the presentation provides a review on all the existing work in the field and also throws a light on the future challenges which needs to be addressed in the development of artificial implants the author does not claim any work of any researcher which has been reproduced here for the sake of education purposes

1. Guided by Presented by
Mr. P. S. Chavan Khan Arsalan Ahmed
ROLL NO. 4377
Review on:
Frictional heating in hip implants
DEOGIRI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT STUDIES,
AURANGABAD

2. Contents
 Introduction
 Literature review
 Factors affecting frictional heat
 Effects of frictional heating
 Case study
 Conclusion
 References

3. Introduction:
 What is a hip implant?
Hip implant is a prosthetic implant which replaces biological hip joint which
gets damaged due to injuries or diseases like arthritis etc [7].
 What are the objectives of a hip implant?
Pain relief and improvement in hip movement.
 What is the phenomenon of frictional heating in hip implants?
It is the phenomenon in which heat is produced due to the friction between the
working parts of the implant.

4. Literature review:
Serial
no.
Author Title of paper Investigation
parameters
Conclusion
1 M.S.Uddin and
P.Majewski
Frictional heating in hip implants-a
review
Sliding speed of cup,
Frictional torque,
Joint load,
Activity period,
Type of bearing material
Temperature rise depend
on type of bearing
material, joint load and
activity period
2 Y. Liao,
R.Pourzal,
M.A.Wimmer
Graphitic tribological layers in metal
on metal hip replacements
Tribological layer formed
on metal components of
implant
Graphitic layer can
reduce frictional heating
but can increase soft
tissue damage
3 Y. S. Liao, Harry
Mckellop
The effect of frictional heating and
forced cooling on the serum lubricant
and wear of UHMW polyethylene
cups against Co-Cr and zirconia
balls
Temperature rise and
protein precipitation
Circulating coolant at an
appropriate temperature
could avoid overheating
and excessive protein
precipitation
4 Bergmann G,
Graichen F
Frictional heating in total hip
implants part 2: finite element study
Finite element model
developed to calculate
temperature rise in
tissues
Improvements of
implant materials and
clinical studies on the
possibility of implant
loosening is required
5 Philipp Damm,Joern
Dymke, Robert
Ackerman
Friction in total hip prosthesis
measured in vivo during walking
Co-efficient of friction,
friction-induced power
Subjects with varying
power dissipation may be
at risk of thermally
induced loosening

5. Basic parts of a hip implant:
Fig.1:-Basic parts of hip implant [5].

6. Types of materials used in manufacturing hip
implants [7]:
 Metal on Plastic (Polyethylene or UHMWPE)
 Metal on Metal (MoM)
 Ceramic on Plastic (UHMWPE)
 Ceramic on Ceramic (CoC)

7. Fig.2:-Different materials used to manufacture hip implant [6].
Combinations used for manufacturing a hip implant:

8. Factors responsible for frictional heating in hip
implants [1]:
 The bone-cement-implant polymerization for the fixation of the stem and the
cup (in the case of cemented implants)
 Cutting and drilling of the bone during orthopaedic surgery
 Frictional sliding at the articulating interface between the head and the cup
 Speed and duration of the joint movement
 Applied load
 Quality of lubricant
 Thermal properties of articulating materials
 Presence of wear or other debris
 Implant design and the quality of the bearing components incorporated

9. Effects of frictional heating:
 Damage to tissues:
Bones and soft tissue surrounding the implant could potentially be damaged by
temperatures which are too high.
 Wear of materials:
Frictional heating can cause wear of the contact surfaces of the implant.
 Viscosity of lubricating fluid:
The viscosity of lubricating fluid between the contact surfaces of the implant
decreases which hampers smooth operation of the implant.
 Temperature rise of the Synovial fluid which can cause irregular flow of
essential nutrients to the joint which can induce permanent damage to the joint.

10. Case Study- Analytical treatment for frictional heating
in a hip implant [1]:
Sr.no Type of experiment Personnel
involved
Parameters
investigated
Conclusion
1 In vivo test Bergmann G Temperature and joint
forces of five patients
Frictional heating
causes tissue
degradation and affect
the stability of the
implant
2 In vitro test Y.S. Liao Wear of bearing
material and
temperature rise in
bearing material
Circulating a cooling
fluid at an appropriate
temperature within the
femoral head can
reduce remarkably the
bearing temperature rise
and protein
precipitation
3 Computational
modelling
Suhendra and Stachiowak Bulk material surface
stresses analysed
under varying
conditions
With a small friction at
interface, the maximum
reaches after about 2
hours

11. Temperature variation in hip implants:
Fig.3:-Change in temperature rise in the UHMWPE cup with friction
from[1].
Fig.4:-Change in temperature rise in the UHMWPE cup with the
sliding speed from [1].

12. Fig. 5:-Change in frictional torque with lubrication condition within
the joint from [1].

13. Possible solutions to reduce the frictional heating [1]:
 In an in vitro investigation, Y.S. Liao suggested that circulating a coolant at an
appropriate temperature within the femoral head can reduce remarkably the
bearing temperature rise and prevent excessive protein precipitation, while
retaining wear surfaces and morphologies closely comparable to those in vivo
 A recent work by Y. S. Liao further proposes that by promoting graphitic layer
on metal-on-metal couples is likely to reduce wear, friction, and corrosion
 Graphene-UHMWPE composite is potentially a new bearing material and
shown to offer an excellent wear resistance and low friction as compared to
standard UHMWPE

14. Conclusion:
 Amount of frictional heat generated will generally depend on the physical
activity of the patients
 Frictional heat affects the tissues and various cells surrounding the implant
thus must be reduced as much as possible
 More accurate methods need to be devised to better understand the
mechanism of frictional heat generation
 Frictional heat affects the longevity of the implant thus inviting corrective
procedure or surgery
 Engineering materials such as reinforced composites can be used to
manufacture efficient hip implants
 Lastly, frictional heating is a vital phenomenon thus needs to be addressed
carefully while designing the implant

15. References:
[1] M.S. Uddin and P. Majewski, “Frictional heating in hip implants-a review”, Procedia
engineering, Vol-56, 2013
[2] Y. Liao, R. Pourzal, M.A. Wimmer, J.J. Jacobs, A. Fischer, L.D. Marks, “Graphitic
tribological layers in metal on metal hip implants”,Science,Vol.334,No.6063,2011
[3] Y.S.Liao, Harry Mckellop, “The effect of frictional heating and forced cooling on
serum lubricant and wear of UHMw polyethylene cups against Co-Cr and zirconia
balls”,Pubmed,Vol.24,Issue18, 2003
[4] Bergmann G, Graichen F, “Frictional heating of total hip implants part 2-finite element
study”, J Biomech , Vol.34, Issue.4, 2001
[5]Philipp Damm, Joern Dymke, “Friction in total hip joint prosthesis measured in vivo
during walking”, Plos one, Vol.8,2013
[6] http://bonesmart.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/07/WMT_BFH.png
[7] http://bonesmart.org//hip/hip-replacement-implant-materials