Fundamental Electronics

1. BASIC FUNDAMENTAL
ELECTRONICS
CHAPTER 14.3
Circuit Components
By
Dinesh Kumar Sarda

2. Open and Short Circuits
• An open circuit between A and B means i=0.
• Voltage across an open circuit: any value.
• An open circuit is equivalent to R = ∞ Ω.
• A short circuit between A and B means v=0.
• Current through a short circuit: any value.
• A short circuit is equivalent to R = 0 Ω.
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Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.
2

3. LSU 08/11/2004 Electronics 2 3
Inductors
Values specified in henries (H), millihenries (mH) and
microhenries (μH)
A coil of wire that may be wound on a core of air or other
non-magnetic material, or on a magnetic core such as iron
powder or ferrite.
Two coils magnetically coupled form a transformer.

4. LSU 08/11/2004 Electronics 2 4
Inductor types
Molded inductor & air-wound inductor Adjustable air-wound inductor
Ferrite core toroidal transformer Iron powder toroidal inductorAir wound inductor

5. LSU 08/11/2004 Electronics 2 5
Inductor ratings
Wire gauge and physical size of the coil
determine the current handling capacity.
Core material will have a temperature
dependence. Air is best, followed by iron
powder, then ferrites.

6. Bread Board VS Print Circuit
Board(PCB)

7. Non Customized Vs Customized

8. Integrated Circuits
Integrated circuits (ICs) are multi-terminal
devices that provide an array of functions and
applications far too numerous to list here.

9. Pin identification and numbering convention
Pins are numbered sequentially
in a counterclockwise direction.
Pin 1 is often identified with a
dot or a dimple. Notch
Dimple
Pin 1
Pin 7
Pin 8
Pin 14

10. SI: Units and Prefixes
Any measurement can be expressed in terms
of a unit, or a unit with a “prefix” modifier.
Example: 12.3 mW = 0.0123 W =1.23 x 10-2 W
Copyright © 2013 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.
10
FACTOR NAME SYMBOL
10-9 nano n
10-6 micro μ
10-3 milli m
103 kilo k
106 mega M

11. Using a multi meter
to make resistance and
voltage measurements

12. Multimeter: a device with two probes (red (positive) and
black (negative)) with which one can make resistance,
voltage, and current measurements – for resistance and
voltage measurements (all we’ll be doing in this class) always
plug the black probe into the socket labeled “COM” and the
red probe into the socket labeled “V Ω mA”

13. Measuring resistance in Ohms (Ω). Turn the dial to a value on
the Ohms scale larger than the resistance you expect. Touch
the two probes to either end of the resistor (preferably when
it is not part of any circuit, lest there be alternate current
paths around the resistor). Adjust the dial downwards as
necessary. Read the value of the resistance in Ohms,
kiloOhms, or MegaOhms. (Note – you can also read off
resistance values by using resistor color codes.)

14. Measuring DC voltage (i.e. battery-type voltage). Turn the
dial to a value on the DC Volts scale larger than the voltage
you expect. Touch the two probes to the two points on the
circuit between which you want to know the voltage change,
trying to put the black probe on the point with the lower
voltage (i.e. closer to “ground”). Adjust the dial downwards
as necessary and read off the value in volts. Notice that the
reading is the voltage drop from the red (positive) probe to
the black (negative) probe, so a positive reading means that
the red probe is indeed at a more positive voltage than the
black probe. On the other hand, a negative reading means
the red probe is more negative than the black probe. (See
next slide for photos of a voltage reading being made.)

15. TRANSISTORS
“The building blocks of
electronics world”

16. How does Transistor Look Like ??

18. The first transistor
In 1947, John
Bardeen and
Walter Brattain
deviced - the first
"point contact"
transistor.

19. Moore’s Law
It’s an observation made by Gordon E. Moore, in
which he predicted that the number of transistors,
inside an Integrated Circuit, could be
doubled every 24 months.
At the density that also
minimized the cost of a transistor.

20. Transistor Definition
• Transistor is an electronic device made of
three layers of semiconductor material
that can act as an insulator and a
conductor.
• The three layered transistor is also
known as the bipolar junction transistor.

21. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT’s)
• The term bipolar refers to the use of both
holes and electrons as charge carriers in the
transistor structure
• There are two types of BJTs, the NPN and PNP

22. Basic construction

23. Regions of a transistor
• A transistor has three regions namely,
• Emitter- heavily doped
• Base- lightly doped
• Collector- moderately doped

24. Transistor symbols Transistor symbols

25. Transistor operation
force – voltage/current
water flow – current
- amplification

26. Transistor biasing
• The base-emitter (BE) junction is forward
biased
• The base-collector (BC) junction is reverse
biased.
IE=IB+IC

27. Operating regions of BJT
Cut off region
Linear region
Saturation region

28. Types of transistor
• BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor
• UJT- Unipolar Junction Transistor
• FET - Field Effect Transistor
• MOS - Metal Oxide Semiconductor

29. Transistor applications
Transistor as a switch
When used as an electronic switch, the
transistor is normally operated alternately in
cut-off and saturation regions.

30. Transistor as amplifier
• Due to the small changes in
base current the collector
current will mimic the input
with greater amplitude