The CGIAR – CIMMYT ICARDA Experience: Conservation Agriculture in Wheat Syste...Iwl Pcu
Dr Ken Sayre, Dr Bram Govaerts – CIMMYT Agronomists Mexico
Dr Julie Nicol, CIMMYT Pathologist on behalf of CIMMYT ICARDA Turkey Office
Turkish NARs partners TAGEM – Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs – Mr Irfan Gultekin, Mr Muzzafer Avci and Mr Yuksel Kabaci
Presented the Regional conference on Integrated nutrient pollution management in the Danube-Black sea Basin in Ankara, Turkey
A Unified Approach for Institutionalizing Resilient Agriculture under DrylandsICRISAT
Evidenced based framework and mandallevel assessment/prioritization has a scientific base for guiding future investments for building resilience to agriculture in Telangana State and could easily be replicated in other states of India
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 59 on “Agroecology for Sustainable Food Systems” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and IPES-FOOD was held on Wednesday 15 January 2020 (9h00-13h00) at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels.
The briefing brought various perspectives and experiences on agroecological systems to support agricultural transformation. Experts presented trends and prospects for agroecological approaches and what it implies for the future of the food systems. Successes and innovative models in agroecology in different parts of the world and the lessons learned for upscaling them were also discussed.
The Role of Agricultural Policy Reform and Investment in meeting Future Food...ICARDA
Mark W. Rosegrant
COP Session November 16, 2016
Session Title: Coping with Climate Change in MENA Region: Meeting future food demand through science and innovation
Time & Location: 15:00 – 16:30, Room 1, Green Zone
Partners: ICARDA (Leading Role) & INRA Morocco
The CGIAR – CIMMYT ICARDA Experience: Conservation Agriculture in Wheat Syste...Iwl Pcu
Dr Ken Sayre, Dr Bram Govaerts – CIMMYT Agronomists Mexico
Dr Julie Nicol, CIMMYT Pathologist on behalf of CIMMYT ICARDA Turkey Office
Turkish NARs partners TAGEM – Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs – Mr Irfan Gultekin, Mr Muzzafer Avci and Mr Yuksel Kabaci
Presented the Regional conference on Integrated nutrient pollution management in the Danube-Black sea Basin in Ankara, Turkey
A Unified Approach for Institutionalizing Resilient Agriculture under DrylandsICRISAT
Evidenced based framework and mandallevel assessment/prioritization has a scientific base for guiding future investments for building resilience to agriculture in Telangana State and could easily be replicated in other states of India
The Brussels Development Briefing n. 59 on “Agroecology for Sustainable Food Systems” organised by CTA, the European Commission/EuropeAid, the ACP Secretariat, CONCORD and IPES-FOOD was held on Wednesday 15 January 2020 (9h00-13h00) at the ACP Secretariat, Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels.
The briefing brought various perspectives and experiences on agroecological systems to support agricultural transformation. Experts presented trends and prospects for agroecological approaches and what it implies for the future of the food systems. Successes and innovative models in agroecology in different parts of the world and the lessons learned for upscaling them were also discussed.
The Role of Agricultural Policy Reform and Investment in meeting Future Food...ICARDA
Mark W. Rosegrant
COP Session November 16, 2016
Session Title: Coping with Climate Change in MENA Region: Meeting future food demand through science and innovation
Time & Location: 15:00 – 16:30, Room 1, Green Zone
Partners: ICARDA (Leading Role) & INRA Morocco
Bangladesh though a LDC have generated national database on Land and Soil Resources which is mainly used for agricultural development planning and farmers service. SOLARIS and OFRS are two systems dealing with the NR database to generate output needed by academicians, researchers, extentionists and farmers
Competing uses, dynamics, and production and utilization constraints of crop ...ILRI
Presented by Kindu Mekonnen, Gedion Rachier, Dagnachew Lule, Mesfin Bahta, Diego Valbuena, Alan Duncan and Gerard Bruno at the International Congress on Water 2011, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 19-26 September 2011.
Sustainable describes farming systems that are "capable of maintaining their productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely.
Resource-conserving
Socially supportive
Commercially competitive
Environmentally sound
Improved upland rice technology effect on environment protection - Experience...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Preseentation of Feng Lu, from Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, on the effect of improved upland rice technology on environment protection. Experiences are shown from the mountainous area of Southern Yunnan, China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) in China: Models in A...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/agroecology/
http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/
Presentation by Dr. Jiao Wenjun from Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in China and how these systems are models for agroecology. The presentation was delivered on March 23, 2017 at the seminar on “Agroecology and the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems: How can innovative systemic approaches contribute to Sustainable Development?” organized by the Permanent Representations of China, France, and Italy.
