yantropakaranaani 1 . Choose and record contemporary machines used in Ayurvedic drug preparation . Discuss the pharmaceutical use of Distillation apparatus, Ball Mill, Pulveriser, End Runner, Edge Runner, Tablet compression machine, Capsule filling machine, Pouch filling machine, Liquid filling machine in Ayurvediya Aushadhi Nirmana . Enlist categorical information about the following Yantras in the charts- Ulukhal Yantra, Patan Yantra, Jarana Yantra, Patala Yantra and Swedana Yantra. . Enlist Ayurvediya aushadhi kalpana and equipments/yantras/ machines used for preparation of each kalpana.

1. EQUIPMENTS & MACHINERIES
Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu)
Assistant Professor
Department of RSBK SSRAMC & H Inchal

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4. 4

5. ENLIST CATEGORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE FOLLOWING
YANTRAS IN THE CHARTS
• Ulukhala Yantra
• Patana Yantra
• Jarana Yantra
• Patala Yantra
• Swedana Yantra
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6. 5/18/2022
Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 6
Yantra Types Made With Dimension Usage Ref
Ulukhala Wood/Stone/Iron 16×10×13 angula Pounding RT 4/58-62
Patana
1.Urdhva
Earthen pots Unequal in size
↑ Sublimation
RT 4/6-15
Rasendra
Chudamani
2. Adhah ↓ Sublimation
3. Tiryak → Sublimation
Jarana Iron Crucible Gandhaka Jarana RT/RRS
Patala Earthen pots Unequal in size Extraction of Oil RT 4/52
Swedani Earthen pots Extraction of swarasa
Parada samskara
Rasa Dravya shodhana
RRS 9/5

7. ENLIST AYURVEDIYA AUSHADHI KALPNA &
EQUIPMENTS/YANTRAS/MACHINES USED FOR PREPARATION OF
EACH KALPANA
7

8. 5/18/2022
Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 8
S.No Kalpana Yantra Used (RT)
1 Taila Patana Patala Yantra
2 Arka Kalpana Patana Yantra, Nadika Yantra
3 Kharaliya Khalva Yantra
4 Kupipakwa Valuka Yantra
5 Pottali Kalpana Dola Yantra
6 Satvapatana (Navasadara) Damaru Yantra
7 Narikela lavana nirmana Raudra Yantra
8 Rasa manikya Valuka Yantra, Samdamsha Yantra

9. 5/18/2022
Yantra's - Dr.Saranya Sasi MD(Ayu) SSRAMC & H Inchal Belgaum 9
S.No Kalpana Yantra Used
1 Rasa pushpa Damaru Yantra, Valuka Yantra, Adhahapatana yantra
2 Rasa Manikya Valuka Yantra
3 Ravitandava Rasa Bhasma Yantra
4 Tivra Kanjikamla Nadika Yantra
5 Narikeala Lavana Raudra Yantra
Some special Preparations and Yantras

10. CHOOSE AND RECORD CONTEMPORARY MACHINES USED IN
AYURVEDIC DRUG PREPARATIONS
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• Contemporizing ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry is a challenge
in its own
• It is needed to globalize and standardize as the market of
ayurvedic pharmaceutical industry in huge
• Usage of modern instruments has become inevitable because of
large scale production
INTRODUCTION

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• Contemporization should be adopted for innovative/neo
formulations and other dosage forms
• Because of globalization and surplus demand of ayurvedic
formulation adoption of modern technology is unavoidable

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ANCIENT ERA PRESENT ERA
Khalva yantra Juice extractor, mechanical khlava yantra
Ulukhala yantra Pulveriser
Koshti (heating device) Stove or Electric heaters, furnace
Pill making – manual Tablet making machine
Washing – manual Root washing machine
Packing – manual Bottle filling & packing machine

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JUICE EXTRACTOR

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ULLUKHALA YANTRA
PULVERISER

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KOSHTI

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HAND OPERATED MANUAL TABLET
PRESS MACHINE

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SEMI AUTOMATIC PILLS MAKING MACHINE

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SINGLE PUNCH TABLET PRESSER MULTIPLE PUNCH TABLET PRESSER

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TABLET COMPRESSION

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TABLET PRESS DIES // LETTERING DIE

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TABLET COATING MACHINE TABLET AUTO - COATING MACHINE
TABLET COATING MACHINE

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CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE

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MANUAL WASHING
ROOT WASHERS

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MANUAL PACKING

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MANUAL POUCH PACKING

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AUTOMATIC POUCH PACKING

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MANUAL BOTTLE FILLING

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SEMI AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FILLING

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AUTOMATIC BOTTLE FILLING

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OINTMENT MIXER

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TUBE FILLING MACHINE

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LABELLING MACHINE

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BLISTER PACKING
BLISTER PACKING

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POWDER MIXER

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POWDER SIEVING MACHINE

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DISCUSS THE PHARMACEUTICAL USE OF
• DISTILLATION APPARATUS
• BALL MILL
• PULVERISER
• END RUNNER
• EDGE RUNNER
• TABLET COMPRESSION MACHINE
• CAPSULE FILLING MACHINE
• POUCH FILLING MACHINE
• LIQUID FILLING MACHINE
IN AYURVEDIYA AUSHADHI NIRMANA

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DISTILLATION
• Distillation is an unit operation which involves separation of a
vaporizable component from a multi-component system and
subsequent condensation of vapors
• Distillation is a process of separating the component substances
from a liquid mixture by selective evaporation and condensation

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APPLICATIONS
• Separation of volatile oils: - cloves
• Separation of drugs – from animal and plant sources – Vit A from fish
liver oil
• Purification of organic solvent – absolute alcohol – 100%
• Purification of drugs from chemical process
• Manufacture of official preparations – dist. Water, water for injection
• QC methods - alcohol content in elixir (4-40%)

