TOXOIDS.pptx
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This document discusses toxoids and antitoxins. It defines a toxoid as an inactivated toxin whose toxicity is suppressed through chemical or heat treatment, while maintaining immunogenicity. Examples of toxoids given are diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid. Antitoxins are defined as antibodies that can neutralize specific toxins. Antitoxins are produced by animals, plants and bacteria to neutralize toxins. They are used to treat conditions like botulism, diphtheria, dysentery, gas gangrene and tetanus.
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VACCINES
- The document summarizes the history and development of vaccines from early variolation techniques to modern vaccines. It discusses the different types of vaccines including attenuated, inactivated, recombinant subunit, toxoid, and conjugate vaccines. It provides examples of each vaccine type and describes how vaccines work to produce immunity through initiating an immune response to antigens without causing disease. The summary concludes by emphasizing the importance of vaccination for protection against disease.
Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting mice with antigens to trigger antibody production. The mouse spleen is then harvested and mixed with non-immunized mouse cells in culture to produce hybridomas that secrete identical antibodies targeting specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have applications in cancer treatment, cleaning bone before transplantation, treating certain immune disorders, studying medicine, and targeting parasites or antigens on external tissues for vaccine production. They are also used to treat diseases like Chron's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, prevent organ transplant rejection, and treat various cancers.
TOXOIDS.pptx
Toxoids are vaccines created from bacterial toxins that have been inactivated through chemical or heat treatment. This process removes the toxins' ability to cause disease but maintains their ability to provoke an immune response. To make a toxoid vaccine, the toxin is first isolated from the pathogen's culture and then inactivated using formaldehyde and heat. This inactivated toxin can then trigger antibody production without causing illness. Common commercially available toxoids include those protecting against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. Different combinations of these toxoids in vaccines like Tdap, DTaP, Td, and DT provide protection against the corresponding diseases at different stages of life.
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks liver cells and can cause chronic liver failure, liver cancer, and death. The hepatitis B vaccine contains the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and is produced using genetically modified yeast cells. The HBsAg gene is isolated and inserted into a yeast expression system. The yeast then produces and secretes the recombinant HBsAg protein, which is purified and used in the hepatitis B vaccine to prevent hepatitis B infection. A course of three vaccine doses provides long-term immunity by establishing antibodies against HBsAg in the bloodstream.
Interferons & interleukines
Interferons and interleukins are cytokines that play an important role in the immune system. Interferons are proteins produced by cells in response to viral infections that activate immune responses in other cells. The three main types are alpha, beta, and gamma interferons. Interleukins are cytokines that are primarily produced by lymphocytes and macrophages to mediate communication between immune cells. There are over 30 identified interleukins that activate immune responses. Both interferons and interleukins have therapeutic applications for treating viral infections and cancers by enhancing immune activation. They are administered through intravenous or subcutaneous injection.
SIGNIFICANT OF TOXOIDS IN ACTIVE IMMUNITY BY NOM KUMAR NAIK
This document discusses the significance of toxoids in active immunity. It defines key terms like vaccines, toxoids, live vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines, and surface antigen vaccines. It explains that toxoids create immunity to the toxins produced by pathogens rather than the pathogens themselves. Various routes of administration are outlined including subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intradermal, and intranasal. Vaccination schedules for primary vaccination and booster doses are also summarized.
Antiviral chemotherapy
Most antiviral drugs target viral replication by interfering with viral nucleic acid synthesis or late protein synthesis. They require conversion to active triphosphate forms by host cell kinases to inhibit viral polymerases more selectively than host polymerases. Combination antiviral therapy increases effectiveness and delays drug resistance emergence. Current HIV treatment involves two or three drugs before symptoms, often two reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor to slow viral load increases and delay resistance.
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VACCINES
- The document summarizes the history and development of vaccines from early variolation techniques to modern vaccines. It discusses the different types of vaccines including attenuated, inactivated, recombinant subunit, toxoid, and conjugate vaccines. It provides examples of each vaccine type and describes how vaccines work to produce immunity through initiating an immune response to antigens without causing disease. The summary concludes by emphasizing the importance of vaccination for protection against disease.