Agricultural technological innovation in MENA in the context of climate chang...ICARDA
Aly Abousabaa
Director General ICARDA
COP22 Session - November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
Bangladesh though a LDC have generated national database on Land and Soil Resources which is mainly used for agricultural development planning and farmers service. SOLARIS and OFRS are two systems dealing with the NR database to generate output needed by academicians, researchers, extentionists and farmers
Competing uses, dynamics, and production and utilization constraints of crop ...ILRI
Presented by Kindu Mekonnen, Gedion Rachier, Dagnachew Lule, Mesfin Bahta, Diego Valbuena, Alan Duncan and Gerard Bruno at the International Congress on Water 2011, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 19-26 September 2011.
Sustainable describes farming systems that are "capable of maintaining their productivity and usefulness to society indefinitely.
Resource-conserving
Socially supportive
Commercially competitive
Environmentally sound
Improved upland rice technology effect on environment protection - Experience...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Preseentation of Feng Lu, from Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, on the effect of improved upland rice technology on environment protection. Experiences are shown from the mountainous area of Southern Yunnan, China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) in China: Models in A...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/agroecology/
http://www.fao.org/giahs/en/
Presentation by Dr. Jiao Wenjun from Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) on Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in China and how these systems are models for agroecology. The presentation was delivered on March 23, 2017 at the seminar on “Agroecology and the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems: How can innovative systemic approaches contribute to Sustainable Development?” organized by the Permanent Representations of China, France, and Italy.
Agricultural technological innovation in MENA in the context of climate chang...ICARDA
Aly Abousabaa
Director General ICARDA
COP22 Session - November 16th 2016, Coping with Climate Change in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Meeting future food demand through SCIENCE & INNOVATION
Comparative Analysis of Fertilizer Use among Small-Scale Irrigation Farmers i...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
Trends and Determinants of Cereal Productivity: Econometric ANalysis of Natio...essp2
Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI) and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Seventh International Conference on Ethiopian Economy, June 24, 2010
Adoption of good agricultural practices for sustainable maize and cowpea prod...Premier Publishers
This paper presents a comparative evaluation of maize and cowpea grain yields of 24 farmers in the Forest-Savannah Transition (Atebubu-Amantin) and Guinea Savannah (West-Mamprusi) zones of Ghana for 2012 and 2014 respectively at the inception and completion of the sustainable intensification of crop-livestock integration project. While only 7 and 2 farmers planted maize in rows at project inception, 12 and 9 farmers were recorded at project completion in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. During 2012 cropping season, when farmers had access to fertilizer in the form of subsidy, only a farmer in each district did not apply fertilizer. However, the reverse was observed in 2014 where there was no subsidy. Comparing 2012 and 2014 cropping season results, revealed a 25% and 27% increase in maize grain yield in Atebubu–Amantin and West–Mamprusi districts respectively. Economic analysis revealed a high benefit cost ratio in maize and cowpea production in 2014 than in 2012 for both locations. The study has demonstrated that, enabling environment that encourages access to tools and implements for row planting and fertilizer in the form of subsidy would complement good agronomic technology packages introduced to farmers in order to ensure sustainable cereal and legume production.
Grain Yield Stability in Three-way Cross Hybrid Maize Varieties using AMMI an...Premier Publishers
A study to evaluate three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for wide adaptability and stability was conducted in eight environments in Sierra Leone using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant genotype and environment main effects, and genotype x environment interactions (GEI) effects. Differences due to environments accounted for 70.1% of the total treatments sum of squares while genotypes and genotype x environment interaction accounted for 9.9% and 20.0%, respectively. The first four interaction principal component axes (IPCA) were also highly significant and accounted for 38.7%, 25.2%, 14.3% and 8.6%, respectively of the total genotype x environment interaction variation. The polygon view of the GGE biplot revealed that hybrid G14 produced the highest grain yield in environments E1, E5 and E7 whereas G24 was adaptive in environments E6, E8, E3, E4 and E2. Hybrids G24, G9, G17 and G6 also produced high grain yields and were relatively stable. Both AMMI and GGE biplot effectively partitioned treatments sum of squares and were more appropriate in explaining genotype x environment interaction. The models also identified G24 as the most desirable hybrid in terms of high grain yield and stability across environments. Therefore, this hybrid is recommended for commercial release.
