Pharmacology is the study of how drugs affect biological systems and how the body responds to drugs. It encompasses sources, properties, effects, and uses of drugs, which can be therapeutic or toxic depending on various factors. The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to medieval works on herbalism and natural substances. Early pharmacology focused on plant extracts compiled in pharmacopoeias. Traditional medicine practices vary between cultures and some have been regarded as pseudoscience, while entheogens may have spiritual or religious uses.
Introduction of Pharmacognosy, Scope and Traditional system of MedicineSHIVANEE VYAS
The term Pharmacognosy comes from two Greek words: “Pharmakon" meaning drug or medicine, and "gnosis" meaning knowledge or study. Pharmacognosy also defined as the systemic study of crude drugs obtained from natural origin like plants, animals, minerals, and microbes. Pharmacognosy defined as the branch of science which involves details study of drug obtained from natural origin including name, collection, cultivation, macroscopy, microscopy, physical property, chemical constituents, therapeutic action and uses.
https://youtu.be/gxOVfntCCB8
Introduction of Pharmacognosy, Scope and Traditional system of MedicineSHIVANEE VYAS
The term Pharmacognosy comes from two Greek words: “Pharmakon" meaning drug or medicine, and "gnosis" meaning knowledge or study. Pharmacognosy also defined as the systemic study of crude drugs obtained from natural origin like plants, animals, minerals, and microbes. Pharmacognosy defined as the branch of science which involves details study of drug obtained from natural origin including name, collection, cultivation, macroscopy, microscopy, physical property, chemical constituents, therapeutic action and uses.
https://youtu.be/gxOVfntCCB8
Introduction to pharmacognosy including definition of Pharmacognosy, History of Pharmacognosy, Scope and development of Pharmacognosy as well as some question on the topic Like Multiple choice question, short question and long question
Introduction of Veterinary pharmacology Somaliland Dr.Osman Abdulahi FarahQaline Giigii
This course was prepared by Dr.Osman Abdulahi Farah
Cismaan shiine Lecturer of Gollis University Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine 2014
The main content of this course including introduction of Veterinary Pharmacology, division of pharmacology and list of terms of terminology about veterinay pharmacology
Sources & evolution of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Homoeopathic Materia Medica :
The Record book of the effects of drugs on human beings
Earlier materia medicas have details regarding the materials and methods which may be used to prepare homeopathic medicines. There are different sources of materia medica such as plants, animal proving, clinical proving, toxicological findings, emperical methodas etc.
Application of herbal rectal suppositories beyond intestinal disorders in Per...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Herbal rectal suppositories (RSs) were prescribed not only as a drug delivery system but also as a storing method in Persian medicine. According to the record of ancient references, RSs were clinically administered for diarrhea, constipation, colitis, ascites, dysentery and intestinal parasites, sciatic, lower back pain and joint aches, fever, kidney disease and as an aphrodisiac. Objectives: The aim of this study is to categorize and review different types of RSs, their main herbal components and to find evidence to elucidate their clinical administration. Results: In this study, 7 manuscripts were studied to extract and categorize 11 types of herbal rectal suppositorie (RS) formulations, their ingredients and therapeutic indications. Furthermore, the Persian and scientific names of 43 herbs and their temperaments were mentioned in this study. Hence, ancient therapeutic indications of herbs used in RS formulations as well as their proven effects have been studied, which makes it possible to compare ancient and proven indications of medicinal plants used as ingredients of RSs. Conclusions: In modern medicine, RSs are mostly used for anorectic disorders. However in traditional Persian medicine, they were commonly used not only for anorectic and intestinal diseases, but also as an aphrodisiac, an agent for healing joint, sciatic pain and lumbago, an anti-fever, and an anti-ascites. Other implications of this study could be producing new insights of utilizing herbal RSs in diseases and disorders beyond anorectic and intestinal disorders.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
Pharmacology is one of the tough subjects for Nursing Students and my intention is to make it attractive and easy to learn for the students.
"Nothing in Life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less."
- Marie Curie
Introduction to pharmacognosy including definition of Pharmacognosy, History of Pharmacognosy, Scope and development of Pharmacognosy as well as some question on the topic Like Multiple choice question, short question and long question
Introduction of Veterinary pharmacology Somaliland Dr.Osman Abdulahi FarahQaline Giigii
This course was prepared by Dr.Osman Abdulahi Farah
Cismaan shiine Lecturer of Gollis University Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine 2014
The main content of this course including introduction of Veterinary Pharmacology, division of pharmacology and list of terms of terminology about veterinay pharmacology
Sources & evolution of homoeopathic materia medicasarojsawant2
Homoeopathic Materia Medica :
The Record book of the effects of drugs on human beings
Earlier materia medicas have details regarding the materials and methods which may be used to prepare homeopathic medicines. There are different sources of materia medica such as plants, animal proving, clinical proving, toxicological findings, emperical methodas etc.
