Types of energy, Types of power plants, Installed electricity and its consumption, carbon credits

1. POWER
PLANT
ENGINEERING
Prepared by
Ankur Sachdeva
Assistant Professor, ME

2. Course Details
• Subject Code: KME- 076
• L T P: 4 0 0
• (Four lectures / week)
Books and References :
1. Power Plant Engineering, by F.T. Morse, Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd.
2. Power Plant Engineering by Hedge, Pearson India.
3. Power Plant Technology, by Wakil, McGraw Hill.
4. Power Plant Engineering by P.K. Nag, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Steam & Gas Turbines & Power Plant Engineering by R.Yadav, Central Pub.House.
6. Power Plant Engineering by Gupta, PHI India.
7. El Wakil M.M., Power Plant Technology, Tata McGraw Hill, 2010.
8. Power Plant Engineering. Mahesh Verma, Metropolitan Book Company Pvt. Ltd.

3. Books

4. Course Outcomes
At the end of this course, the students will be able to
1. Understand different sources of power generation and their impact on the environment and apply
thermodynamic concepts to measure the performance of steam power plants.
2. Understand the role and working of different components of Hydro power plants and gas turbine
power plants and apply the concepts to measure the performance of these power plants.
3. Understand the role and working of different components of Nuclear power plants and Solar power
plants.
4. Understand the working of various non-conventional power plants such as Geothermal, Wind, and
Tidal power plants.
5. Understand the roles of different electrical systems and instruments and the impact of power
generation on the environment and apply the concept of power generation economics

5. CO-PO Mapping

6. Course Contents
• Unit 1:
• Introduction to Power Plants
• Thermal Power Plants
• Unit 2:
• Hydroelectric Power Plants
• Gas Turbine Power Plants
• Unit 3:
• Nuclear Power Plants
• Solar Power Plants
• Unit 4:
• Geothermal Power Plants
• Wind Power Plants
• Tidal Energy Power Plants
• Unit 5:
• Electrical Systems
• Power Plant Economics
• Environmental Aspects of Power Station

7. Unit-1: Introduction to Power Plants

8. Need of Energy and Power
• ENERGY
• Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. Energy exists in several forms such as
heat, kinetic or mechanical energy, light, potential energy, electrical, or other forms. Energy is the
ability to do work.
• Any naturally available form of energy is called primary energy. For example sunlight, wind, etc.
• According to the principle of energy conservation, one form of energy may be converted to another using a
suitable developed method, with the total amount of energy always being conserved.
• These converted forms of energy from any primary energy are called secondary energies. Useful
conversions of primary energy into secondary energy are the keys to human civilization and are considered
very valuable technologies.
• Out of different forms of energy used by mankind, electricity has evolved as the most preferred form of
secondary energy as it is easy to produce, transmit over a long distance, control, and use in most of modern
machines and gadgets. Hence, the development index of society has become almost synonymous with the
consumption of electricity.

9. Need of Energy and Power
• As the demand of electricity as secondary energy increased with the advancement of civilization, large-scale
conversion of available primary energy to electricity emerged critical for human civilization.
• In fact, the rapid progress of human civilization up to the most modern one is mostly due to the development
of different technologies to convert different primary energies to electricity.
• India’s per capita consumption of Commercial Energy (viz., coal, petroleum, and electricity) is only one-
eighth of the Global Average and will increase with growth in Gross Domestic Production (GDP) and
improvement in the standard of living.
• Commercial Energy accounts for a little over half of the total energy used in the Country, the rest coming
from non-commercial resources like cow-dung, fuel wood, and agricultural waste.
• POWER:
• The Power is defined as the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted.
• The unit used to measure power is watt or joules per second.
• Power quantity is not storable or cannot be stored.
• We need energy to run power plants to generate electricity.

10. Types of Energy

11. TYPES OF ENERGY:
• There are various types of energy which, they include nuclear, electrical, thermal, chemical, and radiant
energy. In addition, gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy that combine to produce mechanical
energy.
• Nuclear energy produces heat by fission on nuclei, which is generated by heat engines. Nuclear energy is
the world’s largest source of emission-free energy. There are two processes in Nuclear energy: fission and
fusion. In fission, the nuclei of uranium or plutonium atoms are split with the release of energy. In fusion,
energy is released when small nuclei combine or fuse. The fission process is used in all present nuclear
power plants, because fusion cannot be controlled. Nuclear energy is used to run steam turbines.
• Electrical energy powers most factories and homes in our world. Electrical/Electronic items use electricity
that comes from an electrical plug in a wall socket. Electricity is the conduction or transfer of energy from
one place to another. The electricity is the flow of energy. Atoms have electrons circling them, some being
loosely attached. When electrons move among the atoms of matter, a current of electricity is created.

