On completion of the course, the students will be able to: 1. The impact which Civil Engineering projects have on the Society at large and on the global arena and using resources efficiently and effectively. 2. The extent of Infrastructure, its requirements for energy and how they are met: past, present and future 3. The Sustainability of the Environment, including its Aesthetics, 4. The potentials of Civil Engineering for Employment creation and its Contribution to the GDP 5. The Built Environment and factors impacting the Quality of Life 6. The precautions to be taken to ensure that the above-mentioned impacts are not adverse but beneficial. 7. Applying professional and responsible judgement and take a leadership role;

1. What is the importance of civil engineering?
Civil engineering is an important branch among all the other
engineering branches as through construction and infrastructure a
nation can be called as developed or non developed.
Civil engineering has a great importance as without this branch of
engineering roads , buildings, canals , dams can’t be made as it is
work of a civil engineer .
Civil engineering has a great aspects in public life such as
1. Civil engineers help in making better roads for
motor vehicles.
2. Civil engineering helps in connecting two
mountain gaps through bridge construction .
3. It helps in making dams so that electricity can be
generated as we know that huge amount of
electricity comes through dams.
Therefore civil engineering is very important branch and it is very
much essential for public and nation development.
Airport Transportation-
An airport transfer is a regularly scheduled transportation service
that takes passengers from a designated airport to a hotel or other
prearranged destination. The service may also provide a return
service from a selected hotel or pick-up point to a
designated airport.
Seaports-
Seaport is a port or harbor on or accessible to a seacoast and
providing accommodation for seagoing vessels.
Ports are also important for the support of economic activities in
the hinterland since they act as a crucial connection
between sea and land transport. As a supplier of jobs, ports do
not only serve an economic but also a social function.
Different Types Of Ports Along With Their Applications
PS/2.
Serial Port. DB-25.
Parallel Port or Centronics 36 Pin Port.
Audio Ports. Surround Sound Connectors or 3.5 mm TRS
Connector.
S/PDIF / TOSLINK.
Video Ports. VGA Port.
Digital Video Interface (DVI) Mini-DVI. ...
Display Port.
River ways- River Transport. a type of transportation that
moves passengers and cargo primarily by internal waterways, both
natural, including rivers and lakes, and man-made, including
canals, reservoirs, and lock sections on rivers. River routes are
subdivided into mainline, interregional, and local. Rivers
transport material in four ways: Solution - minerals are dissolved
in the water and carried along in solution. Saltation - small pebbles
and stones are bounced along the river bed. Traction - large
boulders and rocks are rolled along the river bed. The four main
types of river erosion are abrasion, attrition, hydraulic action and
solution. Abrasion is the process of sediments wearing down the
bedrock and the banks. Attrition is the collision between sediment
particles that break into smaller and more rounded pebbles
Sea canals- Shipping canals are waterways specifically built
along major seawater routes to enable the passage of vessels.
Most of the time, these canals are constructed to connect to water
bodies including seas, lakes, and rivers, offering an alternative
route to the vessels, particularly cargo vessels.
Different Types of Water Transport
There are various types of water vehicles. These include cruise
ships, racing boats, off-road riding boats, windsurfer boats,
riverboats, jet skis, battleships, raft boats, canoes, ferries, yachts,
submarines, as well as tugboats.
Tunnels- A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through
the surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance
and exit, commonly at each end. A pipeline is not a tunnel, though
some recent tunnels have used immersed tube construction
techniques rather than traditional tunnel boring methods.
Underground Tunnels
A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the
surrounding soil/earth/rock and enclosed except for entrance and
exit, commonly at each end. Some tunnels are aqueducts to
supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or are
sewers.
Underwater Tunnels
An undersea tunnel is a tunnel which is partly or wholly
constructed under a body of water. They are often used where
building a bridge or operating a ferry link is impossible, or to
provide competition or relief for existing bridges or ferry links.
To use this method, builders dig a trench in the riverbed or ocean
floor. They then sink pre-made steel or concrete tubes in the
trench. After the tubes are covered with a thick layer of rock,
workers connect the sections of tubes and pump out any
remaining water
Solar Chimney- A solar chimney is a type of
passive solar heating and cooling system that can be used to
regulate the temperature of a building as well as providing
ventilation. Like a Trombe wall or solar wall, solar chimneys are a
way to achieve energy efficient building design.
Solar chimneys (or thermal chimneys) are a form of passive
building design. As the chimney becomes hot, so it heats the air
inside it. The hot air rises up the chimney and is vented out of the
top, and in so doing it draws more air in at the bottom of
the chimney.
