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ACCIDENT CAUSATION
THEORIES
By: R. C. Reyes

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Work accident
n an unplanned or unexpected occurrence that may
or may not result in personal injury, property
damage, work stoppage or interference or any
combination thereof which arises out of and in
the course of employment.
n It causes the work system to break down since it
intervenes between the worker, equipment,
environment and the task to be performed.

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OBJECTIVES OF ACCIDENT
PREVENTION:
n To prevent personal injuries, permanent
impairment or deaths.
n Avoid loss of human resources.
n To prevent the economic and social effects of
injuries on workers and their families.
n Avoid property and or equipment damage.

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ANATOMY OF ACCIDENTS
CONCEPTS:
n Accidents don’t just happen – They are caused.
n Steps must be taken to control accidents.
n Without correction, the same type of accident
will occur.

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MECHANISM OF ACCIDENT
OCCURENCE
n HEINRICH’s five dominoes model - accidents
happen by chain reactions of phenomena and
accidents are prevented when one of the
dominoes is removed.
n Basic accident mechanism – analysis of accidents
is based on phenomena. When a human body
comes in direct contact with an object or is
exposed to harmful environment.

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CAUSAL FACTORS OF ACCIDENTS:
n UNSAFE ACT (BEHAVIORAL) – violation of a
commonly accepted safe procedure which resulted
in an accident ( e.g. improper attitude, lack of
knowledge or skill, physical or mental defects.
n UNSAFE CONDITION ( ENVIRONMENTAL ) – The
unsafe condition of the agency which could have
been guarded or corrected. ( e.g. improper
guarding, defective agencies, poor housekeeping,
poor ventilation, improper illumination, etc. )

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MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY
PEME
n Person – worker’s qualification, health condition,
relationship with co-workers.
n Environment – environmental conditions of the
workplace, weather, plant layout, workspace.
n Management - existence or non-existence of
safety policy, mismanagement, lack of job
procedures, lack of training.
n Equipment – defective equipment, improper use
of equipment, poor equipment design,
inappropriate PPE.

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HEINRICH’s DOMINO THEORY:
Heinrich’s theory analyzes accidents based
on five factors that are assumed to occur
in a fixed, chronological order that results
to injury, but otherwise believes that
when one of the domino or factor is
removed, accidents could be prevented.
– Ancestry and social environment
– Creation of hazard (personal fault or failure)
– Unsafe act or condition
– Accident
– Injury

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HEINRICH’s….
n Domino theory clearly emphasized that accident
can cause delay, damage and injury.
n These results are due to the unsafe act of man
and unsafe condition of materials.
n Creation of a hazard that contributes to the act of
omission and commission of unsafe acts may be
attributed to lack of proper training, indifference,
disregard of instruction, physical handicap,
personal failure or fault of an individual.
n The person’s ancestry and his social environment
are the remote causes of personal failure / unsafe
acts that lead to accidents.

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Basic Concepts for Accident
Prevention:
n ENGINEERING
n EDUCATION
n ENFORCEMENT
n ENVIRONMENT

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Basic concepts…
n ENGINEERING – the following should be
considered:
* Proper machine guarding
* Proper maintenance of equipments
* Good housekeeping
* Provide proper illumination & ventilation
* Provide adequate and appropriate PPE

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Basic concepts…
n EDUCATION – workers should be given trainings
and orientation on job procedures.
n ENFORCEMENT – safety policies, job procedures
should be pursued. Violation of rules should be
penalized.
n ENVIRONMENT – check ventilation, illumination,
noise levels, temperature extremes, presence of
air contaminants, equipment layout, etc.

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Evaluation of Safety Performance
n Evaluation of disability – determine whether the
accident that occurred is a disabling injury
(death, permanent total, permanent partial, or
temporary partial, temporary total disability) or
first aid case only.
n Determine employee hours of exposure – as much
as possible, use actual employee exposure based
on time clock or payroll records. However, if such
is not available, calculated man-hours can be
used on the following procedure:

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Calculate for Frequency and Severity Rate
No. of disabling injury/illness x 1,000,000
FR = --------------------------------------------------
Employee-hour of exposure
Total days lost x 1,000,000
SR = ---------------------------------------------
Employee-hour of exposure