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CLASSIFICATION
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
(Differential)
VACUUM DISTILLATION
(Under reduced pressure)
STEAM DISTILLATION
FLASH DISTILLATION
(Equibilirium)
MOLECULAR DISTILLATION
(Evaporation)
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
(Rectification)

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1. Simple Distillation
• Simple distillation is a process of converting single constituent liquid
from a liquid or mixture into its vapor, transferring the vapor to
another place and recovering the liquid by condensing the vapor,
usually by allowing it to come in contact with a cold surface
• This process is known as differential distillation, as distillation is
based on differences in volatilities and vapor pressures of the
component in mixtures

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2. Flash Distillation
• Flash distillation is defined as a process in which the entire liquid
mixture is suddenly vaporized (flash) by passing the feed from a high
pressure zone to a low pressure zone
• FD is also known as equilibrium distillation, separation is attempted
when the liquid & vapor phases are in equilibrium. This method is
frequently carried out as a continuous process and does not involve
rectifaction

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USES
• FD is used for separating components, which boil at widely different
temperatures.
• It is widely used in petroleum industry to for refining crude oil

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3. Vacuum Distillation
• The distillation process in which the liquid is distilled at a temperature
lower than its boiling point by the application of vacuum. Vacuum
pumps, suction pumps etc are used to reduce the pressure on the liquid
surface
• Distillation under the reduced pressure is based on the principle of the
simple distillation with some modification

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USES
• Preventing degradation of active constituents – enzymes, vitamins,
glycosides, alkaloids

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4. Molecular Distillation
• It is defined as a distillation process in which each molecule in the
vapors phase travels mean free path and gets condensed individually
without intermolecular collisions on application of vacuum
• MD is based on the principals of simple distillations.
• This is also called as evaporation distillation or short path distillation
• MD is used for the purification and separation of chemicals of low
vapor pressure

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USES
• Purification of chemicals such as tricresyl phosphate
• More frequently used in the refining of fixed oils
• To Separate Vit A from fish liver Oil
• Free fatty acid is distilled at 100˚C
• Steroids can be obtained between 100˚C & 200˚C
• Triglycerides can be obtained from 200˚C

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5. Fractional Distillation
• Fractional distillation is a process in which vaporization of liquid
mixture gives rise to a mixture of constituents from which the desired
one is separated from the pure form
• This method is also known as rectification, because a part of the
vapor is condensed and return as a liquid
• This method is used to separate miscible volatile liquids, whose
boiling points are close, by means of fractionating column

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USES
• Fractional distillation is used for the separation of volatile miscible
liquids with near boiling point. Such as :
Acetone and water
Chloroform and benzene

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6. Steam Distillation
• Carried out with help of steam
• It is used to separate
• High boiling substances from non-volatile impurities
• Separate immiscible liquids

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USES
• Used to separate immiscible liquids (eg.water + toluene)
(Extraction at much lower temperature to protect from decomposition
without loss of aroma)
• To extract volatile oils like clove, eucalyptus oils etc
• Purification of essential oils like almond oil
• Camphor is distilled by this method
• To prepare aromatic water

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BALL MILL
• A ball mill is a type of grinder used to grind and blend materials for
use in mineral dressing processes, paints, pyrotechnics, ceramics etc
• It is reported to have been used for grinding flint for pottery in 1870

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APPLICATION
• Metallic powders
• Carbon and coal
• Gypsum grinding
• Cement processing
• Silicate products

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END RUNNER MILL/ROLLER STONE MILL
• End runner are mechanized form of Khalva Yantra
• Consists of 2 heavy wheels made of either stone or metal, connected
by a shaft
• The wheel rotate at its axis in a shallow circular pan

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• Principle:
• size reduction is done by crushing due to heavy weight of steel pestle
• shearing stress is also involved during movement of motor and pestle
• Working:
• The material to be ground is placed in the mortar
• The mortar revolves at a high speed
• The revolving mortar causes the pestle to revolve during this process, size
reduction is achieved

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• Uses:
• Use for fine grinding
• Disadvantages:
• Not suitable for unbroken or slightly broken condition of drug
• In Ayurveda
• Raw materials used is generally in solid form
• This solid material is converted into powder or cream by using end runner
• (size reduction)

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EDGE RUNNER MILL
• Mill used for crushing or grinding in which stones roll around on
their edges on a level circular bed
• They were developed in China in the 3rd century

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• Principle:
• size reduction is done by crushing due to heavy weight of stone
• shearing stress is also involved during movement of motor and pestle
• Working:
• The material to be ground is placed on the bed with the help of stopper, it is
kept in the path of stone wheel
• The stone revolve on their axis. The outer part of the wheel here to travel
greater distance than inner part so that size reduction is achieved by shearing
as well as crushing
• At the last powder is collected and pass through the

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• Uses:
• Used for grinding tough material to fine particle

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The Disintegrator or the disintegrating machine are majorly used in the
operation where high speed is required to cut, grind, mill and pulverize
the particle that is hard, for an instance, in the dry leaf and stem size
reduction operation
DISINTEGRATOR

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PYROMETER
• A pyrometer is a non-contacting device that intercepts and measures
thermal radiation, a process known as pyrometry
• This device can be used to determine the temperature of an objects
surface
• Pyrometer was originally coined to denote a device capable of
measuring temp: of objects above incandescence (objects bright to
the human eys)

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Types of Pyrometer`
• Optical Pyrometer
• Radiation Pyrometer
• Digital Pyrometer
• IR Pyrometer