Monoclonal Antibodies
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting mice with antigens to trigger antibody production. The mouse spleen is then harvested and mixed with non-immunized mouse cells in culture to produce hybridomas that secrete identical antibodies targeting specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have applications in cancer treatment, cleaning bone before transplantation, treating certain immune disorders, studying medicine, and targeting parasites or antigens on external tissues for vaccine production. They are also used to treat diseases like Chron's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, prevent organ transplant rejection, and treat various cancers.
TOXOIDS.pptx
Toxoids are vaccines created from bacterial toxins that have been inactivated through chemical or heat treatment. This process removes the toxins' ability to cause disease but maintains their ability to provoke an immune response. To make a toxoid vaccine, the toxin is first isolated from the pathogen's culture and then inactivated using formaldehyde and heat. This inactivated toxin can then trigger antibody production without causing illness. Common commercially available toxoids include those protecting against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. Different combinations of these toxoids in vaccines like Tdap, DTaP, Td, and DT provide protection against the corresponding diseases at different stages of life.
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Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks liver cells and can cause chronic liver failure, liver cancer, and death. The hepatitis B vaccine contains the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and is produced using genetically modified yeast cells. The HBsAg gene is isolated and inserted into a yeast expression system. The yeast then produces and secretes the recombinant HBsAg protein, which is purified and used in the hepatitis B vaccine to prevent hepatitis B infection. A course of three vaccine doses provides long-term immunity by establishing antibodies against HBsAg in the bloodstream.
Interferons & interleukines
Interferons and interleukins are cytokines that play an important role in the immune system. Interferons are proteins produced by cells in response to viral infections that activate immune responses in other cells. The three main types are alpha, beta, and gamma interferons. Interleukins are cytokines that are primarily produced by lymphocytes and macrophages to mediate communication between immune cells. There are over 30 identified interleukins that activate immune responses. Both interferons and interleukins have therapeutic applications for treating viral infections and cancers by enhancing immune activation. They are administered through intravenous or subcutaneous injection.
SIGNIFICANT OF TOXOIDS IN ACTIVE IMMUNITY BY NOM KUMAR NAIK
This document discusses the significance of toxoids in active immunity. It defines key terms like vaccines, toxoids, live vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines, and surface antigen vaccines. It explains that toxoids create immunity to the toxins produced by pathogens rather than the pathogens themselves. Various routes of administration are outlined including subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intradermal, and intranasal. Vaccination schedules for primary vaccination and booster doses are also summarized.
Antiviral chemotherapy
Most antiviral drugs target viral replication by interfering with viral nucleic acid synthesis or late protein synthesis. They require conversion to active triphosphate forms by host cell kinases to inhibit viral polymerases more selectively than host polymerases. Combination antiviral therapy increases effectiveness and delays drug resistance emergence. Current HIV treatment involves two or three drugs before symptoms, often two reverse transcriptase inhibitors plus a protease inhibitor to slow viral load increases and delay resistance.
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This document discusses different types of vaccines. There are three main types: whole organism vaccines, purified vaccines, and DNA vaccines. Whole organism vaccines use weakened or killed pathogens and can be attenuated (like measles and polio vaccines) or inactivated. Purified vaccines use isolated components of pathogens like capsular polysaccharides or toxins. DNA vaccines introduce DNA sequences that cause the body to produce antigens and activate an immune response. The document provides examples and details on each type of vaccine.
Bacterial toxoids
Bacterial toxins and toxoids are discussed. Endotoxins are part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and are released upon cell lysis. Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria and can have potent toxicity. Toxoids are modified exotoxins that have had their toxicity destroyed but retain antigenicity, allowing them to be used safely in vaccines. The production of tetanus toxoid involves growing Clostridium tetani bacteria, lysing the cells, purifying and concentrating the exotoxins, inactivating them with formaldehyde to create a toxoid, and formulating the vaccine product.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens are a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to identify foreign molecules. MHC antigens bind to pathogen antigens and display them on the cell surface for identification by T-cells. MHC is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes these antigens. There are three classes of MHC - Class I presents antigens to CD8 T-cells on all nucleated cells, Class II presents antigens to CD4 T-cells on antigen presenting cells like macrophages, and Class III plays a role in immune function through complement and cytokines. MHC antigens act as antigen presenting structures and play important roles in immune responses, transplantation tissue matching, and autoimmune diseases.
