- 1901-1910: Mendel's work on plant hybrids was rediscovered. Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system. Morgan showed genes are located on chromosomes.
- 1911-1920: World War I disrupted many research programs. Insulin was isolated in 1921. Penicillin was discovered in 1928.
- 1931-1940: The Great Depression caused economic hardship. Nazi policies forced many scientists to flee Germany. Barbara McClintock discovered transposons in 1931.
- 1951-1960: Watson and Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA in 1953, a landmark achievement. The polio vaccine was developed.
genetic engineering, future perspectives and QC validationSana Rubab
this ppt will help you in studying genetic engineering, its introduction, history, basics, methods and procedures, QC validation, future perspectives and applications.
This pdf file tries to answer the question as to why model organisms are used is research. By definition, Model organisms are a group of species of organisms that have been studied extensively, largely because they are easy to maintain under controlled laboratory conditions. The reason for them being studied is usually because they possess a number of experimental advantages.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose DNA has been modified in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products.
The following presentation will give you an in-depth look at the early development of biotechnology and will get you thinking about the role of biotechnology in your daily life.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Nucleosome model of chromosome is proposed by ROGER KORNBERG (son of Arthur
Kornberg) in 1974.
It was confirmed and crystalised by P. Oudet et al., (1975).
Nucleosome is the lowest level of Chromosome organization in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleosome model is a scientific model which explains the organization of DNA and
associated proteins in the chromosomes.
Nucleosome model also explains the exact mechanism of the folding of DNA in
thenucleus.
It is the most accepted model of chromatin organization.
its my university task to make a assignment on the brief history of molecular biology i am sure i done it quite well by linking all the information to molecular
genetic engineering, future perspectives and QC validationSana Rubab
this ppt will help you in studying genetic engineering, its introduction, history, basics, methods and procedures, QC validation, future perspectives and applications.
This pdf file tries to answer the question as to why model organisms are used is research. By definition, Model organisms are a group of species of organisms that have been studied extensively, largely because they are easy to maintain under controlled laboratory conditions. The reason for them being studied is usually because they possess a number of experimental advantages.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is an organism whose DNA has been modified in the laboratory in order to favour the expression of desired physiological traits or the production of desired biological products.
The following presentation will give you an in-depth look at the early development of biotechnology and will get you thinking about the role of biotechnology in your daily life.
Basics of Undergraduate/university fellows
Nucleosome model of chromosome is proposed by ROGER KORNBERG (son of Arthur
Kornberg) in 1974.
It was confirmed and crystalised by P. Oudet et al., (1975).
Nucleosome is the lowest level of Chromosome organization in eukaryotic cells.
Nucleosome model is a scientific model which explains the organization of DNA and
associated proteins in the chromosomes.
Nucleosome model also explains the exact mechanism of the folding of DNA in
thenucleus.
It is the most accepted model of chromatin organization.
its my university task to make a assignment on the brief history of molecular biology i am sure i done it quite well by linking all the information to molecular
Challenges of biology education for the 21st century - beyond bio2010 symposi...bio-link
Dr. Jay Labov, from the National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council, talks about how undergraduate biology education must change to meet the challenges of the 21st century
An overview of History and Philosophy of Science, dissecting terms such as History, Philosophy and its focal point science, correlating history of science and philosophy of science, tackeling about other essential information such as scientific method, paradigms and the role of History and Philosophy of Science in Science classroom. This is such a great help to inspire teachers and soon to be on how they can integrate their learning's in this subject to further enhance more science teaching.
May public health problems and consumers compliances are related to food quality and safety. The application of food hygiene standards and regulations need to strengthen to reduce the burden of foodborne diseases on public health and to protect the consumers from adulteration.
Getting freaky with fungi: A historical perspective on the emergence of mycologysydney_glassman
Poster presented at the Ecological Society of America 2013 in Minnesota for the ESA History section on the emergence of mycology and its role in ecology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. 1901 – 10 - Hugo de Vries, Tshermak and Correns discovered Mendel’s long ignored paper “ Experiments with plants hybrids”
3. 1901 – Hugo de vries of Holland introduces the concept of mutations in organims 1902 – Karl Landsteiner disovered the AB blood group Archibald Garrod documented inborn errors associated with inheritance of recessive genes
4. 1903 – Walter Sutton observes that egg and sperm cells contain half the number of chromosomes 1908 – Thomas Hunt Morgan started extension work on fruit flies. Morgan came from a prominent Kentucky family.
5. Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin Develop a vaccine against tuberculosis called ( Bacillus Calmette Guerin ) the vaccine was put to use in 1921.
6. 1909 – Johanssen suggested the term gene 1910 – T.H .Morgan found that genes are carried on chromosomes. The word gene was taken from pangene referred by De vries. It was part of English language from 1911.
7. 1911 – 20 Time of war The second decade of the 20th century was time of great international tension that erupted into a war. Many researchers diverted their work from pure science to the war effort. Fritz Haber in 1918 a Nobel laureate in chemistry promoted Germany’s use of chemical weapons in world war I
8. The decade of the great war brought advances in areas of applied biology such as immunology bacteriology, food science and crop breeding. 1914 – Henry Hallett Dale isolated acetylcholine involved in sending nerve impulses
9. 1915 – Frederick Twort – English bacteriologist describes bacteriophages d Herelle identified bacteriophage and coined the term
10. 1918 – A world wide epidemic of influenza kills 25 million people far more than died as a result of world war I
11. 1921 - 30 1921 – Frederick Grant Banting and Charles Herbert Best isolated insulin from the pancreas of a dog. 1925 – A Tennesse court finds a biology teacher John Thomas guilty of violating a state law that bans the teaching of evolution.
