2. Why Study Anatomy?
1. Communication within the health professions.
2. In order to understand the pathology of the
human body, one must understand the normal.
3. Learn the interaction between body systems.
4. Define the significance between structure and
function.
5. It’s Fun. (Personal opinion)
3. Goals of the Course
To provide a common anatomical language
To relate the common language of anatomy
to the functional morphology of the human
body.
To provide a baseline of knowledge for the
study of physiology.
Illustrate the principle that structure and
function are related.
4. Why Study Anatomy?
Provides an education rather than training.
ie: you can train a monkey to do surgery
but the monkey cannot fix a problem when
it arises.
Terminology allows clear communication
between medical professionals.
5. Some definitions
Morphology
-form that structures take on.
-Morphology affects function
Structure
-a part of the body. Can either be microscopic
(small) or macroscopic (large).
Function
-refers to physical behavior. What a structure
does.
-Function is related to structures=Functional
Morphology
6. Normal vs. Abnormal
-We must understand the normal situation
to be able to compare it with and recognize
the abnormal.
Topographic/ surface Anatomy
-Structures on the surface of the skin can
be used to identify and locate deeper
structures, organs, and tissues beneath the
skin.
7. Two Approaches to the Study of Anatomy
Systems Approach
-study of one system at a time.
-all muscles are studied together, all bones, etc..
Regional Approach
-all structures within a certain region are studied
together.
-ie: all structures in the head are looked at
together.
We will utilize the REGIONAL APPROACH.
8. Subdivisions of anatomy
a) Gross anatomy= or macroscopic anatomy/
morphology/-topographic anatomy
b) Histology= or microscopic anatomy/
histomorphology
c) Embryology:- developmental anatomy
d) Radiological anatomy- this is the transition from
laboratory to the live anatomy in the ward set up.
NB> All this have Clinical correlates
9. Laboratory Information
• Hands on training.
• Bring lab coat, book, an atlas, and
information your instructor tells you.
• You must supply your own gloves.
• You must have a dissection kits.
• DO NOT CUT ANYTHING! This is blunt
dissection.
• Get a 4 or 5 color pen or a set of colored
pencils.
10. YOU MUST PASS BOTH
LECTURE AND PRACTICAL
TO PASS THE COURSE
11. .
• Gross Anatomy
Large structures
Easily
observable
Spatial
arrangement of
target organs
Routes of drug
administration
12. Anatomy – Levels of Study
Slide 1.2b
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Very small
structures
• Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4
14. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.4
• Integumentary
• Forms the external
body covering
• Protects deeper tissue
from injury
• Synthesizes vitamin D
• Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
Figure 1.2a
15. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.5
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports
body organs
• Provides muscle
attachment for
movement
• Site of blood cell
formation
• Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
16. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.6
• Muscular
• Allows locomotion
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
17. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.7
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control
system
• Responds to
internal and external
change
• Activates muscles
and glands
Figure 1.2d
18. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.8
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory
hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
19. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.9
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials
in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Figure 1.2f
20. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.10
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood
vessels
• Disposes of debris
• Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
21. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.11
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood
supplied with
oxygen
• Removes carbon
dioxide
Figure 1.2h
22. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.12
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
23. Organ System Overview
Slide 1.13
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
• Maintains acid – base
balance
• Regulation of materials
• Water
• Electrolytes
Figure 1.2j
25. Necessary Life Functions
Slide 1.15
• Maintain Boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Break-down and delivery of nutrients
26. Necessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16a
• Metabolism – chemical reactions within
the body
• Production of energy
• Making body structures
• Excretion
• Elimination of waste from metabolic reactions
27. Necessary Life Functions
Slide 1.16b
• Reproduction
• Production of future generation
• Growth
• Increasing of cell size and number
30. ANATOMICAL POSITION
The anatomical position is a
standardized method of
observing or imaging the body
that allows precise and
consistent anatomical
references.
31. ANATOMICAL POSITION
When in the anatomical position,
the subject stands erect facing the
observer, the upper extremities are
placed at the sides, the palms of
the hands are turned forward, and
the feet are flat on the floor.
35. REGIONAL NAMES
Are names given to specific
regions of the body for reference.