Vaccine
1. Vaccination involves exposing the immune system to a weakened or killed form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system to develop protective antibodies against that pathogen.
2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
3. There are two main types of vaccines - live attenuated vaccines which use a weakened live pathogen, and inactivated vaccines which use a killed pathogen. Both aim to elicit a protective immune response.
Immunity. Basic princeples of humoral and cellular immune response.
The document summarizes the basic principles of humoral and cellular immunity. It describes the three lines of defense of the immune system - anatomical, inflammatory, and adaptive. The adaptive immune response involves both humoral immunity mediated by antibodies and B cells, as well as cellular immunity mediated by T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. The key steps of antigen processing, presentation to T cells, and activation of both B cells and T cells are outlined. The roles of cytokines, interferons, complement proteins, and memory cells in the immune response are also summarized.
Edible vaccine
Edible vaccines use plants to produce vaccine proteins that are consumed to stimulate immunity. They could provide a cost-effective way to vaccinate remote populations by protecting vaccine proteins from digestion and triggering an immune response through the gut. However, dosage may vary and they are not suitable for infants. Safety issues around environmental contamination must also be addressed.
Mechanisms of allograft rejection
1. Allograft rejection occurs when tissue is transferred between genetically different members of the same species. The immune system recognizes the foreign tissue as non-self and mounts an immune response.
2. Allograft rejection displays specificity and memory. The rate of rejection varies by tissue, and previously exposed tissues will be rejected faster upon second exposure due to immunological memory.
3. Graft rejection occurs via two main stages - a sensitization stage where T cells recognize foreign antigens on the graft cells, and an effector stage where the immune system destroys the graft through cell-mediated responses. Different types of rejection reactions can also occur on different timescales from hyperacute to chronic.
Immuno blotting techniques- ELISA, Western blotting, Southern blotting.
The document discusses various immune blotting techniques including ELISA, Southern blotting, Northern blotting, and Western blotting. ELISA is an assay that uses antibodies to detect antigens or vice versa. Southern blotting detects DNA, Northern blotting detects RNA, and Western blotting detects proteins. All techniques involve separating molecules, immobilizing them, and using probes to detect specific targets. They are commonly used research tools in biochemistry and molecular biology.
Interferon
Interferons are proteins released by virus-infected cells that activate immune responses in nearby cells. There are three main types of interferons - alpha, beta, and gamma - which are produced by different immune cells. Interferons have general characteristics such as being heat-resistant glycoproteins with antiviral properties. They are used to treat various viral infections and cancers.
Vaccine
Vaccines are immunobiological substances designed to induce immunity against specific diseases. They work by exposing the immune system to antigens from pathogens in order to stimulate the body's own protective response through antibody and memory cell production. There are several types of vaccines including live-attenuated, killed/inactivated, toxoids, subunit, conjugate, DNA, and recombinant vector vaccines. Vaccines protect individuals and communities by training the immune system to recognize and combat pathogens, helping to prevent epidemics and eliminate diseases in a safe and cost-effective manner.
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Vaccines
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
Vaccines
Vaccines provide active acquired immunity against diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of microbes or their components that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the microbe if encountered in the future. There are three main routes of administration: intradermal, oral, and intranasal. When administered, vaccines are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, which activate T and B cells. Activated B cells become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory B cells. Common human vaccines include those for human papillomavirus, polio, measles, diabetes, hepatitis B, rabies, and various insulins.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that code for MHC molecules. MHC molecules are divided into three classes: class I molecules are found on almost all nucleated cells and present intracellular peptides; class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular peptides; class III molecules are secreted proteins with immune functions like complement components. MHC molecules present peptide fragments to T cells to trigger immune responses and also determine compatibility for organ transplants.
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Monoclonal antibodies are produced by identical immune cells that recognize a specific antigen. They have various applications including drug delivery, diagnostics, and cancer therapy. For drug delivery, monoclonal antibodies can be conjugated to chemotherapeutic agents or toxins to target cancer cells. Naked monoclonal antibodies directly bind to tumor antigens to induce immune responses. Advances include developing humanized monoclonal antibodies and nanobodies for oral administration to expand therapeutic applications. Monoclonal antibodies are an important class of drugs in oncology and other areas with a large and growing global market.