Application of herbal rectal suppositories beyond intestinal disorders in Per...LucyPi1
Abstract Background: Herbal rectal suppositories (RSs) were prescribed not only as a drug delivery system but also as a storing method in Persian medicine. According to the record of ancient references, RSs were clinically administered for diarrhea, constipation, colitis, ascites, dysentery and intestinal parasites, sciatic, lower back pain and joint aches, fever, kidney disease and as an aphrodisiac. Objectives: The aim of this study is to categorize and review different types of RSs, their main herbal components and to find evidence to elucidate their clinical administration. Results: In this study, 7 manuscripts were studied to extract and categorize 11 types of herbal rectal suppositorie (RS) formulations, their ingredients and therapeutic indications. Furthermore, the Persian and scientific names of 43 herbs and their temperaments were mentioned in this study. Hence, ancient therapeutic indications of herbs used in RS formulations as well as their proven effects have been studied, which makes it possible to compare ancient and proven indications of medicinal plants used as ingredients of RSs. Conclusions: In modern medicine, RSs are mostly used for anorectic disorders. However in traditional Persian medicine, they were commonly used not only for anorectic and intestinal diseases, but also as an aphrodisiac, an agent for healing joint, sciatic pain and lumbago, an anti-fever, and an anti-ascites. Other implications of this study could be producing new insights of utilizing herbal RSs in diseases and disorders beyond anorectic and intestinal disorders.
Pharmacology Made Simple For Nursing Studentsrachelvijaya
Pharmacology is one of the tough subjects for Nursing Students and my intention is to make it attractive and easy to learn for the students.
"Nothing in Life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less."
- Marie Curie
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
History of Pharmacognosy and scope of pharmacognosy slide.docxEASY PHARMA STUDY
It defines the history and scope of pharmacognosy
if it is useful for you than please like it and if you need this than mail me on this nathankur031@gmail.com
Pharmacognosy is "the study of the physical, chemical, biochemical and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs or drug substances of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources".
Introduction to Pharmacology- Definition, historical landmarks and scope of
pharmacology, nature and source of drugs, essential drugs concept and routes of
drug administration
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
2. Pharmacology is the study of how a drug
affects a biological system and how the body
responds to the drug. The discipline
encompasses the sources, chemical
properties, biological effects and therapeutic
uses of drugs. These effects can be
therapeutic or toxic, depending on many
factors.
3. 1 Etymology
2 History
3 Divisions
◦ 3.1 Systems of the body
◦ 3.2 Clinical practice and drug discovery
3.2.1 Drug discovery
◦ 3.3 Wider contexts
◦ 3.4 Emerging fields
4 Theory of pharmacology
◦ 4.1 Systems, receptors and ligands
◦ 4.2 Pharmacology
◦ 4.3 Pharmacokinetics
5 Administration, drug policy and safety
◦ 5.1 Drug policy
6 Societies and education
◦ 6.1 Societies and administration
◦ 6.2 Education
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
10 Further reading
4. The word pharmacology is derived from Greek
φάρμακον, pharmakon, "drug, poison" and -
λογία, -logia "study of", "knowledge of"[2][3] (cf.
the etymology of pharmacy). Pharmakon is
related to pharmakos, the ritualistic sacrifice or
exile of a human scapegoat or victim in Ancient
Greek religion.
The modern term pharmacon is used more
broadly than the term drug because it includes
endogenous substances, and biologically active
substances which are not used as drugs.
Typically it includes pharmacological agonists
and antagonists, but also enzyme inhibitors
(such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors).
5.
6. The origins of clinical pharmacology date back to
the Middle Ages, with pharmacognosy and
Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine, Peter of
Spain's Commentary on Isaac, and John of St
Amand's Commentary on the Antedotary of
Nicholas.[8] Early pharmacology focused on
herbalism and natural substances, mainly plant
extracts. Medicines were compiled in books
called pharmacopoeias. Crude drugs have been
used since prehistory as a preparation of
substances from natural sources. However, the
active ingredient of crude drugs are not purified
and the substance is adulterated with other
substances.
7. Traditional medicine varies between cultures
and may be specific to a particular culture,
such as in traditional Chinese, Mongolian,
Tibetan and Korean medicine. However much
of this has since been regarded as
pseudoscience. Pharmacological substances
known as entheogens may have spiritual and
religious use and historical context.
In the 17th century, the English physician
Nicholas Culpeper translated and used
pharmacological texts. Culpeper detailed
plants and the conditions they could treat. In
the 18th century, much of clinical
pharmacology was established by the work of
William Withering.