Farmers’ uptake of improved feed practices and reasons for adoption/ non adop...ILRI
Presented by Gregory Ndwandwa Sikumba at the CLEANED Project East Africa Stakeholder Consultation on Dairy and Environment Nairobi, Kenya, 18 September 2013
Conservation agriculture (CA) refers to a set of agricultural practices encompassing minimum mechanical soil disturbance, diversified crop rotation and permanent soil cover with crop residues to mitigate soil erosion and improve soil fertility besides soil functions. The CA aims to conserve, improve and make more efficient use of resources through CA-based technologies. It has many tangible and intangible benefits in terms of reduced cost of production, saving of time, increased yield through timely planting, improved water productivity, adaptation to climate variability, reduced disease and pest incidence through stimulation of biological diversity, reduced environmental footprints and ultimately improvements in soil health. However, weeds are a major biotic interference in CA, posing big defy towards its success unless all the principles are completely followed. Development of post-emergence herbicide and growing herbicide-tolerant crops and also the retention of crop residues as a mulch help in managing weed problems and also improve soil moisture retention. Furthermore, this practice of agriculture improves soil organic carbon content which ultimately leads to an increase in input use efficiency.
Yogendra Katuwal on Influence of N levels on Yield of Improved and Hybrid Ric...Yogendra Katuwal
Not always increasing N dose can be economical. Use efficiency of hybrids and improved varieties vary greatly.
Prepared By:
Yogendra Katuwal a MSc.Ag (Agronomy) student in AFU, Rampur, Nepal.
Influence of inorganic and organic nitrogen fertilizers regimes on oil conten...Innspub Net
This study was conducted at the Sokoine University of Agriculture to assess the influence of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers on sunflower seed oil content. The treatments consisted were: control (no nitrogen fertilizer, no farmyard manure); 2 t farmyard manure (FYM)/ha applied at planting (AAP); 5 t FYM/ha (AAP); 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 days after planting (DAP); 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 2 t FYM/ha at planting + 20kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); 5 t FYM/ha at planting + 40kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP); and 10 t FYM/ha (AAP); + 60kg N/ha applied as UREA at 30 (DAP). A randomized complete block design was used and treatments replicated three times. Sunflower variety Record was used as a test variety. Data collected included: soil sample before planting, plant tissue analysis, seed oil content and total seed oil yield per hectare. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using (LSD) P ≤ 0.05. The results showed that unlike the other parameters, oil content was only increased by 10 t FYM/ha in both seasons. It was therefore recommended that farmers in Morogoro to consider application 10 t FYM/ha in order to have high seed sunflower oil content. Get the full articles at: https://bit.ly/30mfVfG
Integrated Management of Soil Fertility - Prerequisite for Increased Agricult...SIANI
This study was presented during the conference “Production and Carbon Dynamics in Sustainable Agricultural and Forest Systems in Africa” held in September, 2010.
Evaluation of the Growth and Yield Performances of Maize in a Soybean Culture...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by the International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The journal provides a common forum where all aspects of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences are presented. The journal invites original papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications containing new insight into any aspect Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences that are not published or not being considered for publication elsewhere.
The Nigeria Comprehensive Food Security Vulnerability Assessment (CFSVA) was conducted in conjunction with the World Food Program (WFP) to increase understanding of the impact of food insecurity on lower income Nigerians in order to provide relevant information for policy makers on how to better address the root causes of hunger, malnutrition and vulnerability. This assessment relies on national household data from the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA).
Study highlights:
• Most Nigerians work in the Agricultural sector
• Livelihoods that are agriculture related are disproportionately poor
• Poverty is more prevalent in rural areas, and also in the Northern regions (particularly the North West and North East)
• There are major regional differences in educational attainment, in addition to large gender gaps in education in rural areas and the Northern regions
• Women in poorer wealth quintiles are less likely to breastfeed
• Very few Nigerians have access to proper refuse disposal facilities or to safe and hygienic sources of water
• Poorer households have reduced access to proteins (particularly animal based proteins)
• Huge divide exists between urban and rural households in terms of access to resources, living standards, and food security status
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
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It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learners
Fertilizer Profitability Across Nigeria’s Diverse Agro Ecological Zones and Farming Systems
1. By
B.T. Omonona
Department of Agricultural Economics
University of Ibadan
At the Nigeria Launch of Guiding Investments in Sustainable
Agricultural Intensification in Africa (GISAIA),Abuja.
