2. IntroductionIntroduction
īŽ When we talked about personality weWhen we talked about personality we
talked about similarities in behaviourtalked about similarities in behaviour
between and within individualsbetween and within individuals
īŽ Most social psychologists donâtMost social psychologists donât
dispute these individual differencesdispute these individual differences
but they realize the importance ofbut they realize the importance of
the situationthe situation
3. IntroductionIntroduction
īŽ Social psychologists are concernedSocial psychologists are concerned
with how we explains othersâwith how we explains othersâ
behaviour and how othersâ behaviourbehaviour and how othersâ behaviour
affects usaffects us
īŽ May be as important as theMay be as important as the
individualindividual
4. Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory
īŽ Hieder (1958)Hieder (1958)
īŽ People attribute othersâ behaviour toPeople attribute othersâ behaviour to
their dispositionstheir dispositions
īŽ PersonalityPersonality
īŽ Sometimes this is over course true,Sometimes this is over course true,
we do have personalities after allwe do have personalities after all
īŽ We overestimate the importance ofWe overestimate the importance of
personality in othersâ behaviourpersonality in othersâ behaviour
5. Attribution TheoryAttribution Theory
īŽ We tend to do the other with us, soWe tend to do the other with us, so
when we do something we blame thewhen we do something we blame the
situationsituation
īŽ The fundamental attribution errorThe fundamental attribution error
âĸ We have more data in essenceWe have more data in essence
īŽ Attributions have big effectsAttributions have big effects
âĸ Do you blame the person or theDo you blame the person or the
situation, and then do you generalizeâĻ.situation, and then do you generalizeâĻ.
6. AttitudesAttitudes
īŽ Attributions can affect, and areAttributions can affect, and are
affected by attributionsaffected by attributions
īŽ Attitudes are behaviours and feelingsAttitudes are behaviours and feelings
that predispose us to react in athat predispose us to react in a
certain way tocertain way to
âĸ ObjectsObjects
âĸ EventsEvents
âĸ peoplepeople
7. Attitude changeAttitude change
īŽ Do we change the way people think?Do we change the way people think?
īŽ Not necessarilyNot necessarily
īŽ Attitudes guide actions ifAttitudes guide actions if
âĸ Outside influences are minimalOutside influences are minimal
âĸ Attitude is specifically related to theAttitude is specifically related to the
behaviourbehaviour
âĸ Awareness of attitudes is importantAwareness of attitudes is important
īŽ Counter intuitiveCounter intuitive
8. Might be better to change theMight be better to change the
behaviourbehaviour
īŽ The foot in the door phenomenonThe foot in the door phenomenon
īŽ How âbrainwashingâ worked duringHow âbrainwashingâ worked during
the Korean Warthe Korean War
īŽ Drive Carefully (Freedman andDrive Carefully (Freedman and
Frasier, 1966)Frasier, 1966)
īŽ 17 % put up big ugly sign17 % put up big ugly sign
īŽ All did if they put up a little sign firstAll did if they put up a little sign first
9. Role PlayingRole Playing
īŽ Actually worksActually works
īŽ Zimbardo (1972)Zimbardo (1972)
īŽ Prison experimentPrison experiment
īŽ Got really scaryGot really scary
īŽ Had to stop the experimentHad to stop the experiment
10. Cognitive DissonanceCognitive Dissonance
īŽ If I did it it must be rightIf I did it it must be right
īŽ FestingerFestinger
īŽ Rationalize our behaviourRationalize our behaviour
īŽ Peter Darkeâs research on consumerPeter Darkeâs research on consumer
beahviourbeahviour
īŽ I really needed a MacBook ProâĻ.I really needed a MacBook ProâĻ.
11. Social InfluenceSocial Influence
īŽ Funny how we do stuff if otherFunny how we do stuff if other
people are eh?people are eh?
īŽ UFOsUFOs
īŽ Political ideasPolitical ideas
īŽ Social ideasSocial ideas
īŽ How does this happen?How does this happen?
