Inveterate Zoology

1. BIOL 201:
Invertebrate Zoology
Chapter 1:
Introduction to Invertebrates
Rob Swatski
Assistant Professor of Biology
HACC-York

2. Invertebrates
99% of all
extant animal
species
1 million+
described
species
10-30 million
undescribed
species
Approx. 34
phyla
2

3. 3

4. 4
Prokaryotes
No
organelles
No nucleus
Bacteria &
Archaea
Eukaryotes
Organelles
present
Nucleus
present
Protists,
fungi, plants,
animals

5. 3 Domains of Life
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
5

6. Domain Bacteria
6

7. 7
Domain Archaea

8. Domain Eukarya
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom
Plantae
Kingdom
Animalia
8

9. Kingdom Protista
9

10. Kingdom Fungi
10

11. 11
Kingdom Plantae

12. 12
Kingdom Animalia

13. 13
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes

14. 14

15. DNA double helix Single strand of DNA
15

16. 16
1859: Charles Darwin published
The Origin of Species

17. Main Ideas
of Evolution
Current species are
descendants of
ancestral species
“Descent with
modification”
Natural selection
Adaptation
17

18. 18

19. 19

20. 20
Evolution accounts
for the unity &
diversity of life

21. Phylum Overview
21

22. 22

23. Protozoa
Animal-like
protists
Not part of
kingdom
Animalia
Not
invertebrate
animals
Important
evolutionary
link
23

24. Phylum Porifera
sponges 24

25. Phylum Cnidaria
jellyfishes,
corals, anemones25

26. Phylum
Ctenophora
comb jellies 26

27. Phylum Platyhelminthes
flatworms
27

28. Phylum Nemertea
ribbon worms 28

29. Phylum
Nematoda
roundworms 29

30. Phylum Mollusca
chitons, clams, snails, slugs, squid, octopi 30

31. Phylum Annelida
segmented worms31

32. Phylum Arthropoda
horseshoe crabs, arachnids,
crustaceans, myriapods, insects 32

33. Phylum Phoronida
lopohophorates33

34. Phylum
Brachiopoda
lamp shells34

35. Phylum Bryozoa
bryozoans 35

36. 36Ernst Haeckel

37. Phylum Echinodermata
starfishes, brittle stars,
sea urchins, sea cucumbers, sand dollars 37

38. 38

39. Phylum Hemichordata
acorn worms 39

40. 40
Phylum
Hemichordata
pterobranchs

41. Phylum Chordata
tunicates 41

42. Carl Linne
“You can call me
Carolus
Linnaeus”
42

43. Taxonomy
…Today
Traditional rank-based
Linnaean classification
still used, but limited
value
Binomial nomenclature
(Genus, species) still
popular
Much more emphasis on
evolutionary
relationships
(phylogenetic
systematics)
Change is the only
constant in taxonomy
43

44. Cladistics
Modern method
of understanding
phylogeny
Create
phylogenetic
trees
(cladograms)
Based on
morphology or
molecular data
Homology vs.
Analogy
44

45. 45

46. 46
Autoapomorphies: evolutionary novelties

47. 47

48. 48
Synapomorphies

49. 49

50. Ground Plan
Basic set of
characteristics of
each phylum
Helps our
understanding of
differences &
similarities between
phyla
50

51. Example of a ground plan: 51

52. 52
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