12. 1926 – Walter Canon a Neurologist coins the term Homeostasis
13. 1928 – Alexander Fleming discovered Penicillin Fleming (centre) receiving the Nobel prize from King Gustaf V of Sweden (right), 1945
15. This decade marked a giant misstep for genetic science. 1928 George William Hunter classified five races of man different in each in instincts, social customs and to some extent structure The highest type of all Caucasians represented by civilized white inhabitants of Europe and America.
16. Darwin’s theory of evolution was being used in 1920 to teach racism in American high school students. Francis Galton – Charles Darwin’s cousin coined the term eugenics meaning well born or good heritage Galton believed that human species could be improved through careful genetic management.
17. This idea led to the thinking of the idea that certain kinds of people are inherently superior to others. This idea led to block immigrants from southern and eastern Europe on the grounds of their genetic unsuitability
18. Eugenics – minded public officials also took it upon themselves to rule that certain individuals considered genetically inferior should be surgically sterilized against their will for the good of society
19. Adolf Hitler seized power in Germany and his party enacted laws against those considered wither politically or genetically undesirable Nazi policies caused many scientist, educators and public health officials to reexamine ideas about race and eugenics.
20. In the late 19th century Bacteriologist Ernest Hankin has noticed that Hindu worshippers who drank the water of the sacred Ganges river did not contract Cholera As he investigated he found that the water also contained an antibacterial agent.
21. 1931- 40 Hard times and hard lessons The 1930 was difficult decade marred by a worldwide economic slum, great depression and by dictatorial and militaristic government in several parts o the world. Soviet union, Japan and Italy launched military conquests that led towards the horrors of world war II
22. Nazi policies caused many scientist educators, and public officials especially those of Jewish heritage fled Germany setting back that countrys research programmes
23. 1931 – BarabaraMclintock identified transposons Albert Bethe introduces the concept of pheromones the substances effect the physiology of another individual of the same species.
24. Sewall Wright proposes genetic drift as a factor in evolution 1933 – Shickel Painter and others rediscovered giant salivary chromosomes in Drosophila
25. 1935 – American Scientist Stanley crystallized tobacco mosaic virus 1938 – Warren Weaver director of Rockfeller institute Division of Natural sciences coins the term Molecular biology
26. 1939 – A war criminal Josef Mengele Became the director of Berlins institute of Hereditary biology and Racial Hygiene he sterilized 56,244 people as hereditary defectives
27. 1951- 60 Double helix decade The double helix molecules stands as the most prominent historical landmark in biological research between Gregor Mendel’s 19th century discoveries and the present day recombinant DNA and Bioengineering
28. 1951- James Watson and Francis Crick attended a lecture by Maurice Wilkins on X-ray crystallography of DNA
29. X- ray Crystallographer Rosalind Franklin produces the image of DNA 1952 – Immunologist Jones Salk began field trials of his experimental vaccine against Infantile paralysis also called Polio
30. 1953 – The Journal nature publishes Watson and Crick’s manuscript describing the double helix structure of DNA
31. 1955 – Salk’s Polio vaccine, having proven safe and effective was released for a vaccination program
32. 1958 - Kornberg isolated DNA polymerase was called Kornberg enzyme
33. 1961 – 70 Code breakers and Ecologists 1961 – Marshall W. Niremberg builds a strand of RNA from the base Uracil Monod & Jacob coined the term messenger RNA 1966 – Niremberg and collegues show that codon determines each of 20 amino acids that form proteins 1970 – Temin discovered Reverse transcriptase
34. 1971 - 1980 The field of molecular genetics changed radically as scientists achieved new means for probing measuring, synthesizing and ultimately manipulating DNA
35. 1972 – Paul Berg achieves the first recombinant DNA molecule 1978 – Boyer makes a synthetic version of the human insulin gene and inserts into the bacterium E.coli 1980 – U. S supreme court rules that genetically altered life forms can be patented
37. 1981 – 1990Biotech booms, AIDS looms The field of biotechnology accelerated in the 1980s in large part because of new tools for molecular biologists 1982 – the term AIDS is used for the first time 1983 – Stanley Prusiner introduces the term PrionsKarry Mullis invents PCR 1985 – Alec Jaffreys introduced “DNA finger printing” which soon enters court room.
38. 1986 – Robert Horvitz discovered genes controlling programmed cell death in the nemadoteC.elegans 1987 – The USA department of Energy establishes a research program to sequence the entire human genome 1990 – The human genome project begins work estimated cost 13 billion Gene therapy was used for the first time on human subject
39. 1991- 2000Sheep and Stem cells 1995 – O. J. Simpson a film actor and a foot ball of fame was convicted for the murder of his ex-wife and her friend by DNA analysis. A Virginia prisoner is the first person put to death after a conviction based on DNA evidence 1997 – Wilmut announces the cloning of sheep Dolly
40. 2000 – Human genome project was completed and was published in Nature journal
43. 2001 - 2100 Future Perspectives : The biological research in 20th century offers many great promises for the future and as many cautions The science of genetics once involved tracing neat rules in pea plants – lead to the emergence of R DNA technique
44. In the early 21stcentury Huntington’s disease took a toll. Many children still go blind from Vitaminedeficiency. Herat disease and diabetes play a dominant role. Cancers far better understood and more successfully treated than they were decades ago. Continue to disable and kill The earth species are becoming extinct at an alarming rate AIDS ravages the third world
45. What happened to Recombinant DNA technology ? Decades of success and failures. It has met opposition on religious and philosophical grounds. Recombinant DNA remains incredibly promising and dangerous too. Ultimately the bigger challenge that biologists will face in the future are sure to be cultural political ethical and moral rather than pure scientific.