Examples: include cranial (skull),
thoracic (chest), brachial (arm),
patellar (knee), cephalic (head),
and gluteal (buttock)
36. PLANES
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces
that are used to divide the body or
organs into definite areas & include:
Midsagittal (medial) and
parasagittal, frontal (coronal),
transverse (cross-sectional or
horizontal) and oblique.
37. SECTIONS
Sections are flat surfaces resulting
from cuts through body structures.
They are named according to the
plane on which the cut is made and
include transverse, frontal, and
midsagittal
47. DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Medial: toward midline
Lateral: away from midline
Intermediate: between 2 points
Ipsilateral: same side
Contralateral: opposite side
Proximal: near origin
Distal: away from origin
53. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
What is the relationship?
knee to thigh
Nipple to belly button
Chin to eyes
Little toe to big toe
54. Planes & Movements
Movements in the sagittal plane around a horizontal
axis
(e.g. front roll, back roll, cycling, running)
Flexion
flexion at a joint results in a decrease of the angle
between the two segments that meet at that joint
Extension
extension at a joint results in an increase of the
angle between the two segments that meet at that
joint
if the movement occurs beyond the extended
position, the action is called hyperextension
55. Examples of flexion and extension
shoulder flexion and extension
elbow flexion and extension
wrist flexion and extension
fingers flexion and extension
hip flexion and extension
knee flexion and extension
ankle dorsi flexion and plantar flexion
tilt of pelvis under
Dorsi flexion: bringing the toes toward the shin
Plantar flexion: pointing the toes away from the shin
(toward the floor)
56. Planes & Movements
Movements in the frontal plane around a antereoposterior
axis
(e.g. cartwheel, jumping jacks, galloping)
Abduction
occurs when a body part is moved away from the midline of
the body
e.g. shoulder, hip, fingers
Adduction
occurs when a body part is moved toward the midline of
the body
e.g. shoulder, hip, fingers
remember “add to your midline”
e.g. shoulder, hip, fingers
57. Movements & Planes
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward at the
ankle (so the sole of the foot faces toward
the midline)
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward at the
ankle (so the sole of the foot faces away from
the midline)
58. Elevation
raising a part to a superior position
e.g. raising your shoulders toward your ears;
closing your jaw
Depression
lowering a part to an inferior position
e.g. lowering your shoulders to normal or
lower than normal position; lowering your
jaw to an open position
59. More…
Protraction
Sticking jaw out (pouting)
Retraction
Bringing jaw back to anatomical position
Lateral bending
bending of the spinal column in the frontal plane
to the left or right
e.g. bending side to side at the waist
60. And More…
Movements in the transverse plane around a
longitudinal axis
• (e.g. twist, pirouette)
Rotation
• the movement of a bone around its own
axis; this is also known as a pivot
• e.g. the head, neck, and trunk can pivot
around the longitudinal axis
61. And More…
Internal (medial) rotation
• Rotation towards the midline
• E.g. turning forearn in towards body
External (lateral) rotation
• Rotation away from midline
• E.g. turning forearm away from body
62. And more…
Pronation
rotation of the forearm and hand to the palms down
position
Supination
rotation of the forearm and hand to the palms up position
(remember holding a cup of “soup”)
Protraction
Shoulder rounding (hunching shoulders)
Retraction
Bringing shoulders back to anatomical position, or
squeezing shoulder blades together at back
63. Special movements
Circumduction
a combination of abduction, adduction, flexion and
extension
this action describes a circle
e.g. moving the shoulder in a circle (swimming, windmill
throw in baseball); can also be done at the hip joint
Opposition
Bringing thumb towards fingers
Reposition
Returning thumb back to anatomical position
65. Performance Objectives –
Did we learn this?
Define Anatomy and Physiology.
Describe the relationship between structure and
function.
Define basic directional terms.
Describe the anatomical position.
Describe the major cavities of the body.
66. Performance Objectives
continued
Describe the levels of organization of the body and
give major characteristics of each level.
List the organ systems.
Define homeostasis and explain why it is
important.
Describe the negative-feedback system and the
positive-feedback system and their relationship to
homeostasis.
67. Performance Objectives
continued
Name and describe the three major planes of the
body or organ.
Hint: Begin to study material now! Good students
often review a chapter over 20 times before taking
exams! If uncertain how to study, ask me for
directions of SQR3!
Get help soon – if you need it! We want you to be
succesful!