June 17, 2013
Fertilizer Profitability across Nigeria’s Diverse Agro-
Ecological Zones and Farming Systems
2. Introduction: Fertilizer Use Status
Low productivity in Nigeria over years compared to leading
countries like Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and Brazil has been
largely due to low fertilizer use (FMARD,2011).
Comparing Nigeria to other regions and standards:
Nigeria = 13 kg/ha
World average = 100 kg/ha
Asia = 150 kg/ha
Brazil (SouthAmerica) = 165 kg/ha
FAO recommendation = 200 kg/ha
This shows that Nigeria is on the Red zone and conscious efforts are
needed to be made in order to move Nigeria towards the Green
zone and achieve Green Revolution.
3. Introduction contd.
Studies have shown that fertilizer use rates are correlated with the
level of yield of Maize. See FAO (2006) below:
Continent Fertilizer
(Kg/Ha)
Yield
(Kg/Ha)
Yield/
fertilizer
Fertilizer use
relative to Africa
Yield relative to
Africa
W. Europe 276 8050 29.17 5.02 5.17
N.America 257 7908 30.77 4.67 5.08
Asia 117 3641 31.12 2.13 2.34
L.America 67 2503 37.36 1.22 1.61
Africa 55 1556 23.22 1 1
4. Low Use of Fertilizers
Total potential demand for fertilizer among farmers in Nigeria is estimated at 3.5 million
MT per year. However, supply of fertilizer to farmers is estimated at only a fraction of
this potential (0.6 million MT in 2010, or 17% of demand), leaving a market gap of 2.9
million MT per year (PrOpCom, 2011).
According to Morris et al (2007) and Kherallah te al (2002), the following factors are
responsible for the low use of fertilizers in Nigeria.
Inaccessibility of farmers to fertilizers/unavailability of the product, especially delay
in delivery of subsidized product.
Inadequate finance, especially lack of credit.
High cost of fertilizers
high transport cost caused by long distance travelled to purchase the product,
poor road network and poor and inefficient transport systems.
Low profitability of use of fertilizers.-
low producer price in the output market,
partial compliance with other accompanying farm operations and practices,
wrong method and timing of use of fertilizers (extension services).
5. Computing fertilizer use profitability
Fertilizer profitability is a function of :
fertilizer response (that is, kilogram of additional output per kilogram of
fertilizer used),
fertilizer prices and
output prices.
In the absence of data on full production costs such as labor, seeds and
transportation costs, the following measures were used in calculating fertilizer
profitability:
1. Output-Input (O/I) ratio
2. Input-output price (PN/PO) ratio
3. Value cost ratio (VCR)
6. Computing profitability use contd.
1. Output-Input ratio:
A rudimentary indicator of fertilizer profitability.
It is the technical response of fertilizer use, measured by the units of
output (O) produced from one unit of nutrient (N) input (the O/N
ratio).
According to Morris et al (2007),
O-I ratio should be between 2 and 3 for wheat without subsidy.
Generally lower for rice (because rice is more expensive than wheat in
global markets) and
Higher for maize and other coarse grains (because maize and coarse
grains are generally cheaper).
7. 2. Input-Output price ratio:
The relationship between the output price and fertilizer price, expressed in
units of output needed to purchase one unit of fertilizer nutrient (PN/PO).
The input/output price ratio shows the number of kilograms of output a
farmer needs to purchase one kilogram of fertilizer.
The lower the ratio, the higher the profitability (Yanggen et al, 1998).
The ratios of fertilizer/maize prices in Nigeria were 0.8 in 1993, compared to
5.2 in Mali and 6.1 in Ghana (Dembele & Savagodo, 1996). This implies
fertilizer use was more profitable in Nigeria.
8. 3. Value-Cost Ratio (VCR):
The ratio of the technical response to fertilizer use and the nutrient/output
price ratio, or (O/N)/(PN/PO),
The ratio of the value of additional production attributable to
fertilizer use (O/N ) to the cost of using the fertilizer (PN/PO),
It takes into consideration the changes in fertilizer response as well as
prices).
The higher the ratio the more profitable is the use of fertilizer.
According to Morris et al (2007) citing (CIMMYT, 1988),
a VCR of greater than 2 is preferable in a developing economy to provide
incentives for fertilizer use to overcome risksand costs of capital.
In especially risky production environment, a minimum VCR of 3 or 4 may
be needed to provide sufficient incentives for adoption of fertilizer use.