The solar updraft tower (SUT) is a design concept for a
renewable-energy power plant for generating electricity from low
temperature solar heat. Sunshine heats the air beneath a very
wide greenhouse-like roofed collector structure surrounding the
central base of a very tall chimney tower.
Wind Energy Generation- Wind power generation refers
to the technology of converting the kinetic energy of
the wind into electric power through a wind turbine. The installation
produces electricity by collecting and transforming wind power into
rotational mechanical energy to drive a generating unit
capacity of 2.5–3 MW can produce more than 6 million kWh in a
year – enough to supply 1,500 average EU households with
electricity.
How is wind energy generated?
Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in
the wind turns two or three propeller-like blades around a rotor.
The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a generator
to create electricity.
Importance Of Civil Engineering In Shaping And
Impacting The World?
These global challenges range from population pressures and
growing urbanization, climate change effects, energy and water
shortages, to natural and human disasters.
The United Nation groups its response to these challenges in 17
Sustainable Development Goals. Engineering can make a direct
contribution to the achievement of many of these goals for
example:
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and
sanitation for all
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern
energy for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable
Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
Wave Energy Generation- Wave power is the capture
of energy of wind waves to do useful work – for example, electricity
generation, water desalination, or pumping water. ... Wave-
power generation is not a widely employed commercial technology
compared to other established renewable energy sources such as
wind power, hydropower and solar power.
How wave energy is generated?
Wave energy is produced when electricity generators are placed
on the surface of the ocean. The energy provided is most often
used in desalination plants, power plants and water
pumps. Energy output is determined by wave height, wave speed,
wavelength, and water density.
Top 5 Most Unique Modern Engineering
Marvels of the World are listed here:
Akashi Kaikyo Bridge ; Millau Viaduct ; Burj Al Arab ;
Bailong Elevator ; Euro Tunnel.
Seven Wonders of the Modern World as
named by ASCE
Channel Tunnel (England & France) ; Cn Tower (Toronto) ;
Empire State Building (New York) ; Golden Gate Bridge (San
Francisco) ; Itaipu Dam (Brazil/Paraguay) ; Netherlands North Sea
Protection Works (Netherlands) ; Panama Canal (Panama)
Tidal Energy- Tidal power or tidal energy is the form of
hydropower that converts the energy obtained from tides into
useful forms of power, mainly electricity. Although not yet widely
used, tidal energy has potential for future electricity generation.
Tides are more predictable than the wind and the sun.
How tidal energy is produced?
Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal
energy generators. These large underwater turbines are placed in
areas with high tidal movements, and are designed to capture the
kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order
to produce electricity.
Future Vision for Civil Engineering:
Innovators and integrators of ideas and technology across the
public, private, and academic sectors; managers of risk and
uncertainty caused by natural events, accidents, and other threats;
and. Leaders in discussions and decisions shaping public
environmental and infrastructure policy. Employment of civil
engineers is projected to grow 6 percent from 2018 to 2028, about
as fast as the average for all occupations. Civil
engineers conceive, design, build, supervise, operate, construct
and maintain infrastructure projects and systems in the public and
private sector, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams,
bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment.
Geothermal Energy- Geothermal energy is thermal energy
generated and stored in the Earth. Thermal energy is the energy
that determines the temperature of matter. The geothermal energy
of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation of the
planet and from radioactive decay of materials.
How geothermal energy is produced?
Geothermal power plants use steam to produce electricity. The
steam comes from reservoirs of hot water found a few miles or
more below the earth's surface. The steam rotates a turbine that
activates a generator, which produces electricity.
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the fundamental facilities and systems serving a
country, city, or other area, including the services and facilities
necessary for its economy to function.
Infrastructure habitats cover large areas and exist in
most parts of the country. If infrastructure habitats are to
become and remain important for the conservation of biodiversity,
it is crucial that their importance is assessed so that maintenance
operations can be optimized.
However, whilst megacities bring plenty of benefits, they also
pose unique challenges. Enormous and continued growth puts
significant strain on infrastructure such as power distribution,
sewage, water systems, transport, education, policing and welfare.
Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies,
improve sustainability, create economic development, and
enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in
the city. It also means that the city has a smarter
energy infrastructure.
Futuristic designs arei nspired by the imagination. It's
almost as if we extend the design to its surroundings and wonder
what else could be possible. It could be any area, just not about
the technology or manufacturing advancement.
