Hydro, Wind, Solar Hydro power harnesses the energy of falling or running water and has been used for centuries to power irrigation and machinery. Wind power captures the kinetic energy of wind using turbines with blades that spin a shaft connected to a generator. Solar power uses photovoltaic cells made of metalization layers that harvest photons from sunlight and convert it to electrical energy. These renewable green energy sources can help reduce dependence on fossil fuels and greenhouse gas emissions.

1. Hydro, Wind, Solar
ENERGY
TEAM 5 – GREEN ENERGY

2. HYDRO ENERGY
Hydro-power or water power is power
derived from the energy of falling water
and running water, which may be harnessed
for useful purposes. Since ancient times,
hydro-power has been used for irrigation
and the operation of various mechanical
devices, such as watermills, sawmills,
textile mills, dock cranes, domestic lifts,
power houses and paint making.

3. The Bernoulli equation can be considered as a
principle of conservation of energy, suitable for
moving fluids.The behavior usually called "Venturi
effect" or "Bernoulli effect" is the reduction of fluid
pressure in areas where the flow velocity is
increased. This decrease in pressure in a narrowing of
the duct may seem contradictory, unless you consider
the pressure as an energy density. Passage through
the narrowing, the fluid velocity, so its kinetic energy
should be increased at the expense of pressure energy
Bernoulli
Law (equation) is a consequence of Bernoulli's law of
conservation of energy for steady flow of an ideal
(ie, without internal friction) incompressible fluid

4. Since the early 20th century, the term has been used
almost exclusively in conjunction with the modern
development of hydro-electric power, which allowed use
of distant energy sources. Another method used to
transmit energy used a trompe, which produces
compressed air from falling water. Compressed air could
then be piped to power other machinery at a distance
from the waterfall. Hydro power is a renewable energy
source.
Having fallen out of favor during the late 20th century
due to the disruptive ecological and social effects of
large impoundments, hydropower enjoyed a revival by
2013 as international institutions such as the World Bank
tried to find solutions to economic development which
avoided adding substantial amounts of carbon to the
atmosphere.
Water's power is manifested in hydrology, by the forces
of water on the riverbed and banks of a river. When a
river is in flood, it is at its most powerful, and moves the
greatest amount of sediment. This higher force results in
the removal of sediment and other material from the
riverbed and banks of the river, locally causing erosion,
transport and, with lower flow, sedimentation
downstream.

5. WIND ENERGY
“Of all the forces of nature, I should think the wind contains
the largest amount of motive power.
All the power exerted by all the men, beasts,
running-water, and steam, shall not equal the one
hundredth part of what is exerted by the blowing of the wind.
Quite possibly one of the greatest discoveries,
will be the taming and harnessing of it.”
- Abraham Lincoln - 1860

6. WIND ENERGY

7. Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with
the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind.

8. Nacelle: Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and
high-speed shafts, generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are
large enough for a helicopter to land on.

9. Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing
the rotor to spin. Most turbines have either two or three blades.

10. WIND ENERGY
COMPONENTS OF A WINDMILL
Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the
controller
Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin.
Most turbines have either two or three blades.
Brake: Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies
Controller: Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour
(mph) and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph. Turbines do not operate at wind
speeds above about 55 mph because they may be damaged by the high winds.
Gear box: Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases
the rotational speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-
1,800 rpm; this is the rotational speed required by most generators to produce
electricity.
Generator: Produces 60-cycle AC electricity; it is usually an off-the-shelf induction
generator.
High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.
Low-speed shaft: Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm.

11. Nacelle: Sits atop the tower and contains the gear box, low- and high-speed shafts,
generator, controller, and brake. Some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land
on.
Pitch: Turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the
rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
Rotor: Blades and hub together form the rotor.
Tower: Made from tubular steel, concrete, or steel lattice. Supports the structure of the
turbine. Because wind speed increases with height, taller towers enable turbines to capture
more energy and generate more electricity.
Wind direction: Determines the design of the turbine. Upwind turbines—like the one
shown here—face into the wind while downwind turbines face away.
Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the
turbine properly with respect to the wind.
Yaw drive: Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction
changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows
the rotor away from it.
Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.
COMPONENTS CONTINUED

12. GREEN ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE U.S.
AS OF 2010

13. WIND ENERGY
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using
wind turbines to make electrical power, windmills for mechanical power, wind pumps for
water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.
Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind
turbines which are connected to the electric power
transmission network. For new constructions, onshore
wind is an inexpensive source of electricity, competitive
with or in many places cheaper than fossil fuel plants.
Small onshore wind farms provide electricity to isolated
locations. Utility companies increasingly buy surplus
electricity produced by small domestic wind turbines.
Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and
offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction
and maintenance costs are considerably higher.

14. Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable,
widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during
operation and uses little land. The effects on the environment are
generally less problematic than those from other power sources. As of
2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter of its electricity from
wind and 83 countries around the world are using wind power to supply
the electricity grid. In 2010 wind energy production was over 2.5% of
total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly at more than
25% per annum.

15. Wind power is very consistent from year to year but has
significant variation over shorter time scales. As the
proportion of windpower in a region increases, a need to
upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant
conventional production can occur. Power management
techniques such as having excess capacity storage,
geographically distributed turbines, dispatchable backing
sources, storage such as pumped-storage
hydroelectricity, exporting and importing power to
neighboring areas or reducing demand when wind
production is low, can greatly mitigate these problems.
In addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity
network to be readied for the predictable variations in
production that occur.

16. SOLAR ENERGY
“I'd put my money on the sun and solar energy.
What a source of power! I hope we don't have to
wait ‘til oil and coal run out before we tackle
that.”
-Thomas Edison - 1931

17. COMPONENTS OF A SOLAR PANEL
SOLAR ENERGY

18. Frame-Holds all of the components that makes up the solar panel

19. Metalization-A series of Photovoltaic cells that are used to
harvest the power from the sun.

20. Terminal and leads- Feeds the power produced from the
photovoltaic cells to where it is needed.

21. SOLAR ENERGY
Frame-Holds all of the components that makes up the solar panel
LightSwitch Frontsheet- Protects the Photovoltaic cells of a solar panel from
any damage.
LightSwitch Encapsulent- An anti-reflective material used to capture more of
the suns photons.
Metalization- A series of Photovoltaic cells that are used to harvest the
power from the sun.
Encapsulent- The encasement of the electrical components that insulates
the component as a whole and protects the wires from the environment.
Back sheet- Used to protect the photovoltaic cells and electrical components
from external harm and stress.
Terminal and leads- Feeds the power produced from the photovoltaic cells to
where it is needed.
COMPONENTS OF A SOLAR PANEL

22. bibliography
"Energy.gov." How Do Wind Turbines Work? N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014.
"Green Energy Usage in the Us - Google Search." Green Energy Usage in the Us -
Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014.
"Layering of a Photovoltaic Cell - Google Search." Layering of a Photovoltaic Cell
- Google Search. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014.
N.p., n.d. Web.
"Photovoltaic Cell Parts - Google Search." Photovoltaic Cell Parts - Google Search.
N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014.
"Wind Power Glossary." Otherpower. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014.