12. Conformity and ObedienceConformity and Obedience
īŽ Phillipsâ odd dataPhillipsâ odd data
âĸ Suicides go up after suicides areSuicides go up after suicides are
publishedpublished
âĸ So do car crashesSo do car crashes
âĸ Airplane crashesAirplane crashes
īŽ Ashâs classic line length experimentsAshâs classic line length experiments
âĸ About 1/3 of people give the wrongAbout 1/3 of people give the wrong
answeranswer
13. Factors that affect conformityFactors that affect conformity
īŽ Made to feel incompetentMade to feel incompetent
īŽ At least three peopleAt least three people
īŽ High status groupHigh status group
īŽ UnanimityUnanimity
īŽ No prior commitmentNo prior commitment
īŽ Our behaviour is in the openOur behaviour is in the open
īŽ Cultural effectsCultural effects
14. Social InfluenceSocial Influence
īŽ Normative social influenceNormative social influence
âĸ When it is clear what the norm isWhen it is clear what the norm is
īŽ Informational social influenceInformational social influence
âĸ When we are not sure about what to do,When we are not sure about what to do,
but we have to do the right thingbut we have to do the right thing
15. MilgramMilgram
īŽ Teacher and LearnerTeacher and Learner
īŽ Learner was a confederateLearner was a confederate
īŽ Paired associatesPaired associates
īŽ Wrong answer, given a âshockâWrong answer, given a âshockâ
īŽ ââYou must continueâYou must continueâ
īŽ 63% completed!63% completed!
īŽ Started a big debate about ethicsStarted a big debate about ethics
īŽ Most participants were happy to learn thisMost participants were happy to learn this
scary thing about themselvesscary thing about themselves
16. More MilgramMore Milgram
īŽ I have a heart conditionâ -> noI have a heart conditionâ -> no
effect!effect!
īŽ Legitimate authority was the keyLegitimate authority was the key
īŽ AffiliationAffiliation
īŽ DepersonalizationDepersonalization
īŽ Modeling effectsModeling effects
17. What does it all mean?What does it all mean?
īŽ People go against their beliefs underPeople go against their beliefs under
the right circumstancesthe right circumstances
īŽ Under the right conditions people willUnder the right conditions people will
do awful thingsdo awful things
âĸ Donât let this absolve anyoneDonât let this absolve anyone
18. Social FacilitationSocial Facilitation
īŽ Improved performance in theImproved performance in the
presence of otherspresence of others
īŽ Probably due to arousalProbably due to arousal
īŽ The whole Yerkes-Dotson thingThe whole Yerkes-Dotson thing
19. Social LoafingSocial Loafing
īŽ Doing things as a group and loafingDoing things as a group and loafing
īŽ When you believe others are trying,When you believe others are trying,
you may quityou may quit
īŽ Cultural effectsCultural effects
īŽ Less accountableLess accountable
21. Group PolarizationGroup Polarization
īŽ Small differences between groupsSmall differences between groups
tend to growtend to grow
īŽ More specifically you get anMore specifically you get an
enhancement of a groupâs prevailingenhancement of a groupâs prevailing
tendanciestendancies
22. GroupthinkGroupthink
īŽ OverconfidenceOverconfidence
īŽ ConformityConformity
īŽ Self justificationSelf justification
īŽ Can be stopped by a good leaderCan be stopped by a good leader
that listens to others and welcomesthat listens to others and welcomes
criticismcriticism
īŽ Minorities can affect the group if theyMinorities can affect the group if they
stick to their gunsstick to their guns
23. Cultural effectsCultural effects
īŽ Of course, in social psych culturalOf course, in social psych cultural
effects are going to be hugeeffects are going to be huge
īŽ Different cultures have differentDifferent cultures have different
normsnorms
īŽ Personal space for examplePersonal space for example
īŽ There are cultural effects on genderThere are cultural effects on gender
roles, though there are quite a fewroles, though there are quite a few
universals toouniversals too
24. PrejudicePrejudice
īŽ Mixture of beliefs, emotions andMixture of beliefs, emotions and
actions towards a groupactions towards a group
īŽ Influences cognitionInfluences cognition
īŽ While blatant prejudice is on theWhile blatant prejudice is on the
wane, subtler forms are still outwane, subtler forms are still out
therethere
25. VictimsVictims
īŽ They experience a few differentThey experience a few different
thingsthings
īŽ Social inequalitySocial inequality
īŽ ExclusionExclusion
īŽ scapegoatingscapegoating
26. Where does it come from?Where does it come from?
īŽ We have a need to categorize stuffWe have a need to categorize stuff
īŽ The availability heuristic does notThe availability heuristic does not
help muchhelp much
īŽ The just world hypothesisThe just world hypothesis
âĸ They deserve itThey deserve it
27. AggressionAggression
īŽ There are genetic factorsThere are genetic factors
īŽ There are biochemical factorsThere are biochemical factors
īŽ The frustration aggressionThe frustration aggression
hypothesishypothesis
īŽ Learning effectsLearning effects
28. ConclusionsConclusions
īŽ Social psychology is coolSocial psychology is cool
īŽ Just because you think you knowJust because you think you know
something, does not mean you do,something, does not mean you do,
lots of counter-intuitive datalots of counter-intuitive data
īŽ The situation is importantThe situation is important
īŽ The group is importantThe group is important
īŽ WE ARE DONEWE ARE DONE