Water provisioning- Provisioning Services are ecosystem
services that describe the material or energy outputs from
ecosystems. Fresh water: Ecosystems play a vital role in the
global hydrological cycle, as they regulate the flow and purification
of water. Vegetation and forests influence the quantity
of water available locally. Water provisioning is affected by
climate change when rainfall decreases, lowering streamflows, or
when warmer temperatures increase the need for water without an
accompanying increase in supply. This can accentuate water
stress, the net balance between water availability and use. Climate
change can alter the amount of water captured by cloud forests
and it can cause glaciers to melt, with massive consequences for
downstream water availability in both the short and the long term.
Water stress becomes severe when the proportion of surface
water used for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes
exceeds about 40%. About 2 billion people worldwide live under
conditions of high water stress, and climate change is projected to
increase these numbers. Population growth also influences future
water stress.
Why is provisioning important?
Provisioning services. Provisioning services are the tangible
products that people obtain from ecosystems. These include food,
water, raw materials, energy and genetic
resources. Provisioning services are vital in the human economy
and have often well-developed markets and valuation systems.
Futuristic Systems- Hyper loop is essentially a
train system that Musk calls “a cross between a Concorde, a
railgun, and an air hockey table”. It's based on the very high-speed
transit (VHST) system proposed in 1972, which combines a
magnetic levitation train and a low pressure transit tube.
The hyper loop concept involves a pressurized pod with a vehicle
carrying passengers or cargo up to 10 times faster than current
rail. A 35km track will be built, alongside a research and
development facility and manufacturing plant, north of Jeddah.
Some remain sceptical that hyper loop travel can become a reality.
Hyper loop is a new mode of transportation that moves freight and
people quickly, safely, on-demand and direct from origin to
destination. Passengers or cargo are loaded into the hyper
loop vehicle and accelerate gradually via electric propulsion
through a low-pressure tube.
What is innovation and sustainability?
Sustainable innovation is a process
where sustainability considerations (environmental, social,
financial) are integrated into company systems from idea
generation through to research and development (R&D) and
commercialization.
Why is innovation important for sustainability?
Innovation is absolutely critical to the new world of sustainability,
and helps to distinguish between the "leaders" and the "followers".
Leading companies have realized that within
these sustainability challenges there are opportunities to re-invent
products and services to achieve massive market advantages.
Four Different Types Of Innovation mentioned here –
Incremental, Disruptive, Architectural and Radical – help illustrate
the various ways that companies can innovate.
Examples of Sustainable Development
Wind Energy.
Solar Energy.
Crop Rotation.
Sustainable Construction.
Efficient Water Fixtures.
Green Space.
Sustainable Forestry.
Transport
Transport, or transportation, is the movement of humans, animals
and goods from one location to another. In other words, the action
of transport is defined as a particular movement of an organism or
thing from a point A to point B. Modes of transport include air, land,
water, cable, pipeline and space.
Road transport or road transportation is a type of transport
by using roads. Transport on roads can be roughly grouped into
the transportation of goods and transportation of people. In many
countries licensing requirements and safety regulations ensure a
separation of the two industries.
Railways & Metros-
Rapid transit or mass rapid transit (MRT), also known as heavy
rail, metro, subway, tube, U-Bahn or underground, is a type of
high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas.
Urban rail transport, general types Urban rail transit – overview.
Rapid transit. High-speed rail. Elevated rail. Commuter rail. Light
rail. Tramway (or streetcar) Funicular (or inclined railway).
Hydro Solar- Solar power stands out as the process of
converting the sunlight through solar panels and into electricity.
Whereas hydropower is simply the power acquired from the
energy of moving water with the help of turbines.
Total energy of the hybrid will be the supply from the solar PV,
wind turbine and hydro. As show in the equation below
PHY = PPV + PW
PHY = PPV +PHYDRO
PHY = PW +PHYDRO
Where PHY is power generated by the hybrid system PPV is the
power generated by the solar PV system Pw is the power
generated by hydraulic turbine.
Photovoltaics (PV) is the conversion of light into electricity
using semiconducting materials that exhibit
the photovoltaic effect, a phenomenon studied in physics,
photochemistry, and electrochemistry. Photovoltaics are best
known as a method for generating electric power by using solar
cells to convert energy from the sun into a flow of electrons by
the photovoltaic effect.After hydro and wind powers, PV is the third
renewable energy source in terms of global capacity.
The International Energy Agency expects a growth by 700 - 880
GW from 2019 to 2024.