2. COMPETENCIES
• Describe anatomical terms
• Explain the general anatomy and microscopic structure of
each system of the body
• Identify relative positions of the major body organs as
well as their general anatomical locations
• Explore the effect of alterations in structure
• Apply knowledge of anatomical structures to analyse
clinical situations and therapeutic applications
3. Introduction to Anatomy
• The branch of science which deals with
the structural organization of living
being.
• Ana - (Apart) : Tome - To cut (Greek)
• Dissecare (Latin): To cut apart
5. Anatomical position
A common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from
the body.
6. Regional terms-
• Names of specific body areas
• Axial region- the main axis of the
body
• Appendicular region- the limbs
Directional terminology-
• Refers to the body in
anatomical position
• Standardized terms of directions
are paired terms
9. Table 1.1 (3 of 3)
Orientation and Directional
Terms
10. Positions and Directions
Prone : Lying face down
Supine : Lying face up
Unilateral : Pertaining to one side
of the body
Bilateral : Pertaining to both sides
of the body
11. Positions and Directions
Lithotomy Position
• Person lying on her back with legs up and feet supported
in straps.
• This position is mostly used during delivery of the baby.
12. Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal)
plane- Lies vertically
and divides body into
anterior and posterior
parts
13. Sagittal Plane- Vertical
plane divide body into
right and left.
Sagittal plane that exactly
cut in the middle called
midsagittal or median
plane.
Sagittal plane that offset
from median plane
parasagittal plane.
16. MOVEMENTS
Flexion Bending
Extension Straightening
Abduction Moving away from the reference axis
Adduction Bringing closer to the reference axis
Protrusion Forward
Retrusion Backward
Elevation Superiorly to the reference axis
Depression Inferiorly to the reference axis
Lateral rotation Rotation away from the midline
Medial rotation Rotation toward the midline
Pronation
Medial rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the
hand facing posteriorly (if in anatomical position)
Supination
Lateral rotation of the radius, resulting in the palm of the
hand facing anteriorly (if in anatomical position)
Circumduction Combination of: flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
Deviation Ulnar and radial abduction of the wrist
Opposition Bringing the thumb in contact to a finger
Reposition Separating the thumb from the digits
Inversion Plantar side toward the medial plane
Eversion Plantar side away from the medial plane
17. MOVEMENTS
Flexion
Bending a joint or decreasing
the angle between two planes.
Extension
Straightening a joint or
increasing the angle between
two bones.
19. MOVEMENTS
Adduction
Moving a body part towards
the midline of the body.
Abduction
Moving a body part away
from the midline of the body.
MOVEMENTS
20. MOVEMENTS
Pronation
Turning the arm or foot
downward (palm or sole of
the foot down)
Supination
Turning the arm or foot
upward (palm or sole of the
foot up)
22. MOVEMENTS
Rotation– Turning on a
single axis
Circumduction– Tri planar,
circular motion at the hip
or shoulder
Internal rotation– Rotation
of the hip or shoulder
toward the midline
External rotation– Rotation
of the hip or shoulder
away from the midline
24. MOVEMENTS
Inversion – Turning the sole of
the foot inward
Eversion – Turning the sole of
the foot outward
Dorsiflexion – Ankle
movement bringing the foot
upwards
Plantarflexion – Ankle
movement pointing the foot
downwards
25. MOVEMENTS
Radial Deviation –
Movement of the wrist
towards the radius or
lateral side.
Ulnar Deviation –
Movement of the wrist
towards the ulna or
medial side.
Opposition – Movement
of the thumb across the
palm of the hand.
