complete lecture

1. Anatomical
Terminologies
Ikramullah

2. Objectives
At the end of this lecture, students will be able to
 Define anatomical terms
 Explain different planes and positions of human body
 Explain and demonstrate anatomical directions of human
body
 Discuss basic movementsofthe HumanBody

3. The anatomical position
"the universal accepted starting point
used to describe or analyze
anatomical terms or movement.”
To be in correct anatomical position, the body must
meet 3 criteria:
1. Upright, standing position
2. Face and feet pointing forward
3. Arms at the side, palms facing
forward

4. 1. Planes
2. Axes
3. Position

5. Anatomical Planes
 -relate to positions in space and
found at right angles to each
other
 -these planes can be positioned
on any specific parts of the
body

6. Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-vertical; splits the
body into front and
back halves
Sagittal
-vertical; splits the
body into left and
right halves

7. Sagittal view & frontal viewof the human face

8. Anatomical Planes
Frontal(Coronal)
-vertical; splits the
body into front and
back halves
Sagittal
-vertical; splits the
body into left and
right halves
Transverse
-horizontal; splits
the body into upper
and lower halves

9. Oblique Plane:
 Passes through the body or an angle between the
transverse plane/sagittal or frontal plane.

10. Anatomical Planes:

11. Anatomical Axes
Antero-posterior
-
Horizontal;
extends from
front to back
-rotate side to side
Horizontal
-horizontal; runs from one side of the body to the other
-rotate top to bottom
-a lot of our movement occurs via our joints
-axes are used to describe the direction of movement at joints
Longitudinal
-
vertical;extends
superior (head) to
inferior (foot)
-rotate around

12. Body Position Terminology
Superior- towards the top of the body
Inferior- towards the bottom of the body
Anterior- towards the front of the body
Posterior- towards the back of the body
Medial- towards the midline(centre) of the body
Lateral- away from the midline of the body
Proximal- situated closest to the point of attachment
Distal- situated farthest from the point of attachment
Superficial- on or close to the surface of the body
Deep- farther away from the surface of the body

14. BODY POSITIONS
SUPINE POSITION
When the body is lying face up.
PRONE POSITION
 When the body is lying face down.

15. Anatomical Position:
Body is erect/standing
with arms at sides and
palms turned forward.

16. Directional terms Definition
Superior (cephalic)
Towards the head or the
upper part of a
structure
Inferior (caudal) Away from head or lower part
Anterior (ventral) At the front of the body
Posterior (dorsal)
At the back of the body
It describes the position of one body part relative to
another

17. Directional terms Definition
Contralateral
On the opposite of the body from
another structure
Proximal
Nearer to the originatin of
structure
Distal
Farther from the origination of the
structure
Superficial On the surface of the body

18. Directional terms Definition
Medial Nearer to the midline
Lateral Farther to the midline
Intermediate Between two structures
Ipsilateral
On the same side of the body as
another structure
Deep Away from the surface of the body

19. Describe the anatomical plane that each of the
following pictures is viewed from:
Sagittal

20. Frontal

22. Body Position Terminology
Superior- towards the top of the body (cranial)
Inferior- towards the bottom of the body (caudal)
Anterior- towards the front of the body (ventral)
Posterior- towards the back of the body (dorsal)
Medial- towards the midline(centre) of the body
Lateral- away from the midline of the body
Proximal- situated closest to the point of attachment
Distal- situated farthest from the point of attachment
Superficial- on or close to the surface of the body
Deep- farther away from the surface of the body

23. The Basic the Movements of the Human
Body
Flexion
-bending the joint to reduce the
angle between two bones.
-occurs in the sagittal plane
Extension
-straightening a joint to increase
the angle
-occurs in the sagittal plane
The basic movements of the human
body occur around and because of our joints.

24. Abduction
-movement away from the medial
plane
-occurs in the frontal plane
Adduction
-movement towards the medial
plane
-occurs in the frontal plane
Circumduction
n -a circular motion combining
flexion, extension, abduction
and adduction
-occurs in all 3 planes

25. Internal (Medial)
Rotation
-
moves anterior part of a limb
medially (towards midline)
-occurs in the transverse plane
External (Lateral) Rotation
-moves anterior part of a lim
laterally (away from midline)
-occurs in the transverse plane
Pronation
-rotation of hand; bring thumb towards
midline; plam facing back
-occurs in transverse plane
Supination
-rotation of hand; bring thumb away
from midlein;palm facing forward
-occurs in transverse plane

26. Dorsiflexion
-movement of ankle to decrease
angle between foot and lower leg
-occurs in sagittal plane
Plantarflexion
-movement of ankle to increase
angle between foot and lower leg
-occurs in sagittal plane
Inversion
-medial border of foot is raised; sole of
foot turned medially (inward)
-occurs in frontal plane
Eversion
-lateral border of foot raised; sole of foot
turned laterally (outward)
n

27. Protraction
-moving in an anterior
(forward) direction
-occurs in sagittal plan
Retraction
-moving in a posterior
(backward) direction
-occurs in sagittal plane
Oppostion
-thumb comes into contact with
another finger
Reposition
-return thumb to anatomical
position

28. Elevation
-raising up to a more superior position
-occurs in frontal plane
Depression
-pulling down to a more inferior position
-occurs in frontal plane