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The document discusses different types of vaccines including:
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2. Live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens.
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens are a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to identify foreign molecules. MHC antigens bind to pathogen antigens and display them on the cell surface for identification by T-cells. MHC is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes these antigens. There are three classes of MHC - Class I presents antigens to CD8 T-cells on all nucleated cells, Class II presents antigens to CD4 T-cells on antigen presenting cells like macrophages, and Class III plays a role in immune function through complement and cytokines. MHC antigens act as antigen presenting structures and play important roles in immune responses, transplantation tissue matching, and autoimmune diseases.
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2. Vaccines work by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack pathogens like viruses and bacteria without causing illness if exposed to the live pathogen later.
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2. Allograft rejection displays specificity and memory. The rate of rejection varies by tissue, and previously exposed tissues will be rejected faster upon second exposure due to immunological memory.
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Interferon
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Vaccine
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Vaccines provide active acquired immunity against diseases. They contain weakened or killed forms of microbes or their components that stimulate the immune system to recognize and destroy the microbe if encountered in the future. There are three main routes of administration: intradermal, oral, and intranasal. When administered, vaccines are phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, which activate T and B cells. Activated B cells become either antibody producing plasma cells or memory B cells. Common human vaccines include those for human papillomavirus, polio, measles, diabetes, hepatitis B, rabies, and various insulins.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that code for MHC molecules. MHC molecules are divided into three classes: class I molecules are found on almost all nucleated cells and present intracellular peptides; class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular peptides; class III molecules are secreted proteins with immune functions like complement components. MHC molecules present peptide fragments to T cells to trigger immune responses and also determine compatibility for organ transplants.
CELL AND HUMORAL immunity 1.pptx
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Antibody's in drug delivery
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The document discusses different types of vaccines including:
1. Killed/inactivated vaccines which use killed pathogens.
2. Live attenuated vaccines which use weakened live pathogens.
3. Subunit vaccines which use antigenic subunits of pathogens.
4. Peptide vaccines which are synthesized peptides or recombinantly produced.
5. Toxoid vaccines which use inactivated bacterial toxins.
6. Conjugate vaccines which combine weak polysaccharide antigens with strong protein carriers.
7. Recombinant vector vaccines which use attenuated viruses to deliver genetic material.
8. Anti-idiotypic vaccines which mimic pathogen epitopes to induce an immune response.
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This document outlines learning objectives for a lecture on treating asthma and COPD. The objectives cover indications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects and contraindications of drugs used to treat respiratory diseases. Major classes of drugs are listed, including beta-agonists, corticosteroids, anticholinergics, and leukotriene modifiers. The objectives also describe pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, and toxicities of these medications.
BIOCHEMISTRY.pptx
The document provides an introduction to biochemistry. It defines chemistry, matter, and biochemistry as the science concerned with the chemical constituents of living cells and the reactions they undergo. The aim of biochemistry is to study all chemical processes of living organisms and their interactions with the environment in health and disease. The scope of biochemistry includes studying life forms from viruses and bacteria to humans, as organisms are chemically alike at the cellular level. Biochemistry is the language of biology and tools like genetic engineering have applications in medicine, agriculture, and more. Medical biochemistry deals with the chemical aspects of health and disease. Carbohydrates are discussed as an important biomolecule, defining monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
_1_Intro_to_OrgMed.ppt.pptx
Medicinal chemistry is the science of discovering and designing new drugs. It is an interdisciplinary field that uses principles of chemistry and biology. The goals of medicinal chemistry are to make new compounds, study how compounds affect biological processes, and alter compound structures to optimize effects and reduce side effects. Medicinal chemists work to discover, develop, and optimize drug candidates through a process involving lead discovery, lead optimization, and clinical trials.
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACOKINETICS AND DYNAMICS
This document provides an introduction to the fields of pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. The key divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which refers to how drugs act on the body, and pharmacokinetics, which describes how the body affects drugs. Several routes of drug administration are described including oral, sublingual, rectal, inhalation and others. The sources and essential concepts regarding drugs are also outlined.