MVCR and AVCR not computed due to data limitation but it will be
included in subsequent work.
However, these measures vary across Nigeria’s agro-ecological zones.
9. Nigeria’s Agro-Ecological Zones
Iloeje (2001) modified the work of Oyenuga (1967) and classified
Nigeria into two major agro-ecological namely:
Forest zones further divided into:
Salt-water swamp
Fresh-water swamp
Tropical high forest
Savannah zones further divided into:
Guinea savannah
Sudan savannah
Sahel savannah
This classification was used for the fertilizer profitability
computation in this presentation.
10. Description of Nigeria’sAgro-Ecological Zones
Agro-EcologicalZones Description Crops Grown
Salt-Water Swamp This occupies the coastal areas and consists of
tidal swamps,interspersed withnumerous
creeks and lagoons.
Swamp rice
Fresh-Water Swamp Low lying area which subjects it to flooding
by rain water;consists of mixture of trees.
Cassava,plantain,oil palm,sugarcane,maize,
swamp rice (paddy) etc.
Tropical HighForest Presence of valuable species of vegetation Maize,rice,cassava,rubber,oil palm,cocoa,
etc.
Guinea Savannah Broadest vegetation zone in Nigeria, divided
into Northern and Southern Savannah.
Sorghum,maize,rice,yam,soybean,
groundnut,cowpea,etc
Sudan Savannah Has continuous grass vegetation and
interspersedwithfarms and small trees.
Millet,sorghum,wheat (underirrigation),
sugarcane,cowpea,groundnut
Sahel Savannah Sparse vegetation withvery short grasses. Maize and sorghum
11. Agro-Ecological Zone 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10
Salt-Water Swamp 352.64 (496.69) 376.41 (532.19) 404.11 (571.02) 481.28 (679.89)
Fresh-Water Swamp 0.73 (0.12) 55.72 (78.71) 51.75 (67.68) 54.90 (71.66)
Tropical High Forest 19.11 (17.91) 10.89 (15.23) 11.53 (13.83) 11.69 (14.13)
Guinea Savannah 82.51 (83.99) 74.85 (76.69) 63.90 (49.89) 69.58 (46.95)
Sudan Savannah 65.15 (77.59) 72.58 (91.19) 59.21 (78.44) 64.17 (87.44)
Sahel Savannah 18.08 (18.08) 26.65 (33.29) 37.65 (39.50) 40.61 (43.06)
Zonal Average (O/I) 66.50 (131.18) 70.55 (139.51) 67.56 (143.09) 75.66 (168.94)
Table 1: Mean Output-Input (Fertilizer) Ratio (O/I) across Agro-Ecological Zones for Rice
Source: Author, 2013
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation
12. Agro-Ecological Zone 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10
Salt-Water Swamp 1.89 (0.61) 2.23 (0.72) 2.44 (0.58) 2.84 (0.68)
Fresh-Water Swamp 1.96 (0.95) 2.11 (0.84) 2.43 (0.09) 2.66 (0.01)
Tropical High Forest 1.85 (0.16) 2.12 (0.12) 2.41 (0.16) 2.70 (0.28)
Guinea Savannah 1.87 (0.16) 2.24 (0.31) 2.47 (0.24) 2.79 (0.21)
Sudan Savannah 1.85 (0.15) 2.25 (0.22) 2.53 (0.20) 2.85 (0.25)
Sahel Savannah 1.84 (0.10) 2.19 (0.17) 2.52 (0.20) 2.81 (0.14)
Zonal Average (PN/PO) 1.89 (0.61) 1.96 (0.10) 1.85 (0.16) 1.87 (0.16)
Table 2: Mean Input-Output Price Ratio (PN/PO) across Agro-Ecological Zones for Rice
Source: Author, 2013
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation
13. Agro-Ecological Zone 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10
Salt-Water Swamp 241.21 (340.25) 219.25 (310.02) 198.88 (281.10) 203.60 (287.71)
Fresh-Water Swamp 0.38 (0.77) 27.15 (38.36) 21.82 (28.66) 20.67 (26.98)
Tropical High Forest 10.66 (10.12) 4.93 (6.66) 4.61 (5.18) 4.20 (4.70)
Guinea Savannah 44.53 (43.86) 33.38 (31.90) 25.57 (19.25) 24.79 (15.87)
Sudan Savannah 36.03 (44.58) 33.03 (43.34) 24.24 (33.31) 23.65 (34.46)
Sahel Savannah 9.53 (8.95) 11.43 (13.17) 14.66 (15.07) 14.14 (14.59)
