials of new vegetables and
other crops and their management practice.
3. Disseminate the BARI released technologies among the farmers.
4. Provide training to the farmers on improved technologies for crop
production.
5. Organize field day and workshop on new technologies for
exchange ideas and updating with the recent advancement in
agriculture.

11. 1. MLT site, Satkhira
2. MLT site, Bagerhat
3. MLT site, Dumuria, Khulna
4. MLT site, Dacope, Khulna
OFRD, Khulna performs its activities through
four Multi Location Testing (MLT) sites in three
coastal districts-

12. BASIC INFORMATION OF
DIFFERENT MLT SITES

13. MLT site, Satkhira
Elevation (msl) 3.9
Area(Km2 ) 3750
AEZ 11,13
Soil Texture Silt loam -Clay
Unit type Ganges river flood plain , Ganges tidal flood
plain
pH 6.0-7.5
Organic matter (%) 2-3
Soil salinity (dS/m) 2.0- >16dS/m
Mean annual rainfall (mm) 1733
Cropping intensity (%) 193
Major fruits Coconut, Ber, Mango, Guava etc.

14. Land categories (%)
High land 10
Medium high land 73
Medium low land 10
Low land 4
Very low land 2
Average farm size (ha) 0.3
Major cropping patterns
1. Mustard-Fallow –T.aman
2. Mustard-Jute-T.aman
3. Vegetable –Mungbean-T.aman
4. Mustard –Boro -T.aman
5. Wheat –Jute –T. aman
6. Vegetable –Fallow T.aman

15. MLT Site, Bagerhat
Elevation (msl) 1.8
Area (km2) 3941(with Sundarbans)2072(without Sundarbans)
AEZ 12, 13, 14
Soil Texture Silt loam-Clay
Unit type Tidal flood plain, Khulna- Gopalgonj beel
pH 5.5-6.5
Organic matter (%) 3-4.5
Soil salinity (dS/m) 2.0->16.0 dS/m
Mean annual rainfall (mm) 2300
Cropping intensity (%) 143
Major fruits Coconut, Sapota, Ber, Mango, Guava etc.

16. Land categories (%)
High land 25
Medium high land 37
Medium low land 27
Low land 11
Very low land -
Average farm size (ha) 0.6
Major cropping patterns
1.Grasspea-B. Aus- T.Aman
2.Fallow-B. Aus- T.Aman
3.Fallow-Fallow-T. Aman
4.Boro-Fallow-T.aman
5.Boro-T.Aus- T.Aman
6.Vegetable-Fallow-T.aman

17. MLT Site, Dacope
Elevation (msl) 1.8
Area (km2) 3758
AEZ 11,12, 13, 14
Soil Texture Silt loam-Clay
Unit type Tidal flood plain, Khulna- Gopalgonj beel
pH 5.5-6.5
Organic matter (%) 3-4.5
Soil salinity (dS/m) 2.0->16.0 dS/m
Mean annual rainfall (mm) 2300
Cropping intensity (%) 143
Major fruits Coconut, Sapota, Ber, Mango, Guava etc.

18. Land categories (%)
High land 25
Medium high land 37
Medium low land 27
Low land 11
Very low land -
Average farm size (ha) 0.6
Major cropping patterns
1.Grasspea-B. Aus- T.Aman
2.Fallow-B. Aus- T.Aman
3.Fallow-Fallow-T. Aman
4.Boro-Fallow-T.aman
5.Boro-T.Aus- T.Aman
6.Vegetable-Fallow-T.aman

19. MLT site, Dumuria
Elevation (msl) 3.6
Area (km2) 3742
AEZ 11, 12, 13, 14
SoilTexture Silt loam-Clay
Unit type River flood plain, Tidal flood plain, Khulna-
Gopalgonj beel
pH 7.0-8.5
Organic matter (%) 1-2
Soil salinity (dS/m) 2.0->16.0 dS/m
Mean annual rainfall (mm) 1828
Major fruits Coconut, Sapota, Ber, Mango, Guava etc.

20. Land categories (%)
High land 5
Medium high land 79
Medium low land 12
Low land 2
Very low land -
Average farm size (ha) 0.5Major cropping patterns
1. Mustard-Jute-Mungbean
1. Boro-Fallow-T.Aman
2. Potato-Falow-T.Aman,
3. Mustard-Jute-T.Aman
4. Vegetable-T.Aman-Fallow
5. Mustard-Okra-T.Aman
6. Watermelon-Fallow-T.Aman

21. COASTAL LANDS
 Young deposition of alluvial soils
 30% of the cultivable area (around 1million ha)
 Coastal area includes 13 districts
 49% of the coastal area is constituted by the
Ganges tidal flood plain

22.  Khulna
 Satkhira
 Bagerhat
 Borguna
 Pirojpur
 Cox’s Bazar
 Patuakhali
 Bhola
 Noakhali
 Feni
 Laxmipur
 Chittagong
 Barisal
Coastal Districts