General principles involved in management of poisoning (Part 1)
This powerpoint deals with a part of general principles in the management of poisoning. Mainly deals with AIRWAY and BREATHING related problems.
Drug Discovery.pptx
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This document provides an overview of the various applications of chemistry in biological and medical sciences. It discusses how chemistry is applied in areas such as medicine and healthcare through drug development, food chemistry through food additives, structural biology through techniques like NMR and X-ray crystallography, nuclear chemistry in medical imaging and diagnosis, inorganic chemistry in metal-based drugs, and nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery and therapy. The document also gives examples of specific applications like anticancer drugs, preservatives, sweeteners, structural analysis of proteins, brain tumor detection using radiolabeling, and nanoparticle-based antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory treatments.
CASE STUDY ON COPD, RESPIRATORY FAILURE, and COR-PULMONALE- by Rxvichu!!
This is my 27th powerpoint............its on CASE STUDY ON COPD.........
This powerpoint contains precise details on COPD...and its management....along with newer drugs introduction....
At the same time, I have also include SOAP ANALYSIS on a patient that was suffering with COPD, that I encountered in my ward rounds ............So , through this powerpoint, members can get a precise idea on the disease, and also get an idea on how to deal with cases related to COPD...............
Do go through this...and submit ur reviews!
Thank you,
Vishnu.
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This document discusses the nomenclature and classification of drugs. It explains that drugs have three different names: a chemical name, non-proprietary name, and proprietary name. The chemical name provides the precise molecular structure, while the non-proprietary name is concise and not subject to proprietary rights. Proprietary names are given by pharmaceutical companies. Drugs can be classified in several ways including by their chemical nature, source, target organ or site of action, mode of action, therapeutic use, or physiological system. The classification method used depends on the perspective and background of the person discussing the drugs.
Similar to TOXOIDS.pptx (20)
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
11.1 Role of physical biological in deterioration of grains.pdf
Storagedeteriorationisanyformoflossinquantityandqualityofbio-materials.
Themajorcausesofdeteriorationinstorage
•Physical
•Biological
•Mechanical
•Chemical
Storageonlypreservesquality.Itneverimprovesquality.
Itisadvisabletostartstoragewithqualityfoodproduct.Productwithinitialpoorqualityquicklydepreciates
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
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Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Direct Seeded Rice - Climate Smart Agriculture
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8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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TOXOIDS.pptx
- 1. TOXOIDS AND ANTITOXINS SUBMITTED BY A.DHEERAJ BP211504 I-M.SC., APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY SACRED HEART COLLEGE (AUTOMONOUS) TIRUPATTUR SUBMITTED TO DR. S. SARAYANA M.SC.,M.PHIL.,PH.D SACRED HEART COLLEGE (AUTOMONOUS) TIRUPATTUR
- 2. SYNOPSIS • DEFINITION OF TOXOIDS • MODIFICATION OF TOXIN • USES OF TOXOIDS • DEFINITION OF ANTITOXINS • USES OF ANTITOXINS 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 2
- 3. A toxoid is an inactivated toxin whose toxicity has been suppressed either by chemical or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained. Toxins are secreted by bacteria, whereas toxoids are altered form of toxins; toxoids are not secreted by bacteria In International Medical literature, the toxoid preparation also known as Anatoxin and Anatoxine 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 3 TOXOIDS
- 4. 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 4 The chemical used here is formalin and sterilized water which are completely safe to use in small quantites in human body.
- 5. EXAMPLES OF TOXOIDS 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 5 SOME OF THE EXAMPLES ARE • Diphtheria toxoid • Tetanus toxoid • Botulism toxoid
- 6. ANTITOXIN 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 6 • An antibody that is capable of neutralizing the specific toxin (such as a specific causative agent of disease) • Anti toxin are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria. Although, they are most effective in neutralizing toxins they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms • Antitoxin to diphtheria and Tetanus toxins were produced by Emil Adolf von Behring.
- 7. USE OF ANTI TOXIN 9/3/20XX Presentation Title 7 Antitoxins are used in the treatment of • Botulism • Diphtheria • Dysentery • Gas gangrene and • Tetanus