Zonal Average VCR 39.22 (86.80) 34.82 (78.46) 29.42 (69.58) 29.12 (71.09)
Table 3: Mean Value Cost Ratio (VCR) acrossAgro-Ecological Zones for Rice
Source: Author, 2013
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation
14. Agro-Ecological Zone 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10
Salt-Water Swamp 129.36 (84.69) 77.32 (49.01) 99.42 (89.30) 124.15 (134.29)
Fresh-Water Swamp 135.71 (78.13) 106.02 (85.80) 96.25 (97.71) 114.77 (117.92)
Tropical High Forest 135.71 (97.14) 96.25 (37.34) 94.18 (55.62) 95.65 (63.74)
Guinea Savannah 145.03 (144.59) 121.43 (110.25) 102.39 (81.10) 108.00 (79.29)
Sudan Savannah 135.47 (173.30) 132.10 (175.08) 153.62 (199.80) 182.41 (244.58)
Sahel Savannah 68.93 (101.48) 51.14 (84.04) 184.10 (292.77) 68.68 (110.68)
Zonal Average (O/I) 128.44 (124.69) 104.18 (107.70) 122.77 (148.82) 118.59 (137.59)
Table 4: Mean Output-Input Ratio (O/I) across Agro-Ecological Zones for Maize
Source: Author, 2013
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation
15. Agro-Ecological Zone 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10
Salt-Water Swamp 2.09 (0.21) 2.49 (0.31) 2.82 (0.21) 3.06 (0.30)
Fresh-Water Swamp 2.06 (0.18) 2.39 (0.24) 2.95 (0.29) 2.99 (0.25)
Tropical High Forest 2.01 (0.17) 2.46 (0.26) 2.79 (0.27) 3.05 (0.22)
Guinea Savannah 2.03 (0.91) 2.43 (0.11) 2.81 (0.25) 3.16 (0.16)
Sudan Savannah 2.08 (0.13) 2.47 (0.23) 2.77 (0.18) 3.17 (0.08)
Sahel Savannah 2.26 (0.20) 2.66 (0.30) 2.98 (0.19) 3.24 (0.19)
Zonal Average (PN/PO) 2.08 (0.16) 2.48 (0.23) 2.84 (0.23) 3.13(0.19)
Table 5: Mean Input-Output Price Ratio (PN/PO) across Agro-Ecological Zones for Maize
Source: Author, 2013
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation
16. Agro-Ecological Zone 06/07 07/08 08/09 09/10
Salt-Water Swamp 5.47 (4.48) 31.88 (21.11) 35.78 (32.51) 40.78 (43.61)
Fresh-Water Swamp 7.21 (3.84) 46.66 (38.63) 30.74 (29.69) 37.97 (36.87)
Tropical High Forest 4.88 (6.71) 39.12 (14.39) 33.60 (19.79) 31.38 (20.95)
Guinea Savannah 3.44 (3.66) 49.96 (45.49) 35.97 (26.67) 34.01 (23.52)
Sudan Savannah 4.47 (10.01) 50.69 (61.38) 56.07 (72.40) 58.00 (77.53)
Sahel Savannah 0.55 (0.90) 20.70 (33.33) 64.48 (102.29) 22.20 (36.15)
Zonal Average VCR 4.03 (6.03) 42.17 (40.88) 43.48 (52.52) 38.09 (43.55)
Table 6: Mean Value Cost Ratio (VCR) across Agro-Ecological Zones for Maize
Source: Author, 2013
Note: Figures in parenthesis are standard deviation
17. Conclusion and Next Steps
Fertilizer use rate is low in Nigeria
Correlation between fertilizer use and maize yield is strong.
Literature shows that low use of fertilizer is due to its low
profitability.
Preliminary analyses of the GHS data reveal that fertilizer use is
profitable across majority of the agro-ecological zones.
The inconclusiveness on this matter requires further analysis using
the micro-level GHS data to:
estimate the MVCRs andAVCRs
identify if use rates are consistent with profitability findings across
agro-ecological zones and farming practices, and
identify reasons for any inconsistencies.
Obtain profitability of fertilizer use under different use conditions.
18. Conclusion and Next Steps Contd.
This study can be further expanded when the panel version of the
GHS data becomes available in the future.
This will enable addressing challenges associated with time invariant
unobservable characteristics that are correlated with fertilizer use as
well as profitability.