Planes of body and Anatomical terms
The anatomical position is the standard reference orientation of the human body.
It is used to provide a clear and consistent mechanism of describing the location of structures
In the anatomical position, the body is upright, directly facing the observer, feet flat and directed forward. The upper limbs are at the body's sides with the palms facing forward.
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right section.
A specific sagittal plane is the median sagittal plane – which passes down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves
Median plane (midsagital plane)
This is a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body lengthwise along with midline into externally symmetrical section.
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called coronal plane.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground.
If the body is divide into upper and lower section is called transverse plane.
The plane is at right angle to median, sagittal, and coronal planes.
Anatomical Terms of Position
Superior (cranial): Towards the head or upper part of the body; above
Inferior (caudal): Away from the head or toward the lower part of the body; below
Ventral (anterior): Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Away from the origin of a body part or point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): Away from the body surface
Palmer: Refer to anterior surface of hand.
Planter: Refer to anterior surface of the foot.
Terms of Movement
Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus
Abduction: is action of moving the limb away from the median plane of the body.
Adduction: is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the hip squeezes the legs together.
Rotation: Rotation is a movement of body part around its own long axis.
When the interior surface rotate medially the movement is called medial rotation. And if the interior surface rotate laterally the movement is called lateral rotation.
Circumduction: When a part
2. Anatomical position
The anatomical position is
the standard reference
orientation of the human body.
It is used to provide a clear
and consistent mechanism of
describing the location of
structures
In the anatomical position,
the body is upright, directly
facing the observer, feet flat
and directed forward. The
upper limbs are at the body's
sides with the palms facing
forward.
3.
4. Planes of body
Sagittal plane
The sagittal plane is a vertical plane which passes through the body
longitudinally. It divides the body into a left section and a right
section.
A specific sagittal plane is the median sagittal plane – which passes
down the midline of the body, separating it into equal halves
Median plane (midsagital plane)
This is a vertical plane that divides the right and left sides of the body
lengthwise along with midline into externally symmetrical section.
5.
6. Planes of body
Coronal plane (frontal plane)
Any vertical side to side plane at right angles to the median plane is called
coronal plane.
Transverse plane (horizontal plane)
The transverse plane is a horizontal plane. It is perpendicular to both
the sagittal and coronal planes, and parallel to the ground.
If the body is divide into upper and lower section is called transverse
plane.
The plane is at right angle to median, sagittal, and coronal planes.
7. Anatomical Terms of Position
Superior (cranial): Towards the head or upper part of the body;
above
Inferior (caudal): Away from the head or toward the lower part of
the body; below
Ventral (anterior): Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
Dorsal (posterior): Toward or at the back of the body; behind
Medial: Toward or at the midline of the body
Lateral: Away from the midline of the body
8.
9. Anatomical Terms of Position
Proximal: Closer to the origin of the body part or point of
attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal: Away from the origin of a body part or point of
attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external): Toward or at the body surface
Deep (internal): Away from the body surface
Palmer: Refer to anterior surface of hand.
Planter: Refer to anterior surface of the foot.
10.
11.
12. Terms of Movement
Flexion: Refers to a movement that decreases the angle
between two body parts. Flexion at the elbow is decreasing the
angle between the ulna and the humerus
Extension: refers to a movement that increases the angle
between two body parts. Extension at the elbow is increasing the
angle between the ulna and the humerus
Abduction: is action of moving the limb away from the median
plane of the body.
Adduction: is a movement towards the midline. Adduction of the
hip squeezes the legs together.
13. Terms of Movement
Rotation: Rotation is a movement of body part around its own long
axis.
When the interior surface rotate medially the movement is called
medial rotation. And if the interior surface rotate laterally the
movement is called lateral rotation.
Circumduction: When a part is moved successively through Flexion,
abduction, extension and adduction is called circumduction.
14. Terms of Movement
Pronation and supination:
Pronation and supination are movements limited to the
forearm and hand .
In the anatomical position the forearm and the hand are
supinated.
When the dorsum of the hand is turned forward without
rotation of the upper arm this constitute pronation of the
forearm.
15. Terms of Movement
Inversion and eversion
Inversion is the movement that turns the sole of the
foot inward or medially.
Eversion is the turning of the foot outward or laterally.
16. Terms of Movement
Planter flexion and dorsiflexion:
Flexion of foot is called planter flexion. This movement increases angle
between foot and leg.
Extension of foot is called dorsiflexion. This movement decreases angle
between foot and leg.
17. Terms of Movement
Protraction and retraction:
Protraction (a forward movement) and retraction (a
backward movement) e.g. lower jaw ,movement of
shoulder girdle.
18. Terms of Movement
Elevation and depression:
Elevation means raising a part. E.g. lower jaw is elevated when mouth is closed.
Depression is opposite movement to elevation lowering a body part e.g. movement of the
lower jaw to open the mouth.
19. Terms of movement
Opposition and reposition
Opposition and reposition movements are peculiar to hand. During opposition the thumb
pad is brought to touch and to oppose a finger pad of the little finger . Reposition is the
reverse movement that returns the thumb to anatomical position.
20. Terms of Laterality
Bilateral: The structure or organs which occur on both side of the body
. E.g. Ears, lungs etc.
Unilateral: Any structure or organ occurring only on one side of the
body. E.g. spleen , vermiform appendix.
Ipsilateral: The structure occurring on the same side of the body as
another structure . E.g. the right hand and right foot are ipsilateral
Contralateral: The structure occurring on the opposite side of the
body with reference to another structure. E.g. right foot contralateral
to left foot.