12. TYPES OF ENERGY:
• Thermal energy is kinetic and potential energy, but it is associated with the random motion of atoms in an
object. The kinetic and potential energy associated with this random microscopic motion is called thermal
energy. A great amount of thermal energy (heat) is stored in the world’s oceans. Each day, the oceans absorb
enough heat from the sun to equal the energy contained in 250 billion barrels of oil (Ocean Thermal Energy
Conversion Systems).
• Chemical energy is a form of energy that comes from chemical reactions, in which the chemical reaction is
a process of oxidation. A car battery is a good example, because the chemical reaction produces voltage and
current to start the car. When a plant goes through a process of photosynthesis, what the plant is left with
more chemical energy than the water and carbon dioxide.
• Radiant energy exists in a range of wavelengths that extends from radio waves that many be thousands of
meters long to gamma rays with wavelengths as short as a million-millionth (10– 12) of a meter. Radiant
energy is converted to chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis.
• The next two types of energy go hand and hand, gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy. The
term energy is motivated by the fact that potential energy and kinetic energy are different aspects of the same
thing, mechanical energy.

13. Classification of Sources of Energy

14. Fossil Fuels
• Fossil fuels have been a widely used source of energy ever since the Industrial
Revolution just before the dawn of the 20th century.
• Fossil fuels are relatively easy to use to generate energy because they only require
a simple direct combustion.
• However, a problem with fossil fuels is their environmental impact.
• Not only does their excavation from the ground significantly alter the
environment, but their combustion leads to a great deal of air pollution.

15. Coal
• Coal is the most abundant conventional source of energy which could last for at
least 200 years.
• It is a black-brown sedimentary rock.
• Formation of coal occurs when the remains of plants convert into lignite and then
into anthracite.
• This involves a long process that takes place over a long period of time.
• Coal helps for various proposes such as heating of the house, as fuel for boilers
and steam engines and for generation of electricity by thermal plants.
• It constitutes about 70% of total commercial energy consumption in the country.

16. Petroleum
• Crude oil, commonly known as petroleum oil, is the only nonrenewable resource that can be
extracted as a liquid.
• It’s located between layers of the earth’s crust or between rocks, and it’s extracted by digging a
vertical well into the ground or ocean floor.
• The crude oil is then pumped to the surface, processed at a refinery, and utilized to make a variety
of goods.
• It used to make gasoline and diesel for automobiles, as well as plastics, heating oil, propane, and jet
fuel, and artificial food tastes.
• Apart from carbon, oil includes a variety of compounds, and refining the oil removes some of these
chemicals.
• We utilize oil for a variety of purposes. Half of the world’s petroleum is used for conversion to
gasoline.
• The remaining may be processed and utilized in liquid products like nail polish and rubbing
alcohol, as well as solid products like water pipes, shoes, crayons, roofing, vitamin capsules, and a
variety of other things.

17. Natural Gas
• Natural gas is a nonrenewable gaseous resource that may be discovered beneath
the earth’s crust, alongside crude oil reserves.
• Natural gas is primarily made up of methane, but it can also include propane,
ethane, and butane.
• Natural gas is extracted and delivered to processing factories where propane and
butane, which are utilized as liquefied petroleum gas, are removed.
• Natural gas is utilized in gas ovens, stoves, and grills, as well as for heating
houses.
• Natural gas is a “cleaner” fossil fuel than oil or coal, and it may be obtained at a
low cost.

18. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear Fission
• Any try for splitting apart a nucleus will cause a tremendous energy be released. This energy would be
released in both forms of heat and light.
• In a harnessed, controlled way of doing this, a useful energy for producing electricity is possible. Doing this at
once would result to a big explosion, as seen in an automatic bomb.
• In a nuclear power plant, uranium is the element used as fuel. Uranium is found in many parts of the world
but in a low quantity. It is loaded in to the reactor in a tiny pallet form inside long rods.
• Fission meaning splitting apart is what happens in a reactor. Here uranium atoms are split in a paced
controlled chain of reactions.
Nuclear Fusion
• In another form of nuclear reaction, joining of smaller nuclei makes a larger nucleus. Such a process in sun
changes the hydrogen atoms to helium. The result heat and light we receive in earth.
• In a more detailed explanation, two different types of atoms, deuterium and tritium, combine to make a
helium plus and extra particle called neutron

19. Hydroelectricity
• Hydroelectric systems make use of the energy in running water to create electricity.
• Hydro-powered systems also make use of turbines to generate electrical power; however, they do
so by using the energy in moving water to spin the turbines.
• Water has kinetic energy when it flows from higher elevations to lower elevations.
• In larger-scale hydroelectric plants, large volumes of water are contained by dams near the
generator and turbines.
• The “forebay” is a storage area for water that must be deep enough that the penstock is completely
submerged.
• The water is allowed to flow into the electricity-generating system through a passage called the
penstock.
• The controlled high-pressure water spins the turbines, allowing the generator to produce an electric
current.
• The powerhouse contains and protects the equipment for generating electricity.
• The high-pressure water exits the system through a draft tube

