Alternative fuels like bagasse, rice husks, etc., used in the domestic /commercial applications, comparative study of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels

1. Unit-1: Renewable Solid Fuels
Prepared by:
Ankur Sachdeva
Assistant Professor, ME

2. Biomass
• Biomass is a key renewable energy resource that
includes plant and animal material, such as wood from
forests, material left over from agricultural and forestry
processes, and organic industrial, human and animal
wastes.
• The energy contained in biomass originally came from
the sun.
• Through photosynthesis carbon dioxide in the air is
transformed into other carbon containing molecules
(e.g. sugars, starches and cellulose) in plants.
• The chemical energy that is stored in plants and
animals (animals eat plants or other animals) or in their
waste is called biomass energy or bioenergy.

3. Sources of Biomass
•Wood from natural forests and
woodlands
•Forestry plantations
•Forestry residues
•Agricultural residues such as straw,
stover, cane trash and green
agricultural wastes
•Agro-industrial wastes, such as
sugarcane bagasse and rice husk
•Animal wastes (cow manure, poultry
litter etc.)
•Industrial wastes, such as black liquor
from paper manufacturing
•Sewage
•Municipal solid wastes (MSW)
•Food processing wastes

4. Renewable Solid Fuels
• Wood and Charcoal
• Wood Wastes
• Bagasse
• Dry Leaves and Twigs
• Other Agricultural Wastes
• Cattle Dung

5. WOOD
• Domestic fuel used in tropical countries
where forest are abundant and other fuels
are not easily and cheaply available.
• Main combustible components: cellulose
and lignin (compounds of carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen)
• Minor combustible components: resin
and waxes.
• Non-combustible components: Water (25-
50% in freshly cut and 10-15% in air dried)
• Ash content: very low (<1%) but because
oxygen content is very high (upto 45%)
therefore its calorific value is very low.
• Calorific value: 4000-5000 kcal/kg.
• Density: 650 kg/m3.

6. WOOD and WOOD WASTES AS FUEL
• Woodfuel (or fuelwood) is a
fuel such as
• Firewood, charcoal, chips,
sheets, pellets, and sawdust.
• The particular form used
depends upon factors such as
source, quantity, quality and
application.

7. CHARCOAL
• Charcoal is a lightweight black carbon residue produced by
strongly heating wood (or other animal and plant materials)
so as to drive off all water and other volatile constituents.
Charcoal Retort

8. How Charcoal is produced
• A kiln is a pile of wooden logs (e.g.
seasoned oak) leaning in a circle against a
chimney.
• The chimney consists of 4 wooden stakes
held up by some rope.
• The logs are completely covered with soil
and straw allowing no air to enter.
• It must be lit by introducing some burning
fuel into the chimney; the logs burn very
slowly and transform into charcoal in a
period of 5 days' burning.
• Once the burn is complete, the chimney is
plugged to prevent air from entering.
• The true art of this production method is
in managing the sufficient generation of
heat, by combusting part of the wood
material, and its transfer to wood parts in
the process of being carbonized.

9. Composition of Charcoal as Fuel

10. USE OF CHARCOAL AS FUEL
• Metallurgical Fuel: Steel Production
• Industrial Fuel : Smelting of Iron, Blast Furnace
• Reducing Agent: Metallic Oxides to Metals
• Automotive Fuel: Production of Syngas
• Purification and Filtration

11. BAGASSE
• Bagasse is the dry pulpy
fibrous residue that remains
after sugarcane stalks are crushed
to extract their juice.
• It is used as a biofuel for the
production of heat, energy, and
electricity, and in the manufacture
of pulp and building materials.
• A typical chemical analysis of
washed and dried bagasse might
show:
– Cellulose: 45–55 %
– Hemicellulose: 20–25 %
– Lignin: 18–24 %
– Ash: 1–4 %
– Waxes <1 %

12. USAGE OF BAGASSE
• The composition of bagasse depends on the variety and
maturity of sugarcane as well as harvesting methods
applied and efficiency of the sugar processing.
• Bagasse is usually combusted in furnaces to produce steam
for power generation.
• Bagasse is also emerging as an attractive feedstock for
bioethanol production.
• It is also utilized as the raw material for production of paper
and as feedstock for cattle.
• The value of Bagasse as a fuel depends largely on its
calorific value, which in turn is affected by its composition,
especially with respect to its water content and to the
calorific value of the sugarcane crop, which depends mainly
on its sucrose content.

13. BAGASSE AS FUEL IN
COGENERATION
• Cogeneration of bagasse is one of the most attractive
and successful energy projects that have already been
demonstrated in many sugarcane producing countries
such as Mauritius, Reunion Island, India and Brazil.
• Combined heat and power from sugarcane in the form
of power generation offers renewable energy options
that promote sustainable development, take advantage
of domestic resources, increase profitability and
competitiveness in the industry, and cost-effectively
address climate mitigation and other environmental
goals.

14. INSTALLED CAPACITY OF BAGASSE
COGENERATION IN INDIA

15. OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES
• Large quantities of agricultural wastes, resulting from
crop cultivation activities, are a promising source of
energy supply for production, processing and domestic
activities in the rural areas.
• There are six generic biomass processing technologies
based on
– direct combustion (for power)
– anaerobic digestion (for methane-rich biogas)
– fermentation (of sugars for alcohols)
– oil extraction (for biodiesel)
– pyrolysis (for biochar, gas and oils)
– gasification (for carbon monoxide and hydrogen-rich
syngas)

16. OTHER AGRICULTURAL WASTES

17. CATTLE DUNG
• Dry dung fuel (or dry manure fuel) is animal feces that has been
dried in order to be used as a fuel source.
• A disadvantage of using this kind of fuel is increased air
pollution.

18. ADVANTAGES OF CATTLE DUNG
• Cheaper than most modern fuels
• Efficient
• Alleviates local pressure on wood resources
• Readily available - short walking time required to
collect fuel
• No cash outlays necessary for purchase (can be
exchanged for other products)
• Less environmental pollution compared to some other
fuels
• Safe disposal of animal dung
• Sustainable and renewable energy source

19. CALORIFIC VALUES OF
RENEWABLE SOLID FUELS

20. COMPARATIVE STUDY

21. COMPARATIVE STUDY