Aplastic anemia is a rare blood disorder where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient new blood cells, leading to anemia, low white blood cell count, and low platelet count. It can be inherited or acquired due to exposure to toxins, medications, viruses, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include fatigue, bruising, and increased risk of infection. Treatment involves blood transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs, bone marrow transplant, or growth factors to stimulate blood cell production.

1. APLASTIC ANEMIA

2. CONTENTS

3. INTRODUCTION

5. Figure 1:
Bone Marrow

6. CAUSES

8. Figure 2:Epstein Barr virus Figure 3: Parovirus

9. STATISTICS

10. SYMPTOMS

12. Figure 4:Red spots Figure 5:Bruise

13. LAB DIAGNOSIS
1. Complete blood count (CBC)
(a) low RBC, WBC, platelets
(b) low Hb and Ht level
2. Reticulocyte count
COMPONENT NORMAL VALUE
MALE FEMALE
RBC 4.7 – 6.1 mil cell/mcL 4.2 – 5.4 mil cell/mcL
Hemoglobin 13.8 – 17.2 gm/dL 12.1 – 15.1 gm/dL
Hematocrit 40.7 – 50.3 36.1 – 44.3
WBC 4500 – 10 000 cell/mcL
Platelet 150 000 - 400 000 /mcL
Reticulocyte 0.5 – 1.5%

14. 3. Bone marrow test
(a) BM aspiration (fluid)
(b) BM biopsy (tissue)
4. Antibody test
5. Other test
a) Vitamin B12 & folate test
b) Liver test & viral test
c) X-ray, CT scan
d) ultrasound imaging test
Figure 6: BM Biopsy

15. TREATMENT
1. Stem cell transplant
2. Immunosuppressant
3. Blood transfusion
4. Bone marrow stimulant
5. Antibiotics & antiviral
Figure 7:Blood transfusion

16. PREVENTION
Avoid exposure to:
a) Insecticide
b) Herbicides
c) Organic solvents
d) Toxic chemical
Figure 8: Exposure to herbicides

17. CONCLUSION
Aplastic anemia - blood disorder that can be inherited or acquired
Serious problem - no enough oxygen supply in body
- infection
Treatment - medications, stem cell transplant & blood transfusion
Patients are advised to:
a)Take good rest when needed
b)Avoid contact sports
c)Be hygienic

18. CASE STUDY
1. Patient’s Detail
 46 years old male
 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection
 Combination treatment of PEG-IFN-a 2a (180 μg, weekly) and
ribavirin (1200 mg/day) was commenced for a period of 48 weeks
2. Symptoms
 Bleeding tendency
 Unexplained fatigue of recent onset

19. 3. Physical Examination
 Generalized purpura and bruising, pallor of the skin and mucous
membranes
 The patient’s liver, spleen and lymph nodes- not enlarged

20. Figure 9: A bone marrow biopsy showing the absence of hematopoietic tissue
and its replacement with fat.

21. 4. TREATMENT
 Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation after completing two
courses of immunosuppressive.
 Therapy with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporin A.

22. REFERENCES
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February
2013, http://www.bodyandhealth.canada.com
 Anonymous, (2005), Causes of aplastic anemia, Viewed on 8thth
February 2013, http://www.childrenhospital.org
 David C., (2012), Idiopathic-aplastic anemia, Viewed on 8thth
February 2013, http://www.health.nytimes.com/health/guides.html

23.  Anonymous, (2008), Aplastic anemia, Viewed on 8thth
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2013, http://www.uth.tmc.edu/pathology/medic.html
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February 2013, http://www.aamds.org
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http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/aplastic/
 Anonymous, (2013), bone marrow biopsy, prevention, viewed on 8th
February 2013, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM01819
 Anonymous, (2011), CBC, viewed on 8th
February 2013,
http://www.aamds.org/about/blood-and-bone-marrow-basics/CBC

24.  Anonymous, (2013), treatment, prevention, viewed on 8th
February
2013, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/aplastic-anemia/DS00322
 Anonymous, (2011), treatment, viewed on 8th
February 2013,
http://www.aamds.org/about/aplastic-anemia
 Ioannou, S., Hatzis, G., Vlahadami, I., Voulgarelis, M.(2010),Aplastic
anemia associated with interferon alpha 2a in a patient with chronic
hepatitis C virus infection: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 4(268)