24.  Tidal flooding
 Salinization
 Threat of cyclones
 Storm surges
Main features of coastal area

25. Coastal agriculture
 Low yield
 Local varieties
 Low cropping intensity
 Dominant cropping pattern- Fallow- T. Aman-
Fallow
 Minimum use of technologies

26. Saline soil
Saline soils have a saturated extract conductivity (ECse) of
>4dS/m, pH<8.5, have <15% exchangeable Na% (ESP).
Major ions Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-
Cause : Primarily by toxicity from Na+ and Cl-.
Mechanism of plant death: The high osmotic pressure in the soil
solution causes a correspondingly low soil water potential,
and when in contact with a plant cell, the solute moves toward
the soil solution and the cell collapses (called plasmolysis)
Salinity
 Starts from November
 Peak March/April (5-15 dS/m)
 Minimum July/August (2-4 dS/m)

27. Coastal Agriculture Management Strategy
1. Management of Soil salinity
2. Selection of suitable crops

28. 1. Management of Soil Salinity
 Protective embankment
 Provision of sluice gate on the embankmet
 Leveling of land
 Storing of excess water for irrigation
 Frequent irrigation
 Well drainage system
 Organic mulches

29. Contd.
 Ridge-furrow system of cultivation
 Application of Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O),Ca2+ reacts with
Na+, Na+ moves below root zone
 Keeping the lands covered in summer and winter
 Fertilization of crops
 Cultivation of saline tolerant crops/varieties

30. 0.5%
15.9%
21%
21%
8%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Khulna Bagerhat Satkhira Patuakhali Noakhali
Coastal areas
Saltaffectedarea(000ha)
1973
2000

31. Levels of salinity
ECe (dS/m) Salinity level Implication on crops
0-2 Non-saline Salinity effects mostly
negligible
2-4 Slightly saline Yields of very sensitive
crops may be restricted
4-8 Saline Yields of many crops
restricted
8-16 Strongly saline Only tolerant crops yield
satisfactorily
>16 Extremely saline Only a few very tolerant
crops yield satisfactorily

32. Continuous accumulation of salts from tidal
flooding
Upstream withdrawal of Ganges water
Cyclone and tidal surges
Shrimp cultivation
Irrigation of saline ground water
Soil salinity develops

33. Fig. Salinityand rainfall during June, 2008 to March, 2009, at Laudove, Dakope,
Khulna
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
June.08
July.08
Aug.08
Sept.08
Oct.08
Nov.08
Dec.08
Jan.09
Feb.09
Mar.09
Salinity(dS/m)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Totalrainfall(mm)
Salinity(dS/m)
Rainfall(mm)

34. The tolerance of Rabi field crops-
 Barley> Linseed> groundnut> millet>
sunflower> soybean> wheat> cowpea>
mungbean> mustard
For vegetables, spices and fruits-
 Batisak> sugarbeet> sweet potato> chilli>
spinach> coconut> kangkong> jujube> sapota>
indian spinach> okra> water melon> red
amaranth
2. Selection of crops

35. A. Physical constraints
 Saline soil
 Lack of fresh water
 Late draining condition
 High saline ground water table
 Low organic matter
 Late transplantation and harvesting of
aman rice
 Poor polder management/defective sluice
gate
Constraints of coastal agriculture

36. Shorter winter period
Heavy consistency
Poor number of salt tolerant crops
Lack of suitable technology for salinity
management
Difficult communication
Poor marketing facilities

37. B. Biological constraints
 Severe disease and insect infestation
 Global warming because of recent climate change
makes the situation more susceptible.

38. C. Social constraints
 Development of injudicious gher for shrimp
culture
 Providing saline water in the gher
 Injudicious activities resulting perennial water
logging pockets

42. Saline tolerant crop

43.  Crop production by conserving soil moisture
 Production of mustard/grass pea relaying with
T.aman
 Crop production by adjusting sowing time
 Production of fodder crops
 Cultivation of soybean
 Production of sesame
 Cultivation of pulse crop
Activities of BARI

44. Production of wheat
Production in maize
Production of barley
Production of cucurbitaceous vegetables eg.
water melon, sweet gourd, bitter gourd etc.
Vegetable cultivation on gher boundary
Production of mango by controlling of mango
hopper

45.  Protective embankment
 Operation of sluice gate frequently
 Storing of excess rain water for irrigation
 Plantation of fruit trees in homesteads
OPPORTUNITIES

46. 01 CULTIVATION OF MUSTARD AS RELAY CROP WITH T. AMAN
IN T. AMAN- FALLOW- BORO CROPPING PATTERN
02 CULTIVATION OF POTATO IN RAISED BED WITH MULCH
03 CULTIVATION OF WHEAT WITH ZERO TILLAGE
04 DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATE CROPPING PATTERN FOR
COASTAL SALINE AREA
05 YEAR ROUND VEGETABLES PRODUCTION ON GHER
BOUNDARY
06 PRODUCTION OF WATER MELON IRRIGATING BY
SURFACE WATER FROM ‘KUNI’
07 PRODUCTION OF YEAR ROUND FRUITS AND VEGETABLES IN
HOMESTEADS

47. CULTIVATION OF MUSTARD AS RELAY CROP WITH T. AMAN IN
T. AMAN- FALLOW- BORO CROPPING PATTERN
Description  Mustard is broadcasted in standing T. Aman field before 15
days of harvest.
 Mustard seeds germinate with residual soil moisture
 After harvest of T. Aman rice, mustard plant attains a
considerable height and its canopy acts as mulch.
 Soil moisture evaporation is restricted due to canopy shade
and soil salinity cannot reach at harmful level.