20. Solar and Wind Energy
Solar Energy:
• Solar energy is utilized to create electricity in a certain method. It is a renewable energy source that is
received straight from the Sun and will never be depleted. It is an example of sustainable energy that
helps to lower power bills while also reducing carbon footprints.
• As a tropical country, India has a lot of potential for this type of energy, and the country is working hard
to make the most of it.
• There are two ways in which solar power can be converted to energy. The first, known as “solar thermal
applications”, involves using the energy of the sun to directly heat air or a liquid. The second, known as
“photoelectric applications”, involves the use of photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy directly to
electricity.
Wind Energy:
• Differences in atmospheric pressure due to differences in temperature are the main cause of wind.
Because warm air rises, when air fronts of different temperatures come in contact, the warmer air rises
over the colder air, causing the wind to blow.
• Wind generators take advantage of the power of the wind. Long blades, or rotors, catch the wind and
spin. Like in hydroelectric systems, the spinning movement is transformed into electrical energy by a
generator

21. Geothermal and Tidal Energy
Geo-Thermal Energy: Geothermal energy is the energy that is produced from the thermal energy
that is stored in the ground.
• The thermal energy of the Earth is conserved.
• Hot springs and volcanoes collect thermal energy, which is then used by industry to heat water and
for other uses.
• Wells excavated a mile down into underground reservoirs to acquire steam and hot water, which is
then used to drive turbines coupled to power generators, are used to create electricity from
geothermal energy.
Tidal Energy:
• With the aid of modern technology, power is created by turning the energy of the tides into
electricity and other forms of energy.
• The tides are used to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy in a variety of ways.
• India also has a lot of potential for this type of energy because it is surrounded on three sides by
water.

22. What is a Power Plant?
• A power plant is an industrial facility used to generate electric power or electricity with the help of one
or more generators that convert energy from different primary energy sources into electric power.
• Electricity is a secondary energy source, which means that electricity is obtained from the conversion of
other primary sources of energy, such as coal, natural gas, nuclear, solar, or wind energy.
• The energy sources used to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is
neither renewable nor non-renewable.
• Most power plants in the world burn fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas to generate electricity.
Clean energy sources include nuclear power, and an increasing use of renewable such as solar, wind, wave,
geothermal, and hydroelectric.
• The power plant itself must be useful economically and environmentally friendly to the society. The
main equipment for the generation of electric power is a generator. When coupling it to a prime mover runs
the generator, the electricity is generated. The type of prime move determines the type of power plants.

23. Classification of Power Plants
• Power plants are classified according to the source of energy which they utilize to produce electricity into the
following types:
• Conventional Power Plants: use conventional sources of energy
• Non-Conventional Power Plants: utilize non-conventional sources of energy
The Steam Power Plant, Diesel Power
Plant, Gas Turbine Power Plant and
Nuclear Power Plants are called
THERMAL POWER PLANT, because
these convert heat into electric energy.

24. Types of Power Plants

25. Fuelwise Installed Generation Capacity

26. Installed Capacity
(Utilities and Non-Utilities)

27. Gross Electricity Generation
(Utilities and Non-Utilities)

28. Electricity Consumption in India

29. Growth of Per Capita Energy Consumption in India

30. Renewable Energy Installations in India

31. Present and Future Trends….

32. What is a Carbon Credit?
• A carbon credit is a tradable permit or certificate that provides the holder of the credit the right to emit one ton of
carbon dioxide or an equivalent of another greenhouse gas – it’s essentially an offset for producers of such gases.
• The main goal for the creation of carbon credits is the reduction of emissions of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases from industrial activities.
• Carbon credits are market mechanisms for the minimization of greenhouse gases emission.
• Governments or regulatory authorities set the caps on greenhouse gas emissions.
• For some companies Corporate structure refers to the organization of different departments or business units within
a company.
• Depending on a company’s goals and the industry, the immediate reduction of the emission is not economically
viable. Therefore, they can purchase carbon credits to comply with the emission cap.
• Companies that achieve the carbon offsets (reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases) are usually rewarded with
additional carbon credits. The sale of credit surpluses may be used to subsidize future projects for the reduction of
emissions.
• The introduction of such credits was ratified in the Kyoto Protocol. The Paris Agreement validates the application of
carbon credits and sets the provisions for the further facilitation of the carbon credit markets.

33. Types of Carbon Credits
There are two types of credits:
• Voluntary emissions reduction (VER): A carbon offset that is exchanged in the over-the-counter or
voluntary market for credits.
• Certified emissions reduction (CER): Emission units (or credits) created through a regulatory framework
with the purpose of offsetting a project’s emissions.
The main difference between the two is that there is a third-party certifying body that regulates the CER as
opposed to the VER.