48. DESCRIPTION  Mustard can grow without interruption of soil salinity.
 All the recommended fertilizers except urea are applied
before 2/3 days of broadcasting.
Urea is top dressed at 20 DAS
 One irrigation is applied during flowering stage
VARIETY Short duration mustard variety (Tori-7, BARI sarisha 9)
for T. Aman-Fallow- Boro cropping pattern at late joe
condition and BARI sarisha 14 and BARI sarisha 15 at
early joe condition
YIELD Tori-7, BARI sarisha 9 : 900-1000kg/ha
BARI sarisha 14 and BARI sarisha 15 : 1200-1300 kg/ha

49. 49

50. 50

51. 51

52. 52

53. 53

54. 54

55. CULTIVATION OF POTATO IN RAISED BED WITH MULCH
Description  Three to four ploughings and then making 15 cm raised bed
 All the recommended fertilizers except urea are applied at
final land preparation
 Urea is applied as top dress at 30-35 DAS and the irrigation
and earthling up are done followed by mulch
 Mulch inhibits soil salinity by suppressing capillary
movement
 Whole potato tuber is sown as seed keeping 60 25 cm
spacing
 Straw mulch is applied after top dressing irrigation and
earthing up
Variety Daimant, Asterix and Courage
Yield 20-35 t/ha

59. CULTIVATION OF WHEAT WITH ZERO TILLAGE
Description  Dominant cropping pattern : Fallow- Fallow- T. Aman
Short duration T. Aman variety (BRRI dhan 33 and BRRI
dhan 39) is cultivated
After harvesting of T. Aman rice, wheat seeds are broadcasted /
placed in furrow
Seeds germinate with inherent soil moisture
All the recommended fertilizers except urea are applied before
2/3 days of sowing and urea is applied at 45 and 65 DAS
 Two irrigations are applied at CRI and PI stage
 the crop field is irrigated with surface water of pond
Variety Sourov, Gourov, Prodip , Protiva, etc
Yield 2.5-3.0 t/ha

65. DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATE CROPPING PATTERN FOR
COASTAL SALINE AREA
Description  Existing cropping pattern :
Vegetables- Fallow- T. Aman
Fallow- Fallow- T. Aman
The existing cropping pattern is improved by introducing
short duration pulse crop (BARI mung 6)
The recommended fertilizers are applied during final land
preparation
The crop is irrigated once at flowering stage
Now, the improved cropping pattern is
Vegetables- Mung - T. Aman
Fallow- Mung- T. Aman
Variety BARI mung 6
Yield 1200-1400 kg/ha

69. Field view of watermelon

74. YEAR ROUND VEGETABLES PRODUCTION ON GHER
BOUNDARY
Description Vegetables cultivation is limited due to lack of
availability of land in southern gher areas
In this situation , both broad gher boundary(>1 m)
and narrow gher boundary (<1m ) are selected for
vegetables cultivation
All the recommended fertilizers for respective
crops are applied before final land preparation

75.  Cropping patterns of gher boundary :
Pattern Broad gher boundary Narrow gher boundary
Crops Crops
Rabi Kharif Rabi Kharif
P1 Knolkhol Okra Sweet gourd Cucumber
P2 Tomato Indian Spinach Bottle gourd Bitter gourd
P3 Cabbage Cucumber Cucumber Ash gourd
P4 Brinjal Bottle gourd - -
P5 Chilli Bitter gourd - -
 In narrow gher boundary, cucurbitaceous plants are grown in scaffold
made on gher water
 At Rabi season, crops are irrigated with gher water (non-saline) and in
Kharif season crops are grown in rainfed condition

85. PRODUCTION OF WATER MELON IRRIGATING BY SURFACE
WATER FROM ‘KUNI’
Description  Water melon is cultivated after harvest of T. Aman rice
against Fallow- Fallow- T. Aman cropping pattern
 After harvest of T. Aman rice, the land is not in joe condition
 When land is in joe condition, the soil salinity remains high
 As a source of irrigation , canal water is also in saline
 But comparatively, the water salinity of ‘Kuni’ is low. So, the
fresh surface water of kuni can easily be used to irrigate the
water melon field
 ‘Kuni’ is a special type of mini pond made in the middle of
the crop field which size is 25' 15' 6‘.
Variety World queen, Hunter and Field master
Yield 50-60 t/ha

88. Kuni in the field
Water to be collected
from Kuni

103. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

124. T
H A N K Y O
U